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36 results for “Brood size”
Figure 1 in An overview of female reproductive traits in South American Mabuya (Squamata, Scincidae), with emphasis on brood size and its correlates
Figure 1. Relationship between mean brood size and maximum female size (r = 0.71, p <0.05, n = 10) in South American Mabuya species. SVL, snout–vent length.
Figure 2 in An overview of female reproductive traits in South American Mabuya (Squamata, Scincidae), with emphasis on brood size and its correlates
Figure 2. Relationship between maximum brood size and maximum female size (r = 0.75, p = 0.01, n = 10) in South American Mabuya species. SVL, snout–vent length.
Figure 2 in The role of hatching asynchrony in brood size reduction of the great tit Parus major in a Mediterranean pine forest
Figure 2. Distribution of estimated age at time of death of nestlings in synchronous (asynchrony of 0 or 1 days, white bars) and asynchronous (asynchrony of 2 or more days, black bars) broods.
Figure 1 in The role of hatching asynchrony in brood size reduction of the great tit Parus major in a Mediterranean pine forest
Figure 1. Mean hatching asynchrony by five-day periods against laying date (vertical lines indicate range of values).
Effects of brood and group size on nestling provisioning and resource allocation in a communal bird
<p>Resource limitations, either due to environmental conditions or constraints on parental provisioning effort, can drive intense competition among offspring. In communal groups, resource availability may increase if parents receive assistance from other group members; however, if those caregivers also produce young, offspring demand may increase at the same time. It is possible, therefore, that the costs of intrabrood competition in large broods may outweigh the benefits of provisioning from additional caregivers. We tested the relationships between group size, brood size, and provisioning rates in the greater ani (<em>Crotophaga</em> <em>major</em>), a communally nesting cuckoo in which multiple breeding pairs and nonreproductive helpers cooperatively raise a shared brood. Crucially, brood and group size can vary independently in this species, allowing us to test changes in each variable separately. Using video footage of 2255 prey deliveries across 10 nests, we found that an increase in the number of adult caregivers within a group did not sufficiently offset a corresponding increase in the number of dependent young within a brood: prey availability per average nestling decreased with brood size, regardless of group size. In larger broods, last-hatched nestlings received significantly less prey than their broodmates, in part due to greater hatching asynchrony that exacerbated competitive asymmetries and facilitated inequality in food allocation. Our results indicate that last-hatched ani nestlings suffer a "double cost" in large broods: they must compete with more nestmates, and suffer disproportionately from asynchronous hatching. These costs may contribute to increased parent-offspring conflict and may constrain group size in communal breeders.</p>
Data from: Provisioning tactics of great tits (Parus major) in response to long-term brood size manipulations differ across years
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Data from: Brood size, telomere length, and parent-offspring color signaling in barn swallows
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Data from: Condition-dependent expression of carotenoid- and melanin-based plumage colour of northern flicker nestlings revealed by manipulation of brood size
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Data from: Brood size matching: a novel perspective on predator dilution
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Effects of brood and group size on nestling provisioning and resource allocation in a communal bird
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Data from: The evolution of clutch size in hosts of avian brood parasites
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Data from: Trade-offs in parasitism efficiency and brood size mediate parasitoid coexistence, with implications for biological control of the invasive emerald ash borer
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Data from: Brood size constrains the development of endothermy in blue tits
Altricial birds are unable to maintain body temperature when exposed to low ambient temperatures during the first days after hatching. Thermoregulatory capacity begins to form as postnatal development progresses, and eventually nestlings become homeothermic. Several factors may influence this development at both the level of the individual and the level of the whole brood, but to our knowledge no studies have focused on the effect of brood size per se on the development of endothermy in individual nestlings. We performed cooling experiments on blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nestlings in the field, to study how different experimental brood sizes affected the development of endothermy in individual nestlings and the thermal environment experienced by the whole brood in the nest. Nestlings from all experimental brood sizes showed a decrease in cooling rate as they grew older, but birds from reduced broods showed an earlier onset of endothermy compared with nestlings from enlarged and control broods. This difference manifested during early development and gradually disappeared as nestlings grew older. The thermal environment in the nests differed between treatments during nestling development, such that nest temperature in reduced broods was lower than that in enlarged broods during all days and during nights at the end of the experimental period. We suggest that the development of endothermy in blue tit nestlings is not ontogenetically fixed, but instead may vary according to differences in developmental, nutritional and thermal conditions as determined by brood size.
Data from: Brood size constrains the development of endothermy in blue tits
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Data from: Flexible parents: joint effects of handicapping and brood size manipulation on female parental care in Nicrophorus vespilloides
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Parental care amplifies effects of altered brood size on offspring production
<p>Recruitment is usually negatively density-dependent in relation to number of offspring produced. However, parental care can alter the pattern, as behaviours that maximise individual fitness are not necessarily beneficial at the population level. We show that in the threespine stickleback, the quality of male parental care is positively density-dependent in relation to number of eggs within a nest, which reverses negative density-dependent egg survival. This is because males invest more in larger broods, while favouring future reproductive opportunities when broods are small. Thus, positively density-dependent parental investment amplifies changes in offspring production when males receive more or less eggs than expected. Notable, parental care investment is mal-adaptive at the individual level when the number of eggs received decreases. Given that female fecundity is changing in many environments because of human disturbances, the results indicate that parental care can contribute to alter population dynamics. At a broader level, the study exemplifies how behaviours that have evolved to maximise individual fitness under pristine condition can become mal-adaptive under disturbed conditions and influence both individual fitness and population processes. Considering that human activities are rapidly transforming environments, such mal-adaptive behavioural responses could be common and magnify negative effects of human activities on populations.</p>
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