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Fig. 8 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 8. Box plots of size for the three target taxa. A. Size of Arcomytilus based on log transformed geometric means of length and height. B. Size of Isognomon based on log transformed ligament length. C. Size of Eomiodon based on log transformed shell length. Arrangement of boxes corresponding more or less to their stratigraphic succession, from left to right. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 12 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 12. PCA plot of shell shape in Arcomytilus, grouped according to rib number in steps of 25 ribs and displayed as convex hulls.

Fig. 7 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 7. Scatter plots of log transformed values of height over length for the three target taxa. A. Arcomytilus. B. Isognomon. C. Eomiodon. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 6 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 6. Measured distances in the three target taxa. A. Arcomytilus. B. Isognomon. C. Eomiodon. Abbreviations: H, height; L, length; LL, ligament length. Arrow indicates turning point of growth.

Fig. 5 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 5. Specimens of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon securiformis (Sharpe, 1850) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. A–C. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. A. Hinge plates of left and right valve. GML 25915. B. Interior of right valve, showing hinge arrangement and parts of the muscle scars. GML 25916. C. Left valve view of articulated specimen. GML 25917. D. Articulated, strongly elongated, gerontic specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Santa Cruz. GML 25918. E. Small articulated specimen with clearly visible commarginal lamellae. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Vestiaria. GML 25919. F. Articulated gerontic specimen with ventrally elongated shell. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salgados. GML 25920. G. Short, rounded, articulated specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, E Arranhó. GML 25921. H. Large, high, and short specimen. Sobral member, Late Kimmeridgian, Porto das Barcas. GML 25922.

Fig. 3 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 3. Specimens of mytilid bivalve Arcomytilus from the Middle and Upper Jurassic of Portugal and France. A–F. Arcomytilus morrisii (Sharpe, 1850). A. Large articulated specimen with pointed umbones and slightly imprinted anterior part. Arranhó II member, earliest Tithonian, Serra de Alrota. GML 25900. B. Small adult specimen, left valve with fine ribbing pattern and relatively straight anterior margin. Alcobaça formation, Late Kimmeridgian, Consolação. GML 25901. C. Young adult specimen, left valve with coarse ribbing pattern and large, elevated disc. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25902. D. Small adult, articulated specimen. Alcobaça formation, Early Kimmeridgian, Salir do Porto. GML 25903. E. Large articulated specimen with extremely triangular outline and wide−spaced, strong ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Lameiro das Antas. GML 25904. F. Adult specimen, left valve with bi− and trifurcation and simultaneous insertion of ribs. Arranhó II member, Early Tithonian, Santa Cruz. GML 25905. G. Arcomytilus asper. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN J 08224. H. Arcomytilus bathonicus. Right valve. Late Bathonian, Luc−sur−Mer, Calvados, France. MNHN, coll. Deshayes 1876−8. I. Arcomytilus pectinatus. Right valve. "Corallien", La Rochelle, Charente−Maritime, France. MNHN, coll. d'Orbigny 4247.

Fig. 11 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 11. Lithostratigraphy plot of Arcomytilus. A. Different species and lithostratigraphically grouped Arcomytilus morrisii are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M; mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic rock suite in the Lusitanian Basin. Modified from Schneider et al. (2009). All units discussed herein are numbered in squared brackets. Formations and members that are not yet formally established are written in lower case letters. Abbreviations: A., Arisphinctes; As., Aspidoceras; Au., Aulacostephanus; C., Crussoliceras; D., Dichotomoceras; Fm., formation; M., Micracanthoceras; Mb., member; Q., Quenstedtoceras; S., Simoceras; Se., Semiformiceras.

Fig. 1 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 1. Geographic and geological overview of the Lusitanian Basin. The numbering of localities refers to Table 1, second column.

Fig. 14 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 14. Lithostratigraphy plot of Eomiodon securiformis. A. Lithostratigraphically arranged groups are displayed as convex hulls. Calculated artificial shell outlines for full number coordinate pairs are plotted to illustrate the morphospace. M, mean artificial shell outline. B. 95% confidence ellipses of group means and corresponding calculated shell outlines for group means are plotted. Numbers in squared brackets refer to Fig. 2.

Fig. 16 in Ecophenotypic plasticity versus evolutionary trends-morphological variability in Upper Jurassic bivalve shells from Portugal

Fig. 16. Left valve of neomiodontid bivalve Eomiodon sp. from Early Tithonian, Arranhó II member, Santa Cruz (GML 25929) in internal (A) and external (B) views.

Fig. 5. Berthelinia singaporensis development. A–D in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 5. Berthelinia singaporensis development. A–D, SEM micrographs of larval shells of newly hatched veligers from different aspects, showing sinistral coiling, suture (C), and faint growth lines (C–D); E, SEM micrograph of larval operculum; F, light micrograph of newly hatched veliger larva showing the radula (circled).

Fig. 3 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 3. Intra-capsular development of Berthelinia singaporensis. A, complete gastrula (day 3); B, early veliger, shell not coiled; velum visible (day 4); C, D, early veliger (day 5) with pigment along shell aperture and in suture; E, veliger larvae (day 6) with eyespots; F, large veliger larvae (day 10) with operculum (arrowhead) and foot (arrow).

Fig. 1 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 1. Adult Berthelinia singaporensis, spawning and complete egg masses. A, specimen on Caulerpa racemosa; B, specimen crawling on petri-dish; C, D, specimen spawning. Notice head moving from side to side and opaque content of egg capsules during spawning (circled in D). E, complete egg mass on Caulerpa lentillifera; F, another egg mass with more developed embryos. Blue arrows indicate eggs moving inside oviduct through mucus gland; red arrowheads indicate eggs exiting female gonopore and being transported along spawn groove to mouth area.

Fig. 8 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 8. Juvenile development of Berthelinia singaporensis. A–B, right side and dorsal view of late metamorphosis stage; right valve soft and smaller, hinge line complete; C–D, left and right view of early juvenile; right and left valves same size; E, larger juvenile on Caulerpa; F, larger juvenile with adult shell shape (taller anteriorly) and some brown pigment spots.

Fig. 11 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 11. SEM micrographs of early juvenile Berthelinia singaporensis. A, right side view showing right valve smaller than left one; B, close-up of hinge line of same showing growth lines continuous across hinge line and right valve flatter than left one; C, left valve of older juvenile showing gap between protoconch aperture and juvenile shell; D, close-up of thickened hinge of same.

Fig. 2 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 2. Early development of Berthelinia singaporensis embryos. A, uncleaved eggs; B, 2-cell stage; C, 2–4-cell stages (1 h); D, 4-cell stage (1 h 20 min); E, 8-cell stage (3 h); F, multi-cell stage (6 h); G, blastula (22 h); H, early gastrula (23 h). Times in parentheses are after first cell division. In E and F, the spiral cleavage pattern is distinct.

Fig. 4 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 4. Hatched larvae of Berthelinia singaporensis. A, veliger larva shortly after hatching; large velar lobes with long cilia; B, newly hatched larva; long cilia on propodial margins as well as on velum; C, crawling veliger larva on Caulerpa (probably C. taxifolia); D, crawling larva from behind, with circular operculum (arrowhead).

Fig. 7 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 7. Stages of shell metamorphosis in Berthelinia singaporensis. A–B, right and left side views of transitional stage with soft, flexible shell flared; C, dorsal view with fold and downwards bent right side of shell; D, right side view with tilted protoconch.

Fig. 10 in A fold in the visor: formation of the bivalved shell in Berthelinia singaporensis Jensen, 2015 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa), with notes on spawning and development

Fig. 10. SEM micrographs of shell of Berthelinia singaporensis in metamorphosis stage. A, left side of visor-like shell and anterior flared fold; B, ventral view of visor with dried part of mantle fold in aperture; C, close-up of same showing fracture line (arrowhead) where hinge line will form; D, higher magnification of same. In A–C the narrow gap between larval shell (= protoconch) and juvenile shell is visible.