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Fig. 10 in On the diversity of subterranean beetles of the Dinarides: new leiodid taxa (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) from Serbia

Fig. 10. Illustrations of morphological characters presented in the Key to the taxa of the genus Proleonhardella Jeannel, 1910 (after Jeannel 1924; Ćurčić et al. 2008a). A. Short elytra, less than twice as long as pronotum. B. Long elytra, more than twice as long as pronotum. C. Globular antennomere VIII in males. D. Slightly elongate antennomere VIII in males. E. Elytra parallel in basal half. F. Elytra narrowed in basal half.

Fig. 7. Pit 4-1-3-27 in On the diversity of subterranean beetles of the Dinarides: new leiodid taxa (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) from Serbia

Fig. 7. Pit 4-1-3-27, village of Kaluđerske Bare, Mt Tara, near the town of Bajina Bašta, western Serbia (modified after Bosco 2016). A. Entrance. B. A chamber in which one type specimen of Proleonhardella (Proleonhardella) tarensis Ćurčić & Pavićević sp. nov. was collected. C. A 3D view. D. A plan and a longitudinal section. The red circles indicate the places where specimens of P. (P.) tarensis Ćurčić & Pavićević sp. nov. were found.

Fig. 6 in On the diversity of subterranean beetles of the Dinarides: new leiodid taxa (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) from Serbia

Fig. 6. Proleonhardella (Proleonhardella) tarensis Ćurčić & Pavićević sp. nov. from Pit 4-1-3-27, village of Kaluđerske Bare, Mt Tara, near the town of Bajina Bašta, western Serbia. Holotype male (IZFB-21/27), aedeagus. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. Scale bar = 200 μm.

Fig. 1 in On the diversity of subterranean beetles of the Dinarides: new leiodid taxa (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) from Serbia

Fig. 1. Illustrations of morphological characters presented in the Key to the leptodirine leiodid genera of the phyletic series of "Leonhardella" (after Jeannel 1911, 1924; Ćurčić et al. 2008a). A. Absence of mesosternal carina. B. Presence of mesosternal carina. C. Absence of a concavity on mesosternal carina. D. Presence of a deep concavity on mesosternal carina. E. Presence of elliptical body shape. F. Presence of pholeuonoid body shape. G. Presence of dilated protarsi in males. H. Presence of undilated protarsi in males. I. Presence of a short rounded basal projection on basal bulbus. J. Presence of a long subtriangular basal projection on basal bulbus. K. Presence of subglobular antennomere VIII. L. Presence of elongate antennomere VIII. M. Presence of paramerae with two setae. N. Presence of paramerae with three setae.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Data for: Trap type affects dung beetle taxonomic and functional diversity in Bornean tropical forests

Dung beetle community composition data. Data was collected using either dung-baited pitfall traps or flight interception traps. Each row represents one trap, with the author/study information, name of study site, sampling period, trap type and habitat type. Dung beetle species and their abundances are listed. See "metadata" tab for more details. Paper abstract: Baited pitfall traps (BPTs) and flight intercept traps (FITs) are the most common methods employed for sampling dung beetle communities. These methods vary in their efficacy and are affected by factors such as the bait types used and the dispersal abilities of different dung beetle species. We present the first quantitative comparison of the taxonomic and functional diversity, and community composition of dung beetles caught in BPTs and FITs in Bornean tropical forests. We show that BPTs and FITs captured complementary communities with different functional traits, and that BPTs captured more functionally diverse communities. We therefore recommend using a combination of both baited BPTs and FITs for studies assessing the composition of dung beetles across habitat types. Our results also highlight that it is important to consider how trap type affects the trait composition of communities when relating dung beetle communities and functional traits to ecological functioning. We suggest modifications to FITs based on the design of harp traps to increase their effectiveness in capturing larger-bodied beetles.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 5 in The Diversity And Species Composition Of Water Beetles (Gyrinidae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae) In A Peat Bog In Belarus

Fig. 5. Principal component analysis ordination according of water beetle assemblages in three different water body types: lakes (L), streams (S), and hollows (H). Complete species names are given in table 2.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 4 in The Diversity And Species Composition Of Water Beetles (Gyrinidae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae) In A Peat Bog In Belarus

Fig. 4. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination according to the characteristic resemblance matrix (Bray-Curtis distance) of water beetle assemblages in three different water body types: lakes (L — samples marked as dots), streams (S — samples marked as pluses), and hollows (H — samples marked as squares).

Morphospace disparity and species diversity in Sri Lankan phytophagous scarab beetles – a comparison by forest types, altitude, and sites

The files contain the supporting information and raw data of the masnucript, Morphospace disparity and species diversity in Sri Lankan phytophagous scarab beetles – a comparison by forest types, altitude, and sites. It includes the following: Raw Data: Suppl. Table 1: Details of sampling sites (Sri Lanka); L number, coordinates, elevation, elevation zone and forest types. Elevation zones; EZ1: 0-500m, EZ2: 501-1000m, EZ3: 1001-1500m, EZ4: 1501-2000m, EZ5; 2001-2500m. Forest types; WL: evergreen wet lowland forests, DL: evergreen dry lowland forests, SM: sub-montane forests, MO: montane forests. Suppl. Table 2. Morphometric measurements and metadata of all studied specimens. Metadata include species identification, voucher number, occurrence data regarding sampling location in Sri Lanka, elevation zone (EZ), and forest type (F). Units of measurements are mm. WL: evergreen wet lowland forests, LD: evergreen dry lowland forests, SM: sub-montane forests, MO: montane forests; EZ1: 0-500m, EZ2: 501-1000m, EZ3: 1001-1500m, EZ4: 1501-2000m, EZ5; 2001-2500m; L1: Aranayake; L2: Riverston; L3: NIFS Arboretum; L4: Deenston; L5: Nuwara Eliya; L6: Horton Plains; L8: Hiyare; L9: Kottawa; L10: Kanneliya; L11: Piduruthalagala; L12: Uda Peradeniya; L13: Gannoruwa; L14: Udawattakele. Morphological measurements abbreviations are explained in Sup. Fig.1. Results: Suppl. Table 3: Proportion of variance explained by PC axes in principal component analysis for the data subsets of lineages (derived from shape and size data). Values of axes reflecting the 95% of explained cumulative variation are highlighted in bold. Suppl. Table 4: Euclidean distances between species (mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by forest types and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). WL: Wet lowland; DL: Dry lowland; SM: Sub-montane; MO: Montane. Suppl. Table 5: Euclidean distances between species mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by elevational zones and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). EZ1: 0-500m. EZ2: 501-1000m. EZ3: 1001-1500m. EZ4: 1501-2000m. EZ5: 2001-2500m. Suppl. Table 6: Euclidean distances between species (mean/median/maximum) for shape and size partitioned by localities (L1-14), and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Suppl. Table 7: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for shape and size forest types and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. WL: Wet lowland; DL: Dry lowland; SM: Sub-montane; MO: Montane. Suppl. Table 8: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores for shape and size partitioned for elevational zones and lineages (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. EZ1: 0-500m. EZ2: 501-1000m. EZ3: 1001-1500m. EZ4: 1501-2000m. EZ5: 2001-2500m. Suppl. Table 9: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for localities and lineages for shape (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics. Suppl. Table 10: Pairwise p-values from non-parametric MANOVA on PCA scores partitioned for localities and lineages for size (all Pleurosticts, Sericini only, and Pleurosticts excluding Sericini (*)). Significant correlations (p value <0.05) are shown in bold italics.   Figure S1. Illustration of the measured morphological traits (after Eberle et al., 2014). Schematic drawings of a Sericini beetle, in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, and (C) lateral aspect. Body: BH - maximal body height, EH - maximal elytra height, EL - maximal elytra length, Eld - maximal diagonal elytra length, Elmb - length from maximal body width to elytral apex, EW - maximal elytra width, Ewb - elytral width at middle of scutellum, PL - maximal pronotum length, PW - maximal pronotum width; Head: ED - maximal eye diameter, HW - maximal head with including eyes, IOD - minimal interocular distance (dorsal view); Legs: MCL - maximal length of metacoxa, MFL - maximal length of metafemur, MFW - maximal width of metafemur, MTL - maximal length of metatibia, MTW - maximal width of metatibia, PFL - maximal length of profemur, PFW - maximal width of profemur, PTL - maximal length of protibia. Figure S2. Biplots of PC1 and 2 from principal components analysis, illustrating trait contribution to the principal patterns of morphospace (raw measurements). Trait abbreviations are explained in Figure S1. Figure S3. Patterns of morphospace disparity of all Pleurosticts derived from raw measurements in individual localities. Symbols represent genus or other family-group level, color of symbols single species.   Figure S4. Patterns of morphospace disparity of Sericini derived from raw measurements in individual localities. Colored dots represent single species. Locality L12 had no Sericini recorded.   Figure S5. Patterns of morphospace disparity (PCA plots of PC1 and PC2) derived from raw measurements of Sericini chafers partitioned for forest types (A), elevation zones (B), localities (C)(enlarged visualization from Fig. 2). Colored dots represent single species, outlines grouping entities grouped by forest types, elevation zone, or locality.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

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Data and original code for: Explaining the diversity of optical effects in Christmas beetles: climate, history, and mechanisms

Beetles exhibit an extraordinary diversity of brilliant and colourful appearances. The mechanisms producing these optical effects have received some attention, but we know little about the ecological variables driving their evolution. Here we investigated environmental correlates of reflectivity and circular polarization produced by a combination of pigments and structures in optically diverse Christmas beetles (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). We quantified the optical properties of 261 specimens representing 46 species using spectrophotometry and calibrated photographs. Then, we examined associations between these properties and environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, and vegetation cover, controlling for body size and phylogenetic relatedness. Our results showed that larger beetles have higher reflectivity and occur in drier environments. Unexpectedly, near-infrared (NIR) reflectivity was not correlated with ecological variables. We observed no universal ecogeographical pattern for polarization but identified trade-offs with other optical properties: beetles without polarization-associated nanostructures had higher NIR reflectivity. Visible reflectivity seems less affected by nanostructures and is instead negatively correlated with the accumulation of pigments such as melanin. Our study highlights the value of a macroecological approach for testing alternative hypotheses to explain the diversity of optical effects in beetles and to understand the link between structure and function.

FIG. 81 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 81. Histogram of beetle body lengths for articulated morphotypes in which total length was measurable. The very large morphotype measuring>33 mm (morphotype 61) is omitted.

FIG. 78. Striate elytral morphotypes. A, B. Morphotype 92, VMNH 95536. C, D. Morphotype 93, VMNH 97305. E, F. Morphotype 94, VMNH 97583. G, H. Morphotype 95, VMNH 98277. I, J. Morphotype 96, VMNH 95971. K, L. Morphotype 97, VMNH 96824 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 78. Striate elytral morphotypes. A, B. Morphotype 92, VMNH 95536. C, D. Morphotype 93, VMNH 97305. E, F. Morphotype 94, VMNH 97583. G, H. Morphotype 95, VMNH 98277. I, J. Morphotype 96, VMNH 95971. K, L. Morphotype 97, VMNH 96824. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 77. Striate elytral morphotypes. A, B. Morphotype 86, VMNH 50186. C, D. Morphotype 87, VMNH 97304. E, F. Morphotype 88, VMNH 97376. G, H. Morphotype 89, VMNH 98968. I, J. Morphotype 90, VMNH 129483. K, L. Morphotype 91, VMNH 97346 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 77. Striate elytral morphotypes. A, B. Morphotype 86, VMNH 50186. C, D. Morphotype 87, VMNH 97304. E, F. Morphotype 88, VMNH 97376. G, H. Morphotype 89, VMNH 98968. I, J. Morphotype 90, VMNH 129483. K, L. Morphotype 91, VMNH 97346. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 67. Morphotype 61, VMNH 49597. A. Counterpart. B in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 67. Morphotype 61, VMNH 49597. A. Counterpart. B. Foreleg of part. C. Head of counterpart. D. Foreleg of counterpart showing bilobed segment. E. Elytron covered in dense, fine nodules. Scale bars: A: 5 mm; B–D: 1 mm; E: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 68. Smooth elytral morphotypes. A, B. Morphotype 62, VMNH 97505. C, D. Morphotype 63, VMNH 99030. E, F. Morphotype 64, VMNH 95504. G, H. Morphotype 65, VMNH 97607. I, J. Morphotype 66, VMNH 97319. K, L. Morphotype 67, VMNH 97104 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 68. Smooth elytral morphotypes. A, B. Morphotype 62, VMNH 97505. C, D. Morphotype 63, VMNH 99030. E, F. Morphotype 64, VMNH 95504. G, H. Morphotype 65, VMNH 97607. I, J. Morphotype 66, VMNH 97319. K, L. Morphotype 67, VMNH 97104. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 72. Punctate elytral morphotypes. A–C. Morphotype 74, VMNH 97509. D–F. Morphotype 75, VMNH 97500 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 72. Punctate elytral morphotypes. A–C. Morphotype 74, VMNH 97509. D–F. Morphotype 75, VMNH 97500. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 65. Morphotype 60, AMNH 04-59. A, B. Part. C in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 65. Morphotype 60, AMNH 04-59. A, B. Part. C. Left elytron of part showing rows of punctures. D. Head of part. E. Counterpart, head not preserved. F. Elytral apex of counterpart. Scale bars: A–E: 1 mm; F: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 76. Striate elytral morphotypes. A, B. Morphotype 80, VMNH 95483. C, D. Morphotype 81, VMNH 95443. E, F. Morphotype 82, VMNH 96665. G, H. Morphotype 83, VMNH 96826. I, J. Morphotype 84, VMNH 97581. K, L. Morphotype 85, VMNH 54201 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 76. Striate elytral morphotypes. A, B. Morphotype 80, VMNH 95483. C, D. Morphotype 81, VMNH 95443. E, F. Morphotype 82, VMNH 96665. G, H. Morphotype 83, VMNH 96826. I, J. Morphotype 84, VMNH 97581. K, L. Morphotype 85, VMNH 54201. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 69. Elytral morphotypes with color patterns and nodules. A, B. Morphotype 68, VMNH 54567. C, D. Morphotype 69, VMNH 95448. E–G. Morphotype 70, VMNH 95487 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 69. Elytral morphotypes with color patterns and nodules. A, B. Morphotype 68, VMNH 54567. C, D. Morphotype 69, VMNH 95448. E–G. Morphotype 70, VMNH 95487. Scale bars: A–F: 0.5 mm, G: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 64. Morphotype 59 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 64. Morphotype 59, YPM IP 016838. A, B. Part. C. Counterpart, head not preserved. D. Left elytron of part showing rows of fine punctures. E. Head and pronotum of part. Scale bars: A–C: 1 mm; D, E: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 73. Punctate elytral morphotypes. A–C. Morphotype 76, AMNH 04-87. D–F. Morphotype 77, VMNH 97571 in Remarkable Diversity Of Beetles (Coleoptera) In The Late Triassic (Norian) "Solite Deposit" Of Virginia And North Carolina

FIG. 73. Punctate elytral morphotypes. A–C. Morphotype 76, AMNH 04-87. D–F. Morphotype 77, VMNH 97571. Scale bars: A, B, D, E: 1 mm; C, F: 0.25 mm.