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Fig. 7. Distribution maps. A in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 7. Distribution maps. A. Juga plicifera (I. Lea, 1838). B. Juga acutifilosa (Stearns, 1890). C. Juga bulbosa (A. Gould, 1847). Red stars, type localities; black dots, sequenced specimens; gray dots, unsequenced museum material. Abbreviations: CA = California; NV = Nevada; OR = Oregon; WA = Washington.

Fig. 6 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 6. Radular morphology of Juga plicifera (I. Lea, 1838) (USNM 1295041). A. View of the anterior radular ribbon. B. Detail of cutting edge of rachidian and lateral teeth. C. Detail of lateral teeth cusps. D. Detail of rachidian cusps. E. Inner and outer marginal teeth. F. Detail of inner and outer marginal teeth cusps. Scale bars: A = 300 µm; B–C, E = 100 µm; D, F = 50 µm.

Fig. 4 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 4. Type material of Juga plicifera (I. Lea, 1838). A. Melania plicifera I. Lea, 1838. Lectotype, USNM 119244. B. Melania silicula A. Gould, 1847. Lectotype, USNM 12137. C. Melania rudens Reeve, 1860. Lectotype, NHMUK 20110170/1. D. Goniobasis plicifera bulimoides Tryon, 1865. Lectotype, ANSP 27542. E. Goniobasis plicifera var. oregonensis Tryon, 1865. Lectotype, ANSP 27550. F. Goniobasis hemphilli Henderson, 1935. Holotype, UCM 21167a. G. Goniobasis hemphilli dallesensis Henderson, 1935. Holotype, UCM 16016a. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 16 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 16. Radular morphology of Juga canella sp. nov., holotype (USNM 1413106). A. View of the anterior radular ribbon. B. Detail of cutting edge of rachidian and lateral teeth. C. Detail of lateral teeth cusps. D. Detail of rachidian cusps. E. Inner and outer marginal teeth. F. Detail of inner and outer marginal teeth cusps. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–C, E = 100 µm; D, F = 50 µm.

Fig. 8 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 8. Shell morphology of Juga acutifilosa (Stearns, 1890). A–C. Type material. D–J. Sequenced vouchers. A. Melania acutifilosa Stearns, 1890. Lectotype, USNM 60596. B. Goniobasis laurae Goodrich, 1944. Paratype, MCZ 221159. C. Goniobasis interioris Goodrich, 1944. Paratype, MCZ 221163. D–E. Topotypic (Melania acutifilosa Stearns, 1890). D. USNM 1413153. E. USNM 1413156. F. Topotypic (Goniobasis laurae Goodrich, 1944), USNM 1413201. G. Topotypic (Goniobasis interioris Goodrich, 1944), USNM 1413191. H. USNM 1239161. I. USNM 1295048. J. USNM 1413073. K. USNM 854634. L. USNM 1152451. M. CASIZ 183594. N. CASIZ 183597. O. UF 520310. P. USNM 858178. Q. USNM 874271. R–S. CASIZ 183594. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 13 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 13. Radular morphology of Juga caerulea sp. nov., holotype (USNM 1294988). A. View of the anterior radular ribbon. B. Detail of cutting edge of rachidian and lateral teeth. C. Detail of lateral teeth cusps. D. Detail of rachidian cusps. E. Cutting edges of inner and outer marginal teeth. F. Detail of inner and outer marginal teeth cusps. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B = 100 µm; C, E = 50 µm; D = 40 µm; F = 20 µm.

Fig. 24 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 24. Radular morphology of Juga nigrina (I. Lea, 1856) (USNM 1413111, topotypic). A. View of the anterior radular ribbon. B. Detail of cutting edge of rachidian and lateral teeth. C. Detail of lateral teeth cusps. D. Detail of rachidian cusps. E. Inner and outer marginal teeth. F. Detail of inner and outer marginal teeth cusps. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B–C = 50 µm; D, F = 40 µm; E = 100 µm.

Fig. 19 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 19. Shell morphology of Juga newberryi (I. Lea, 1860). A. Melania newberryi I. Lea, 1860. Lectotype, USNM 118961. B–K. Sequenced vouchers. B. USNM 1295080. C. USNM 1295084. D. USNM 1295085. E. USNM 1413317. F. USNM 1413321. G. USNM 1413332. H. USNM 1413334. I. USNM 1413428. J. USNM 1413429. K. USNM 1413430. L–M. USNM 905120. N. USNM 12174. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 22 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 22. Type material of Juga nigrina (I. Lea, 1856). A. Melania nigrina I. Lea, 1856. Lectotype, USNM 118992. B. Melania shastaensis I. Lea, 1856. Lectotype, USNM 119283. C. Goniobasis circumlineata Tryon, 1865. Lectotype, ANSP 27573. D. Goniobasis chacei Henderson, 1935. Holotype, UCM 18058a. E. Goniobasis coquillensis Henderson, 1935. Holotype, UCM 21168a. F. Goniobasis orickensis Henderson, 1935. Holotype, UCM 17710a. G. Goniobasis yrekaensis Henderson, 1935. Holotype, UCM 17735a. H. Goniobasis yrekaensis obscura Henderson, 1935. Holotype, UCM 17724a. Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 27 in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 27. Species erroneously attributed to Juga H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854. A. Goniobasis columbiensis Whiteaves, 1905, syntype (CMML 2042), original figure (Whiteaves 1905: pl. 2 fig. 11). B. Goniobasis rubiginosa I. Lea, 1862, lectotype (Graf 2001: 91) (USNM 119297), original figure (Lea 1863a, 1863b: pl. 38 fig. 193). Scale bar = 1 cm.

Fig. 2. Life habit. A in A systematic revision of the genus Juga from fresh waters of the Pacific Northwest, USA (Cerithioidea, Semisulcospiridae)

Fig. 2. Life habit. A. On leaves. Drift Creek on Cascade Highway NE, Oregon (J. plicifera (I. Lea, 1838)). B. Under submerged stones (with gelatinous egg masses). Youngs River Falls, just upstream of Youngs River Rd, Oregon (J. plicifera). C. On mud and leaves. Muddy Hollow, Oregon (J. bulbosa (A. Gould, 1847)). D. On submerged wood. Unnamed Creek at Skookum Creek Rd, Oregon (J. canella sp. nov.). E. On sand. Hat Creek, California (J. douglasi sp. nov.). F. On the spray-moistened sides of boulders. Pit River at U.S. Hwy 299, California (J. occata (Hinds, 1844)).

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Supplementary datasets for: Prodigious polyphyly in Pleuroceridae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea)

<p>Phylogenomic studies with hundreds or thousands of loci are rare for most invertebrate groups, including freshwater gastropods. This can prevent understanding of phylogeny, which hinders many areas of research. Pleuroceridae is a family of freshwater snails that is highly imperiled and plays an essential role in the ecology of many freshwater systems of the eastern United States. However, the evolutionary history of the family is not understood, and the systematics of the family has not been revised in a modern framework. Pleurocerids display a variety of egg-deposition behaviors and shell shapes, making the family an ideal system for studying evolution of invertebrate life history and morphology. However, past mitochondrial-based phylogenetic analyses have failed to produce meaningful phylogenetic hypotheses, preventing conclusions about pleurocerid systematics and evolution. Here, we generated a novel anchored hybrid enrichment probe set with phylogenetic utility for Pleuroceridae. We sampled pleurocerids from across their range to test the probe set and generated a backbone phylogeny. Our analyses uncovered striking levels of polyphyly among currently accepted genera. Numerous species were also polyphyletic, indicative of unrecognized diversity. Phylogenetic patterns also revealed considerable convergence of shell morphologies. In contrast, anatomical and life history features appeared to be much less homoplastic. Despite generic paraphyly, high support for most major clades and phylogenetic cohesiveness of non-shell characters indicate utility of the AHE probe set for studying pleurocerid evolution.</p>

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Supplementary datasets for: Prodigious polyphyly in Pleuroceridae (Gastropoda: Cerithioidea)

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FIGS. 28–30 in Observations on the Biology and Sclerochronology of "Turritella" Duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerithioidea, Turritellidae) from Southern Thailand

FIGS. 28–30. Photographs of T. duplicata on the tidal flat at low tide with apices oriented down subvertically. FIG. 28: Three specimens lined up with equivalent orientations; FIGS. 29, 30: Close-ups of specimens with apertures sticking up to 3 cm out of the sediment. Pictures taken on Praphat tidal flat 70 km Sof Ranong, Thailand, courtesy of John Taylor.

FIGS. 19–26 in Observations on the Biology and Sclerochronology of "Turritella" Duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerithioidea, Turritellidae) from Southern Thailand

FIGS. 19–26. Time laps image series of T. duplicata burying itself. T-values correspond to time elapsed after beginning of the burrowing. Specimen is 13.5 cm long and 3.5 cm in diameter at the aperture.

FIG. 1 in Observations on the Biology and Sclerochronology of "Turritella" Duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerithioidea, Turritellidae) from Southern Thailand

FIG. 1. Map of the study area depicting the Nopparat Thara tidal flat and its position on the Andaman Sea coast. (1) Beach, (2) Near shore or ocypode zone, (3) Intermediate zone, (4) Turritellid zone, (5) Firmground zone; a–c refer to the positions of the transects described in Fig. 3; D1–D4 refer to the positions of the excavations on the tidal flat (Modified from Waite & Strasser, 2011, p. 226, fig. 1, © Springer-Verlag 2010; with kind permission from Springer Science & Business Media B. V.).

FIGS. 13–18 in Observations on the Biology and Sclerochronology of "Turritella" Duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerithioidea, Turritellidae) from Southern Thailand

FIGS. 13–18. Six heavily damaged live specimens collected from the beach rubble in one afternoon during heavy surf. FIG. 14: Depicts a specimen that also shows two repaired scars: a = scar parallel to the apertural lip, b = jagged "can-opener" scar perpendicular to the growth lines.

FIG. 12 in Observations on the Biology and Sclerochronology of "Turritella" Duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerithioidea, Turritellidae) from Southern Thailand

FIG. 12. Turritellid size distributionon the Nopparat Thara tidal flat (n = 90). Smaller individuals generally inhabit a zone near to the shore whereas larger individuals prefer a habitat closer to the low tide line.

FIG. 7 in Observations on the Biology and Sclerochronology of "Turritella" Duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerithioidea, Turritellidae) from Southern Thailand

FIG. 7. Known distribution of T. duplicata (hatched area) modified form Poutiers (1998) (Caramagna, 1875; Sundaram et al., 1969; Purchon & Purchon, 1981; Rajagopal et al., 1990; Saravanakumar et al., 2007).

FIG. 34 in Observations on the Biology and Sclerochronology of "Turritella" Duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cerithioidea, Turritellidae) from Southern Thailand

FIG. 34. Growth rate plot. Spire length in centimeters versusage as inferred from the seasonality in the oxygen isotope profile.