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49 results for “Bat assemblages”
Data from: Beyond size – morphological predictors of bite force in a diverse insectivorous bat assemblage from Malaysia
1. Bite force is used to investigate feeding performance in a variety of vertebrates. In all taxa studied, bite force is strongly correlated with body and head size. Studies of bite force in bats have largely centred on neotropical species with a particular focus on species that maximize dietary differences. Little is known about the bite force of bats from the Old World tropics, nor of variation in bite force within diverse assemblages of obligate insectivores. Moreover, factors other than size are poorly known but may be important in driving interspecific differences in bite force, and thereby diet. 2. Here, we examine the correlation between morphological variation and bite force of 35 species of insectivorous bats from a single palaeotropical assemblage. We confirmed the overall relationship between size and bite force across species, but found that bite force is predicted more strongly by head length than body mass or forearm length. 3. From the combined action of jaw muscles and muscle-bone mechanisms, bats generate a mechanical advantage that creates pressure during biting. We calculated the size-independent mechanical advantage for each of five mandible lever systems (three delineated by the temporalis muscle and two delineated by the masseter muscle) operating through three function points (molar, canine, and incisor). Size-independent mechanical advantage of the suprazygomatic portion of the temporalis muscle at the molar function point was the only significant predictor of size-independent maximum bite force across all species. 4. Within families, the size-independent mechanical advantage of the superficial portion of the masseter muscle plays a significant role in predicting size-independent maximum bite force in both the Rhinolophidae and Vespertilionidae. For the family Hipposideridae, however, size-independent mechanical advantage showed no role in predicting size-independent maximum bite force, suggesting that size really matters in predicting the maximum bite force capacity for this family.
Data from: Taxonomic and phylogenetic determinants of functional composition of Bolivian bat assemblages
Understanding diversity patterns and the potential mechanisms driving them is a fundamental goal in ecology. Examination of different dimensions of biodiversity can provide insights into the relative importance of different processes acting upon biotas to shape communities. Unfortunately, patterns of diversity are still poorly understood in hyper-diverse tropical countries. Here, we assess spatial variation of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of bat assemblages in one of the least studied Neotropical countries, Bolivia, and determine whether changes in biodiversity are explained by the replacement of species or functional groups, or by differences in richness (i.e., gain or loss of species or functional groups). Further, we evaluate the contribution of phylogenetic and taxonomic changes in the resulting patterns of functional diversity of bats. Using well-sampled assemblages from published studies we examine noctilionoid bats at ten study sites across five ecoregions in Bolivia. Bat assemblages differed from each other in all dimensions of biodiversity considered; however, diversity patterns for each dimension were likely structured by different mechanisms. Within ecoregions, differences were largely explained by species richness, suggesting that the gain or loss of species or functional groups (as opposed to replacement) was driving dissimilarity patterns. Overall, our results suggest that whereas evolutionary processes (i.e., historical connection and dispersal routes across Bolivia) create a template of diversity patterns across the country, ecological mechanisms modify these templates, decoupling the observed patterns of functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in Bolivian bats. Our results suggests that elevation represents an important source of variability among diversity patterns for each dimension of diversity considered. Further, we found that neither phylogenetic nor taxonomic diversity can fully account for patterns of functional diversity, highlighting the need for examining different dimensions of biodiversity of bats in hyperdiverse ecosystems.
Data from: Traits that allow bats of tropical lowland origin to conquer mountains: bat assemblages along elevational gradients in the South American Atlantic Forest
Aim: This study aims to contribute to the identification of ecological determinants of tropical moist forest montane biodiversity, analyzing changes in the structure of bat assemblages along an elevational gradient and testing the role of species traits shaping those assemblages. Location: Mountain ranges in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Methods: We compiled a dataset with the composition of phyllostomid bat assemblages at 32 forested sites, ranging from 60m to 1960m a.s.l. We quantified how abundance and diversity changed along this elevational gradient, and assessed the capacity of each species to be present and abundant at each elevation, identifying traits that may influence that capacity. Results: Abundance and species diversity declined markedly with increasing elevation. Tolerance to low temperatures, low habitat specialization, and cave roosting facilitated success at higher elevations. Owing to trait filtering, and to changes in resource availability with elevation, assemblages were progressively dominated by a smaller number of mostly generalist species as elevation increased. Higher elevations harbor only a subset of the species that are present in the lowland forest, with no mountain specialized species. Main conclusions: High mountains harbor phyllostomid assemblages that are impoverished subsets of those at lower elevations. Phyllostomids have a tropical origin and may thus have a low potential to adapt to montane forest environments, which possibly explains the observed climatic trait filtering. Habitat filtering is also important, keeping forest specialists mostly at lowest elevations. Protected areas in the Atlantic Forest are mostly limited to mountains. While these areas are clearly important to protect biodiversity, including phyllostomid assemblages, it is now critical to protect and restore the few remnants of lower elevation Atlantic Forest where higher productivity and resource levels, increased complexity of vertical structure, and fewer climatic constraints favor the success of a wider range of phyllostomid bat species of tropical origin.
Data from: Phylogeny, traits and biodiversity of a neotropical bat assemblage: close relatives show similar responses to local deforestation
If species' evolutionary pasts predetermine their responses to evolutionarily novel stressors, then phylogeny could predict species survival in an increasingly human-dominated world. To understand the role of phylogenetic relatedness in structuring responses to rapid environmental change, we focused on assemblages of Neotropical bats, an ecologically diverse and functionally important group. We examined how taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity shift between tropical forest and farmland. We then explored the importance of evolutionary history by ascertaining whether close relatives share similar responses to environmental change and which species traits might mediate these trends. We analyzed a 5-year data set (5,011 captures) from 18 sites in a countryside landscape in southern Costa Rica using statistical models that account and correct for imperfect detection of species across sites, spatial autocorrelation, and consideration of spatial scale. Taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity decreased with deforestation, and assemblages became more phylogenetically clustered. Species' responses to deforestation were strongly phylogenetically correlated. Body mass and absolute wing loading explained a substantial portion of species variation in species' habitat preferences, likely related to these traits' influence on maneuverability in cluttered forest environments. Our findings highlight the role that evolutionary history plays in determining which species will survive human impacts and the need to consider diversity metrics, evolutionary history, and traits together when making predictions about species persistence for conservation or ecosystem functioning.
Figure 3 in Importance of riparian vegetation and wood-pastures in the maintenance of bat assemblages in a highly fragmented landscape in Veracruz, Mexico
Figure 3: Rank abundance curves of bats captured in wood-pastures (A) and riparian vegetation (B) in Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Numbers indicate species, 1: Artibeus jamaicensis, 2: Sturnira parvidens, 3: A. lituratus, 4: S. hondurensis, 5: Glossophaga soricina, 6: G. commissarissi, 7: Rhogeesa tumida, 8: Desmodus rotundus, 9: Phyllostomus discolor, 10: Eptesicus furinalis, 11: Carollia sowelli, 12: A. phaeotis, 13: Uroderma bilobatum, 14: Molossus rufus, 15: C. perspicillata, 16: Chiroderma salvini, 17: A. watsoni, 18: C. villosum, 19: Pteronotus parnelli, 20: Platyrrhinus helleri, 21: Micronycteris microtis, 22: A. toltecus, 23: Centurio senex, 24: P. davyi, 25: Mormoops megallophylla, 26: Eumops bonariensis, 27: Promops centralis, 28: Myotis californicus, 29: M. keaysi.
Figure 2 in Importance of riparian vegetation and wood-pastures in the maintenance of bat assemblages in a highly fragmented landscape in Veracruz, Mexico
Figure 2: Species accumulation curves for wood-pastures and riparian vegetation in the locality of Jamapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Hill's numbers (effective numbers of species) are in brackets. According to non-overlapping confidence intervals only q1 ("typical" species) and q2 (dominant species) were significantly higher in riparian vegetation compared to pastures.
Data from: Subtle changes in elevation shift bat-assemblage structure in Central Amazonia
The distribution patterns of animal species at local scales have been explained by direct influences of vegetation structure, topography, food distribution and availability. However, these variables can also interact and operate indirectly on the distribution of species. Here, we examined the direct and indirect effects of food availability (fruits and insects), vegetation clutter and elevation in structuring phyllostomid-bat assemblages in a continuous terra firme forest in Central Amazonia. Bats were captured in 49 plots over 25-km² of continuous forest. We captured 1138 bats belonging to 52 species with 7056 nethours of effort. Terrain elevation was the strongest predictor of species and guild compositions, and of bat abundance. However, changes in elevation were associated with changes in vegetation clutter, and availability of fruits and insects consumed by bats, which are likely to have had direct effects on bat assemblages. Frugivorous-bat composition was more influenced by availability of food-providing plants, while gleaning-animalivore composition was more influenced by the structural complexity of the vegetation. Although probably not causal, terrain elevation may be a reliable predictor of bat-assemblage structure at local scales in other regions. In situations where it is not possible to collect local variables, terrain elevation can substitute other variables, such as vegetation structure, and availability of fruits and insects.
FIG. 4 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 4. Mean pairwise distances (MPD) of multivariate traits (A and B), forearm length (C and D), greatest skull length (E and F), narrowest breadth of skull (G and H), ear length (I and J) and tail length (K and L) of insectivorous bat assemblages along the Mount Nimba elevational gradient. Observed MPD for each elevation is represented by the blue dots. A blue line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between observed MPD and elevation. The red dots indicate the expected MPD as calculated by 999 randomized community shuffles for figures on the left, and trait shuffles for figures on the right. A red line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between expected MPD and elevation. Instances where observed MPD differs significantly from the expected MPD are indicated by black rings
FIG. 2 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 2. Quadratic linear regression of species richness of assemblages versus elevation (P = 0.008; species richness = 34.32 - 7.893*elevation + 0.4881*elevation2)
FIG. 3 in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina
FIG. 3. Cladogram of Patagonian bats from Argentina based on Jones et al. (2002), Hoofer and Van Den Bussche (2003), Bickham et al. (2004), Stadelmann et al. (2007), Lack and Van Den Bussche (2010), Lack et al. (2010), Roehrs et al. (2010), Ammerman et al. (2012) and Amador et al. (2016). Tree partitions are indicated with numbers and correspond to clades used in Canonical Phylogenetic Ordination. Partition 1 is trivial and indicates the whole tree. The number of specimens per species for each data set (external, wing, craniodental, and all combined variables) is indicated in parentheses
FIG. 2 in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina
FIG. 2. Skull variables measured in Patagonian bats from Argentina, shown on a H. macrotus specimen (LIEB-M 851 ♀). See text for abbreviations. Scale bar is 10 mm
FIG. 5 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 5. Mean nearest taxon distances (MNTD) of multivariate traits (A and B), forearm length (C and D), greatest skull length (E and F), narrowest breadth of skull (G and H), ear length (I and J) and tail length (K and L) of insectivorous bats along the Mount Nimba elevational gradient. Observed MNTD for each elevation is represented by the green dots. A green line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between observed MNTD and elevation. The red dots indicate the expected MNTD as calculated by 999 randomized community shuffles for figures on the left, and trait shuffles for figures on the right. A red line of best fit is shown for significant relationships between expected MNTD and elevation. Instances where observed MNTD differs significantly from the expected MNTD are indicated by black rings
FIG. 3 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 3. Dendrogram of bat functional groups present on Mount Nimba. Eight functional groups were identified, each represented by a different colour. See Supplementary Table S1 for full species names
FIG. 1 in Species richness, functional diversity and assemblage structure of insectivorous bats along an elevational gradient in tropical West Africa
FIG. 1. Study sites in Liberia and Guinea (Google Earth, 2015) and their assignment to the eight elevation belts. Key for site colours: red: <500 m; green: 500–600 m; yellow: 601–800 m; blue: 801–900 m; purple: 901–1100 m; black: 1101–1200 m; orange: 1201– 1400 m; white: 1401–1600 m
FIG. 1 in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina
FIG. 1. Localities of study specimens of Patagonian bats from Argentina. Eco-regions from Argentina are coded as follows: Patagonian Steppe (clear gray); Patagonian Forest (dark gray); Low Monte (gray). Histiotus macrotus (∆), H. magellanicus (+), H. montanus (£), L. varius (u), M. chiloensis (ä), and T. brasiliensis (™). Scale in map (black bar) = 100 km
FIG. 7 in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina
FIG. 7. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bat assemblage for combined three data sets using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations
FIG. 4 in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina
FIG. 4. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bat assemblage for external variables using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations
IG. 6. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bat assemblage for craniodental variables using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina
IG. 6. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bat assemblage for craniodental variables using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations
FIG. 5 in Ecomorphological diversity in the Patagonian assemblage of bats from Argentina
FIG. 5. Ordination diagram of PCA of the Patagonian bats assemblage for wing variables using A) data set not size-corrected; and B) data set size-corrected. Polygons include specimens from each species: H. macrotus (▲), H. magellanicus (), H. montanus (▲), L. varius (■), M. chiloensis (●), and T. brasiliensis (£). Vectors show the strengh of correlation of each variable with the plane of PC1 and PC2. See text for abbreviations
Figure 4 in Structure of three subtropical bat assemblages (Chiroptera) in the Andean rainforests of Argentina
Figure 4 Relative abundance plots for principal guilds of Argentina subtropical rainforest. LM, Laja Morada; RC, Río de Las Conchas; ED, El Durazno. F/und, Frugivore understory; F/can, frugivore/canopy; U/ins, uncluttered space/aerial insectivore; B/ins, background-cluttered space/aerial insectivore; Hem, gleaning hematophagous.
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