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FIGURE 17. Anchitheriomys buceei, A, B - TMM 71-2666, proximal right ulna. C, D – TMM 71-2666 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 17. Anchitheriomys buceei, A, B - TMM 71-2666, proximal right ulna. C, D – TMM 71-2666 distal right humerus.

FIGURE 14. TMM 40623-12 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 14. TMM 40623-12, Anchitheriomys buceei, oblique view of i1 showing corrugations on ridges of incisor.

FIGURE 16 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 16. Anchitheriomys buceei, isolated lower cheek teeth (all measurements are L x W, anterior up). A – TMM 31057-185 L m1, 8.8 mm x 9.2 mm; B - TMM 31057-163 L m1, 7.4 mm x 9.6 mm, very worn; C - TMM 31057-59 R m2, 8.0 mm x 7.5 mm, D – TMM 71-2667 R p4, 10.6 mm x 10.8 (broken along dashed line).

FIGURE 15 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 15. Anchitheriomys buceei, isolated upper cheek teeth (all measurements are L x W, anterior up). A - TMM 40197-2665 R M3, molar associated with holotype skull 7.9 mm x 8.2 mm; B - TMM 31057-141 R M3, 7.1 mm x 7.5 mm; C - TMM 31057-7 L M2, 7.33 mm x 7.38 mm; D - TMM 40622-13 L P4, 9.4 mm x 10.3 mm; E – 2666 L P4 very worn, 14.5 mm x 12.8 mm, occlusal view above, posterior view below with large blade-like root on the lingual side of the tooth; F – TMM 71-2669 R M2, 8.9 mm x 9.6 mm.

FIGURE 12. TMM 40623-12 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 12. TMM 40623-12. Anchitheriomys buceei, partial left dentary, A – labial view anterior to the left, B – lingual view anterior to the right, C – oblique anterior view showing well developed ridges on i1 and symphyseal flange, D – ventral view showing posterior continuation of i1.

FIGURE 10. TMM 40197-2665 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 10. TMM 40197-2665. Anchitheriomys buceei (holotype), right oblique view of skull illustrating endocast of brain, frontal sinus, nasal cavity, infraorbital canal, and endocast of I1 alveolus, isosurface rendered from CT volume, anterior to right.

FIGURE 9. TMM 40197-2665 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 9. TMM 40197-2665. Anchitheriomys buceei (holotype), dorsal view of skull, isosurface from CT volume, anterior to the right, nc – nasal cavity, fs – frontal sinus.

FIGURE 11 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 11 (left). TMM 40197-2665. Anchitheriomys buceei (holotype), lateral view of left orbital illustrating orbital foramina from CT volume. n – nasolacrimal, s – sphenopalatine, e – ethmoidal, o – optic, dp – dorsal palatine, ito – interorbital, anterior to the left. Isosurface rendered from CT volume. B – closer view of the same from a more anterior angle.

FIGURE 19 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 19. Monosaulax sp. A - TMM 31244-6, left and right i1, cross-section drawn at natural break. B – TMM 31244-6, L p4 occlusal view. C – TMM 31057-300, maxillary fragment with P4-M3 occlusal view, anterior towards top. D – TMM 31244-6, P4-M2 associated with mandible.

FIGURE 8. A - TMM 1465-1.1 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 8. A - TMM 1465-1.1. Anchitheriomys nanus, isosurface rendering of CT data showing the ventral view of the skull. Bones of the palate and associated facial features are rendered in gold, anterior to the left. B – dorsal view of the skull. C – details of the palatine morphology, anterior to the left. The right pterygoid process has been restored to near its original position in the image. Grooves in the palatine are clear as is the foramen at the posterior terminus of the groove. The two teeth are right and left P4.

FIGURE 5. TMM 40197-2665 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 5. TMM 40197-2665. Anchitheriomys buceei (holotype), A – right side (anterior to right), B – dorsal view, C – left side (anterior to left), D – ventral view. Photographs in normal light.

FIGURE 7. TMM 40197-2665 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 7. TMM 40197-2665. Anchitheriomys buceei (holotype), ventral view of skull, isosurface rendered from CT volume, anterior to left, illustrating roots of the upper cheek teeth, palatine grooves and foramina, posterior geometry of palatine.

FIGURE 6. TMM 40197-2665 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 6. TMM 40197-2665. Anchitheriomys buceei (holotype), A – right side (anterior to right), B – dorsal view (anterior to right), C – left side (anterior to left), D – ventral view (anterior to top). Images rendered from CT data volume.

FIGURE 2 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 2. Distribution of selected vertebrate localities in the Fleming Group. See Table 1 for locality names, numbers, and associated faunal names.

FIGURE 1 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 1. Miocene stratigraphy and temporal distribution of vertebrate faunas. Stratigraphy primarily based on Galloway et al. (1986) and reflects marine biostratigraphic control in down-dip locations. Symbol in the Catahoula Formation identifies approximate age of multiple Ar/Ar radiometric dates (Jordan et al., 2019). Blue bar highlights the Ba1 North American Land Mammal Age (NALMA). Time scale from Hilgren et al. (2012); Raffi, Wade and Pälike (2020). O = Orellan, W = Whitneyan, Ar = Arikareean, He = Hemingfordian, Ba = Barstovian, CL = Clarendonian, H = Hemphillian. Names shown for the vertebrate assemblages are local fauna names except for Lapara Creek Fauna (composed of multiple local faunas), and Belts Creek (single locality with three known taxa).

FIGURE 4 in Anchitheriomys buceei (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Miocene of Texas and a review of the Miocene beavers from the Texas Coastal Plain, USA

FIGURE 4. Distribution of local faunas and castorids in the Miocene strata of the Texas Coastal Plain. Texas counties displayed roughly west to east, left to right. Time scale from Hilgren et al. (2012); Raffi, Wade and Pälike (2020).

Text-fig. 2. Scatter diagram of the length/width ratio of the upper fourth premolar (P4) of Chalicomys jaegeri from Grytsiv as compared to those of C. jaegeri only (a) and additionally of Euroxenomys minutus rhenanus (E. min rhen), Euroxenomys minutus (Eurex min) (b) from other localities. Abbreviations for localities: Cana – Çanakkale (probably MN 8/9 after Sen 2016; data from Ünay 1974), DornD – Dorn-Dürkheim 1 (MN 11; data from Franzen and Storch (1975) for both C. jaegeri and E. minutus rhenanus), Epp – Eppelsheim (MN 9; Stefen 2009), Kücük – Küçükçekmece (probably MN 8/9; Sen 2016), and Sansan (MN 6 after Sen 1997; data from Hugueney and Duranthon 2012). A single specimen from Grytsiv (G) – NMNHU-P 22/218 is tentatively assigned to Euroxenomys minutus based on its size. in Beavers (Castoridae, Rodentia) From The Late Miocene (Mn 9) Locality Grytsiv In Ukraine

Text-fig. 2. Scatter diagram of the length/width ratio of the upper fourth premolar (P4) of Chalicomys jaegeri from Grytsiv as compared to those of C. jaegeri only (a) and additionally of Euroxenomys minutus rhenanus (E. min rhen), Euroxenomys minutus (Eurex min) (b) from other localities. Abbreviations for localities: Cana – Çanakkale (probably MN 8/9 after Sen 2016; data from Ünay 1974), DornD – Dorn-Dürkheim 1 (MN 11; data from Franzen and Storch (1975) for both C. jaegeri and E. minutus rhenanus), Epp – Eppelsheim (MN 9; Stefen 2009), Kücük – Küçükçekmece (probably MN 8/9; Sen 2016), and Sansan (MN 6 after Sen 1997; data from Hugueney and Duranthon 2012). A single specimen from Grytsiv (G) – NMNHU-P 22/218 is tentatively assigned to Euroxenomys minutus based on its size.

Text-fig. 3 Ternary diagram of the relative abundance (in %) of juvenile, prime adult, and old adult specimens in samples of Castor fiber (data from Table 3). The red dots indicate the Pleistocene samples of Bilzingsleben II (B), Weimar- Ehringsdorf (E), and Weimar-Taubach (T), the black dot represents an extant population from Telemark in Norway (data from Campbell 2009). Abbreviations of zones (after Discamps and Costamagno 2015): JOP – Juveniles-Old-Prime dominated zone, JPO – Juveniles-Prime-Old dominated zone, O – Old dominated zone, P – Prime dominated zone. The diagram shows the position of all three fossil samples in the prime dominated zone. in Mortality Profiles Of Castor And Trogontherium (Mammalia: Rodentia, Castoridae), With Notes On The Site Formation Of The Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Locality Bilzingsleben Ii (Thuringia, Central Germany)

Text-fig. 3 Ternary diagram of the relative abundance (in %) of juvenile, prime adult, and old adult specimens in samples of Castor fiber (data from Table 3). The red dots indicate the Pleistocene samples of Bilzingsleben II (B), Weimar- Ehringsdorf (E), and Weimar-Taubach (T), the black dot represents an extant population from Telemark in Norway (data from Campbell 2009). Abbreviations of zones (after Discamps and Costamagno 2015): JOP – Juveniles-Old-Prime dominated zone, JPO – Juveniles-Prime-Old dominated zone, O – Old dominated zone, P – Prime dominated zone. The diagram shows the position of all three fossil samples in the prime dominated zone.

Text-fig. 4. Mortality profile (relative abundance of age groups) of Trogontherium based on dp4 and p4 from the fossil sites of Bilzingsleben II, Mosbach 2 and Tegelen. Data from Table 4. in Mortality Profiles Of Castor And Trogontherium (Mammalia: Rodentia, Castoridae), With Notes On The Site Formation Of The Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Locality Bilzingsleben Ii (Thuringia, Central Germany)

Text-fig. 4. Mortality profile (relative abundance of age groups) of Trogontherium based on dp4 and p4 from the fossil sites of Bilzingsleben II, Mosbach 2 and Tegelen. Data from Table 4.

Text-fig. 1. Geographic position of the beaver-bearing sites discussed in this paper. Red triangles – records of Castor, blue dots – records of Trogontherium. Bilz II – Bilzingsleben II, Ehr – Weimar-Ehringsdorf, Mosb 2 – Mosbach 2, Taub – Weimar-Taubach, Teg – Tegelen. (This map was created using ArcGIS® software by Esri. ArcGIS® and ArcMap™ are the intellectual property of Esri and are used herein under license. Copyright © Esri). in Mortality Profiles Of Castor And Trogontherium (Mammalia: Rodentia, Castoridae), With Notes On The Site Formation Of The Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Locality Bilzingsleben Ii (Thuringia, Central Germany)

Text-fig. 1. Geographic position of the beaver-bearing sites discussed in this paper. Red triangles – records of Castor, blue dots – records of Trogontherium. Bilz II – Bilzingsleben II, Ehr – Weimar-Ehringsdorf, Mosb 2 – Mosbach 2, Taub – Weimar-Taubach, Teg – Tegelen. (This map was created using ArcGIS® software by Esri. ArcGIS® and ArcMap™ are the intellectual property of Esri and are used herein under license. Copyright © Esri).