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FIGURE 5 in A new species of Okanagana from the Walker Lane region of Nevada and California (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)

FIGURE 5. Calling songs of Okanagana boweni sp. n. (above) and O. simulata (below). The songs are shown as 5 s oscillogram windows (top) that are zoomed to 0.5 s oscillogram (middle) and spectrogram (bottom) windows. Song characters are illustrated.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Okanagana from the Walker Lane region of Nevada and California (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)

FIGURE 2. Male timbals of Okanagana boweni sp. n. (left), O. simulata (middle) and O. utahensis (right), left dorsolateral view.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Okanagana from the Walker Lane region of Nevada and California (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)

FIGURE 4. Female terminalia of Okanagana boweni sp. n. (left), O. simulata (middle) and O. utahensis (right), ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Okanagana from the Walker Lane region of Nevada and California (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)

FIGURE 1. Dorsal (left column r) and ventral (right column v) habitus of Okanagana boweni sp. n. (top row), O. simulata (middle row) and O. utahensis (bottom row).

FIGURE 5 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 5. Color pattern variation in B. bramei. A. Specimen from the type locality; note the rust colored patches over the shoulders. The presence of these patches is typical of B. bramei. B. MVZ 267142, from Tobias Creek, Tulare Co., California. C–F. Four specimens from Cannell Creek, Kern and Tulare counties, California, showing range of coloration found in this population. The bold red coloring is not known from other populations. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 6 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 6. Habitats occupied by B. bramei in the Kern River Canyon. A. Type locality, Packsaddle Canyon, 1135 m elev., Tulare Co., California (photo taken 5 March 2011). On the east side of the Kern River, salamanders are often associated with metamorphic rock in seepage areas as shown here. B–D. On the west side of the Kern River, B. bramei has been found in a diversity of habitats including the following: B. under isolated cover objects in oak grassland S of Kernville, Kern Co., California (photo taken 21 March 2008); C. in pine litter along Tobias Creek, Tulare Co., California (photo taken 22 March 2007) and D. under rocks and in leaf litter N of South Falls Creek, Tulare Co., California (photo taken 28 January 2010; numerous individuals were found on this date). Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 4. Holotype of B. bramei (MVZ 217944). A. Digital x-ray of skull and forelimbs. Digital x-rays were processed using the levels and curves functions in Adobe Photoshop. B. Photo of holotype in life.

FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 2. Overview of relationships in the subgenus Batrachoseps, based on cob dataset analyzed by Jockusch and Wake (2002). The four major clades are named (attenuatus, Sierran, pacificus and nigriventris groups) and terminals are labeled in all groups except the nigriventris group. Shaded boxes indicate the four geographic units of B. relictus, as recognized by Brame and Murray (1968). Terminal taxa that do not contain populations previously placed in B. relictus are collapsed. Note that topotypic B. relictus are not included in this tree. The clade labeled 'Greenhorns' has been retained in B. relictus until the present, but is described here as B. altasierrae sp. nov.

FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A. Minimum evolution tree showing the relationships of 14 populations based on Nei's (1978) D (Table 4) for 27 variable loci included in allozyme study 1. The topology of the neighbor-joining tree is identical. B. Multidimensional scaling of Nei's (1978) D (Table 5) for eight populations from the nigriventris group based on allozyme study 2. Note the intermediate position of the Cannell Creek (CAN) population between B. bramei from Fairview (FAI) and B. simatus from Erskine Creek (ERS). See Table 5 for abbreviations. Sampling localities are listed in Table 3.

FIGURE 1. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 1. A. Map of California, USA, showing the ranges of Batrachoseps nigriventris group species and other species of Batrachoseps from the vicinity of the Kern River Canyon. The range of B. relictus in the Lower Kern River Canyon is contained within the range of B. simatus. Individual dots indicate isolated populations of B. altasierrae sp. nov. from the Kern Plateau (blue) and of B. robustus from the Scodie Mountains (green). B. Point localities for Batrachoseps from the Kern River Canyon and vicinity. Localities include all identified specimens from the collection of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, as well as additional specimens from the California Academy of Sciences and, for B. relictus, from the Los Angeles County (California) Museum. Lighter shading indicates higher elevation; blue indicates major streams or rivers. Type localities are indicated by open symbols for all species except B. gregarius (whose type locality is outside of the region shown). Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 7. B. altasierrae and B. relictus. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 7. B. altasierrae and B. relictus. A. Holotype of B. altasierrae. B. B. altasierrae from the type locality in life (no voucher). C. Digital x-ray of the skull and forelimbs of an adult female B. altasierrae (MVZ 156394, SL = 39.9 mm) from Sugarloaf Peak, Tulare Co., California. D. Adult B. relictus from Breckenridge Mountain, Kern Co., California in life (no voucher). E. Digital x-ray of the skull and forelimbs of an adult (SL = 45.3 mm) female B. relictus from Breckenridge Mountain (MVZ 267114). F. Type locality of B. altasierrae. G. High elevation site on Breckenridge Mountain, Kern Co., California at which specimens referred here to B. relictus were discovered. Nearly all individuals at this locality have been found within the seep shown in the foreground. Habitat photos taken on 28 May 2011. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 3 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 3. Morphological comparisons of Batrachoseps from the Kern River Canyon. A–F. Principal components analysis of correlation matrix of regression residuals of specimens from in and around the Kern River Canyon. Each color/symbol combination indicates a population. A–C compare B. relictus from the Lower Kern River Canyon, two candidates for inclusion in B. relictus (Breckenridge Mountain represented by the Lucas Creek and Squirrel Meadow populations and Greenhorn Mountains 1 and 2 from north of the Kern River), and B. kawia, which is the sister taxon to the Greenhorn populations. D–F show differentiation of the Upper Kern River Canyon populations (magenta), described here as Batrachoseps bramei sp. nov., from their close relatives B. gregarius (gray) and B. simatus (black). G–J. Boxplots of principal components (G–I) and SL (J) for species in and around Kern River Canyon. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.

FIGURE 9 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species

FIGURE 9. Samples included in the cob phylogeny of the Batrachoseps nigriventris group. A. Map of California, showing topographic relief, with localities for specimens from outside of the Kern River Canyon (black symbols). Box shows approximate area of panel B. B. Kern River Canyon, showing localities for specimens from the Kern River Canyon and Breckenridge Mountain. Major side drainages are labeled. For clarity, streams on the north side of the Lower Kern River Canyon are omitted.

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V_ v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). in Canidae

Subspecies and Distribution. V. v. vulpes Linnaeus, 1758 — N Europe (Scandinavia). V. v. abietorum Merriam, 1900 — SW Canada (Alberta & British Columbia). V. v. aegyptiacus Sonnini, 1816 — Egypt, Israel, and Lybia. V. v. alascensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska and NW Canada (NW Territories & Yukon). V. v. alpheraky: Satunin, 1906 — Kazakhstan. V. v. anatolica Thomas, 1920 — Turkey. V. v. arabica Thomas, 1902 — Arabian peninsula. V. v. atlantica Wagner, 1841 — Algeria (forested Atlas Mts). V. v. bangsi Merriam, 1900 — NE Canada (Labrador). V. v. barbara Shaw, 1800 — NW Africa (Barbary Coast). V. v. beringiana Middendorff, 1875 — NE Siberia (shore of Bering Strait). V. v. cascadensis Merriam, 1900 — NW USA (Cascade Mountains, Oregon & Washington). V. v. caucasica Dinnik, 1914 — SW Russia (Caucasus). V. v. crucigera Bechstein, 1789 — Europe through N & C Russia. V. v. daurica Ognev, 1931 — E Russia (Amur, Siberia & Transbaikalia). V.v. deletrix Bangs, 1898 — NE Canada (Newfoundland). V. v. dolichocrania Ognev, 1926 — SE Siberia (S Ussuri). V. v. flavescens Gray, 1843 — N Iran. V. v. fulva Desmarest, 1820 — E USA. V. v. griffith: Blyth, 1854 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan. V.v. harrimani Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kodiak I). V. v. hoole Swinhoe, 1870 — S China (Fujian to Sichuan). V. v. ichnusae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Corsica and Sardinia. V. v. induta G. S. Miller, 1907 — Cyprus. V. v. jakutensis Ognev, 1923 — E Siberia (S of Yakutsk). V. v. japonica Gray, 1868 — Japan. V. v. karagan Erxleben, 1777 — Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and Kirgizstan. V. v. kenaiensis Merriam, 1900 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). V. v. kurdistanica Satunin, 1906 — Armenia and NE Turkey. V. v. macroura Baird, 1852 — USA (Mountain States). V. v. montana Pearson, 1836 — Himalayas form China (Yunnan) to C Pakistan. V. v. mecator Merriam, 1900 — SW USA (California & Nevada). V_ v. ochroxantha Ognev, 1926 — E Russian Turkestan, Aksai, Kirgizstan, Semirechie. V. v. palaestina Thomas, 1920 —Jordan and Lebanon. V.v. peculiosa Kishida, 1924 — Korea. V. v. pusilla Blyth, 1854 — NW India to Irak. V.v. regalis Merriam, 1900 — N Great Plains of Canada and USA. V. v. rubricosa Bangs, 1898 — E Canada. V.v. schrencki Kishida, 1924 — N Japan (Hokkaido) and NE Russia (Sakhalin). V. v. silacea G. S. Miller, 1907 — Iberian Peninsula. V.v. splendidissima Kishida, 1924 — E Russia (N & C Kurile Is). V. v. stepensis Brauner, 1914 — steppes of S Russia. V. v. tobolica Ognev, 1926 — Russia (lower basin of Ob River) V. v. tschiliensis Matschie, 1907 — NE China. Foxes of European origin were introduced into E USA and Canada in the 17" century, subsequently mixed with local subspecies. Also introduced to Australia in 1800s, and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. mephitis Schreber, 1776 — E Canada. M. m. avia Bangs, 1898 — Midwestern USA (Most of Illinois, N half of Missouri & E half of Kansas). M. m. elongata Bangs, 1895 — E & SE USA (Virginia S to E Georgia, Florida, S Alabama & Mississippi). M. m. estor Merriam, 1890 — W USA (S Utah through Arizona and W New Mexico) to N Mexico (Sonora & Chihuahua). M. m. holzerni Mearns, 1897 — SW USA (S California). M. m. hudsonica Richardson, 1829 — C & W Canada and NC USA (from NE Washington to Wisconsin and S into Colorado). M. m. major Howell, 1901 — NW USA (N Nevada & Utah to Oregon & Idaho). M. m. mesomelas Lichtenstein, 1832 — S USA (W Texas & Oklahoma to Arkansas & Louisiana). M. m. nigra Peale & Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 — SE Canada (New Brunswick & Nova Scotia) and E USA (from New England to Ohio & Indiana and S to Mississippi & Alabama. M. m. notata Howell, 1901 — NW USA (C Washington). M. m. occidentalis Baird, 1858 — W USA (N California to SW Oregon). M. m. spissigrada Bangs, 1898 — NW USA (W Washington). M. m. varians Gray, 1837 — S Great Plains USA (E New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma & Kansas) S to NW Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas). in Mephitidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. mephitis Schreber, 1776 — E Canada. M. m. avia Bangs, 1898 — Midwestern USA (Most of Illinois, N half of Missouri & E half of Kansas). M. m. elongata Bangs, 1895 — E & SE USA (Virginia S to E Georgia, Florida, S Alabama & Mississippi). M. m. estor Merriam, 1890 — W USA (S Utah through Arizona and W New Mexico) to N Mexico (Sonora & Chihuahua). M. m. holzerni Mearns, 1897 — SW USA (S California). M. m. hudsonica Richardson, 1829 — C & W Canada and NC USA (from NE Washington to Wisconsin and S into Colorado). M. m. major Howell, 1901 — NW USA (N Nevada & Utah to Oregon & Idaho). M. m. mesomelas Lichtenstein, 1832 — S USA (W Texas & Oklahoma to Arkansas & Louisiana). M. m. nigra Peale & Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 — SE Canada (New Brunswick & Nova Scotia) and E USA (from New England to Ohio & Indiana and S to Mississippi & Alabama. M. m. notata Howell, 1901 — NW USA (C Washington). M. m. occidentalis Baird, 1858 — W USA (N California to SW Oregon). M. m. spissigrada Bangs, 1898 — NW USA (W Washington). M. m. varians Gray, 1837 — S Great Plains USA (E New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma & Kansas) S to NW Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas).

Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890 — W USA (from E Washington & E Oregon to NE California, and then E to W Montana & E Wyoming to C Colorado, and possibly the Black Hills, South Dakota. Then S to N New Mexico, N Arizona, C Nevada and E & C California). S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929 — SW USA (occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County, California). S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia) S and W to NW USA (Washington and Oregon). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts. S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890 — S USA (found from C Arizona, C New Mexico, and W & C central Texas) S to N Mexico (Coahuila & C Durango). S. g lucasana Merriam, 1890 — NW Mexico (S Baja California N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and La Paz on the E coast). S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (N & C Baja California). S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890 — SW USA (From California west to crest of Sierra Nevada). in Mephitidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890 — W USA (from E Washington & E Oregon to NE California, and then E to W Montana & E Wyoming to C Colorado, and possibly the Black Hills, South Dakota. Then S to N New Mexico, N Arizona, C Nevada and E & C California). S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929 — SW USA (occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County, California). S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia) S and W to NW USA (Washington and Oregon). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts. S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890 — S USA (found from C Arizona, C New Mexico, and W & C central Texas) S to N Mexico (Coahuila & C Durango). S. g lucasana Merriam, 1890 — NW Mexico (S Baja California N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and La Paz on the E coast). S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (N & C Baja California). S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890 — SW USA (From California west to crest of Sierra Nevada).

Subspecies and Distribution. M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Finland, Norway, NW Russia, and Sweden. M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792 — most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — S Alaska. M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I, British Columbia). M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896 — Alaska and NW Canada. M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 — C Canada and NC USA. M. e. celenda Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Prince of Wales I). M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838 — SE Canada and NE USA. M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945 — W Canada (British Columbia) and NW USA (N Washington). M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 — Afghanistan, N India, and Pakistan. M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945 — NW USA (E Washington). M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is, British Columbia). M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 — Ireland. M.e. imatis Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Baranof I). M.e. invicta Hall, 1945 — SW Canada (Alberta) and NW USA (Idaho & Montana). M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak I). M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857 — NE China, Russia (E Siberia). M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 — NE Russia (Karaginsky I). M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912 — E Russia (Altai Mts, Siberia). M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912 — Switzerland. M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928 — NW China and Mongolian Altai. M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 — USA (N California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah & Wyoming). M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913 — Japan. M.e. olympica Hall, 1945 — NW USA (Olympic Peninsula, Washington). M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Greenland. M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 — N Canada. M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Scotland (Islay I). M.e.salva Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Admiralty I). M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Suemez I). M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932 — Canada (Franklin & Keewatin Districts). M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Great Britain. M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896 — W USA (NE California, Oregon & coastal Washington). M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941 — Russian Caucasus. M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 — W Siberia. Introduced to New Zealand. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. e. erminea Linnaeus, 1758 — Finland, Norway, NW Russia, and Sweden. M. e. aestiva Kerr, 1792 — most of mainland N & C Europe to C Asia in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. M. e. alascensis Merriam, 1896 — S Alaska. M. e. anguinae Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I, British Columbia). M. e. arctica Merriam, 1896 — Alaska and NW Canada. M. e. bangsi Hall, 1945 — C Canada and NC USA. M. e. celenda Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Prince of Wales I). M.e. cicognanii Bonaparte, 1838 — SE Canada and NE USA. M. e. fallenda Hall, 1945 — W Canada (British Columbia) and NW USA (N Washington). M. e. ferghanae Thomas, 1895 — Afghanistan, N India, and Pakistan. M.e. gulosa Hall, 1945 — NW USA (E Washington). M.e. haidarum Preble, 1898 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is, British Columbia). M.e. hibernica Thomas & Barrett-Hamilton, 1895 — Ireland. M.e. imatis Hall, 1944 — Alaska (Baranof I). M.e. invicta Hall, 1945 — SW Canada (Alberta) and NW USA (Idaho & Montana). M.e. kadiacensis Merriam, 1896 — Alaska (Kodiak I). M.e. kaneti Baird, 1857 — NE China, Russia (E Siberia). M.e. karaginensis Jurgenson, 1936 — NE Russia (Karaginsky I). M.e. lymani Hollister, 1912 — E Russia (Altai Mts, Siberia). M.e. minima Cavazza, 1912 — Switzerland. M.e. mongolica Ognev, 1928 — NW China and Mongolian Altai. M. e. muricus Bangs, 1899 — USA (N California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah & Wyoming). M. e. nippon Cabrera, 1913 — Japan. M.e. olympica Hall, 1945 — NW USA (Olympic Peninsula, Washington). M.e. polaris Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Greenland. M.e.richardsonii Bonaparte, 1838 — N Canada. M.e. ricinae G. S. Miller, 1907 — Scotland (Islay I). M.e.salva Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Admiralty I). M.e.seclusa Hall, 1944 — SE Alaska (Suemez I). M.e.sempler Sutton & Hamilton, 1932 — Canada (Franklin & Keewatin Districts). M.e.stabilis Barrett-Hamilton, 1904 — Great Britain. M.e.streatori Merriam, 1896 — W USA (NE California, Oregon & coastal Washington). M.e.teberdina Kornejv, 1941 — Russian Caucasus. M.e. tobolica Ognev, 1923 — W Siberia. Introduced to New Zealand.

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. canadensis Schreber, 1776 — E Canada (Maritime Provinces, Ontario & Quebec), NE USA (Maine through New York) and Great Lakes of USA (Michigan and Wisconsin). L. c. kodiacensis Goldman, 1935 — Alaska (Kodiak and Shuyak Is). L. c. lataxina Cuvier, 1823 — E & SE USA. L. c. mira Goldman, 1935 — S Alaska (Prince of Wales I), SW Canada (Vancouver I). L. c. pacifica Rhoads, 1898 — W USA and W Canada. L. c. periclyzomae Elliot, 1905 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is). L. c. sonora Rhoads, 1898 — SW USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico & Utah). in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. canadensis Schreber, 1776 — E Canada (Maritime Provinces, Ontario & Quebec), NE USA (Maine through New York) and Great Lakes of USA (Michigan and Wisconsin). L. c. kodiacensis Goldman, 1935 — Alaska (Kodiak and Shuyak Is). L. c. lataxina Cuvier, 1823 — E & SE USA. L. c. mira Goldman, 1935 — S Alaska (Prince of Wales I), SW Canada (Vancouver I). L. c. pacifica Rhoads, 1898 — W USA and W Canada. L. c. periclyzomae Elliot, 1905 — W Canada (Queen Charlotte Is). L. c. sonora Rhoads, 1898 — SW USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico & Utah).

Subspecies and Distribution. B. a. astutus Lichtenstein, 1830 — SE Mexico. B. a. arnizonensis Goldman, 1932 — USA (in and near Arizona). B. a. bolei Goldman, 1945 — Mexico (Guerrero). B. a. consitus Nelson & Goldman, 1932 — C & W Mexico. B. a. flavus Rhoads, 1893 — N Mexico and S & C USA. B. a. insulicola Nelson & Goldman, 1909 — Mexico (San José I). B. a. macdougalli Goodwin, 1956 — Mexico (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca). B. a. nevadensis G. S. Miller, 1913 — USA (Nevada & Utah). B. a. octavus Hall, 1926 — USA (S California). B. a. palmarius Nelson & Goldman, 1909 — Mexico (Baja California). B. a. raptor Baird, 1859 — USA (N California & S Washington). B. a. saxicola Merriam, 1897 — Mexico (Espiritu Santo I). B. a. willetti Stager, 1950 — USA (SW California & E Arizona). B. a. yumanensis Huey, 1937 — USA (Gila Mts, Arizona). in Procyonidae

Subspecies and Distribution. B. a. astutus Lichtenstein, 1830 — SE Mexico. B. a. arnizonensis Goldman, 1932 — USA (in and near Arizona). B. a. bolei Goldman, 1945 — Mexico (Guerrero). B. a. consitus Nelson & Goldman, 1932 — C & W Mexico. B. a. flavus Rhoads, 1893 — N Mexico and S & C USA. B. a. insulicola Nelson & Goldman, 1909 — Mexico (San José I). B. a. macdougalli Goodwin, 1956 — Mexico (Tehuantepec, Oaxaca). B. a. nevadensis G. S. Miller, 1913 — USA (Nevada & Utah). B. a. octavus Hall, 1926 — USA (S California). B. a. palmarius Nelson & Goldman, 1909 — Mexico (Baja California). B. a. raptor Baird, 1859 — USA (N California & S Washington). B. a. saxicola Merriam, 1897 — Mexico (Espiritu Santo I). B. a. willetti Stager, 1950 — USA (SW California & E Arizona). B. a. yumanensis Huey, 1937 — USA (Gila Mts, Arizona).

Subspecies and Distribution. N. v. vison Schreber, 1776 — E Canada and NE USA (Allegheny Mts). N. v. aestuarina Grinnell, 1916 — SW USA (California & W Nevada). N. v. aniakensis Burns, 1964 — W Alaska. N. v. energumenos Bangs, 1896 — W Canada and NW USA. N. v. evagor Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I). N. v. evergladensis Hamilton, 1948 — SE USA (SW Florida). N. v. ingens Osgood, 1900 — most of Alaska and NW Canada (N Mackenzie & Yukon). N. v. lacustris Preble, 1902 — C Canada (Keewatin Region, Manitoba & Ontario). N. v. letifera Hollister, 1913 — Great Plains of USA. N. v. low Anderson, 1945 — E Canada (Labrador & Quebec). N. v. lutensis Bangs, 1898 — USA (S Carolina to Florida). N. v. melampeplus Elliot, 1903 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). N. v. mink Peale & Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 — SE USA. N. v. nesolestes Heller, 1909 — SW Alaska. N. v. vulgivaga Bangs, 1895 — USA (Arkansas & Louisiana). Introduced to Belarus, Belgium, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britian, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan (Hokkaido), Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and Sweden. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. N. v. vison Schreber, 1776 — E Canada and NE USA (Allegheny Mts). N. v. aestuarina Grinnell, 1916 — SW USA (California & W Nevada). N. v. aniakensis Burns, 1964 — W Alaska. N. v. energumenos Bangs, 1896 — W Canada and NW USA. N. v. evagor Hall, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I). N. v. evergladensis Hamilton, 1948 — SE USA (SW Florida). N. v. ingens Osgood, 1900 — most of Alaska and NW Canada (N Mackenzie & Yukon). N. v. lacustris Preble, 1902 — C Canada (Keewatin Region, Manitoba & Ontario). N. v. letifera Hollister, 1913 — Great Plains of USA. N. v. low Anderson, 1945 — E Canada (Labrador & Quebec). N. v. lutensis Bangs, 1898 — USA (S Carolina to Florida). N. v. melampeplus Elliot, 1903 — Alaska (Kenai Peninsula). N. v. mink Peale & Palisot de Beauvois, 1796 — SE USA. N. v. nesolestes Heller, 1909 — SW Alaska. N. v. vulgivaga Bangs, 1895 — USA (Arkansas & Louisiana). Introduced to Belarus, Belgium, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britian, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan (Hokkaido), Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and Sweden.