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1,085 results for “Ciliophora”
Fig. 1 in What Morphology and Molecules Tell Us about the Evolution of Oligotrichea (Alveolata, Ciliophora)
Fig. 1. Hypothetical evolution of oligotrichid somatic ciliary patterns (0–IV, VI, VII, after Agatha 2011b; V, VIII–XIV, originals; protargol impregnation). Small arrows mark orientation of kineties (posterior to anterior). Arrowheads denote dorsal breaks in girdle kinety. Dotted arrows mark the tontoniid evolution. Dotted circles denote position of oral primordium in early dividers. Type 0 – dorsal kineties of hypotrich-like ancestor; Type I – strombidiid Parallelostrombidium; Type II – strombidiid Novistrombidium and tontoniid Tontonia; Type III – strombidiid Spirostrombidium; Type IV – strombidiid Omegastrombidium; Type V – strombidiid Strombidium, pelagostrombidiid Limnostrombidium, and tontoniid Pseudotontonia; Type VI – tontoniid Paratontonia; Type VII – tontoniids Laboea and Spirotontonia; Type VIII – strombidiid Foissneridium; Type IX – strombidiid Opisthostrombidium; Type X – cyrtostrombidiid Cyrtostrombidium; Type XI – strombi- diid Williophrya; Type XII – strombidiid Apostrombidium; Type XIII – hypothetic stage; Type XIV – strombidiid Varistrombidium. EX – extrusome attachment sites, GK – girdle kinety, OP – oral primordium, VK – ventral kinety.
Fig. 3 in What Morphology and Molecules Tell Us about the Evolution of Oligotrichea (Alveolata, Ciliophora)
Fig. 3. Maximum Likelihood tree of the Choreotrichida inferred from small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences (138 taxa and 1859 nucleotide positions) aligned with the Muscle algorithm (Edgar 2004) implemented in MEGA ver. 5.1 (Tamura et al. 2011). The alignment is available upon request. The tree was computed with RAxML (Stamatakis et al. 2008) and the datasets were bootstrap re-sampled 100 times. Support values are listed at the nodes. The second values at the nodes represent the posterior probability values of a Bayesian Inference analysis performed with MrBayes (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). Values below 50% and 0.5, respectively, are represented by dashes. Branches with unambiguously clustered taxa are collapsed, species of the genus Tintinnopsis grouped in 5 different clades numbered I–V. Most common lorica structures: – hyaline; – entirely agglomerated; – composed of hyaline collar and agglomerated bowl; * – after Kofoid and Campbell (1929) a synonym of Codonella cratera; ** – does not correspond with the redescription of Agatha and Riedel-Lorjé (2006); *** – possibly incorrectly identified, might be Dadayiella acutiformis; **** – invalid taxon, very likely a replacement lorica (see text).
Fig. 6 in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea
Fig. 6. Small subunit rRNA gene phylogeny of 31 oxytrichids based on 3 methods (NJ – Neighbor Joining; ML – Maximum Likelihood; BI – Bayesian Inference). Bootstrap values of the NJ and the ML are shown at each node with posterior probabilities of the BI; a dash denotes a value of below 0.50 (BI) or 50% (NJ and ML). Pseudouroleptus jejuensis is denoted in bold.
Figs 5A–D in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea
Figs 5A–D. Pseudouroleptus jejuensis, late (A, B) and post-dividers (C, D) after protargol impregnation. Note that the parental dorsal bristles are shown by single dots although they are still composed of dikinetids. A, B – dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of late divider showing caudal cirri (arrows) and posteriorly migrating postperistomial cirrus (arrowheads). Note that the caudal cirri are not developed from dorsal kinety anlage 3. C, D – dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of post-dividers. The two post-dividers were fixed from a single dividing cell im- mediately after the complete cell division. Some of parental dorsal bristles and cirri are still observed, and postperistomial (arrowheads) and caudal cirri (arrows) migrate forward to their final position. 3–5 – dorsal kineties 3–5. Scale bars: 150 μm.
Figs 4A–D in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea
Figs 4A–D. Pseudouroleptus jejuensis, middle (A, B) and late divider (C, D) after protargol impregnation. Note that the parental dorsal bristles are shown by single dots although still composed of dikinetids. The parental dorsal dikinetids become smaller and are less impregnated than newly developed one. A, B – dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of middle divider showing dorsal kineties and cirral anlagen. C, D – dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of late divider showing dorsal kinety 3 fragmentation (double arrowheads). Note that caudal cirri are developed at posterior end of kineties 1, 2 only (arrows). Postperistomial cirrus (arrowheads) is originated from the anlage IV and split from anterior part of the anlage. IV–VI – cirral anlagen IV–VI. Scale bars: 150 μm.
Figs 1–8 in Three New Microthoracids (Ciliophora, Nassophorea) from Austria and Venezuela
Figs 1–8. Drepanomonas minuta (1–6) and Drepanomonas revoluta (7, 8) from life (1–3, 7, 8) and after protargol impregnation (4–6). 1, 2 – right and left side view of a representative specimen, length 20 µm, showing the flat cortex and the crenellations along the somatic kineties. This species has only 1 or 2 extrusomes and several non-ciliated basal bodies (arrowheads) in kineties 6 and 7; 3 – dorsal view showing the slightly convex right and left side; 4 – ventral view of a paratype specimen, showing the ventral ciliary pattern and the postoral complex. The anterior portion of kinety 2 is blended by the deeply impregnated macronucleus; 5, 6 – right and left side view of holotype specimen, length 20 µm. The kinetids of kinety 6 form widely spaced pairs; 7, 8 – Drepanomonas revoluta, right and left side view (from Foissner 1987). Note the deep furrow on the left side and the widely spaced kinetids of the postoral complex. E – extrusomes, K1–9 – somatic kineties, M – adoral membranelles, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, PC – postoral complex, PO(1–3) – preoral kineties, R – cortical ridges. Scale bars: 10 µm.
Figs 1A–F in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea
Figs 1A–F. Pseudouroleptus jejuensis from life (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E, F). A – ventral view of a representative specimen, arrow indicates contractile vacuole; B, C – arrangement of cortical granules on dorsal side (B) and optical section (C); D – ventral view of a specimen gliding for feed, showing a slightly curved body shape; E, F – dorsal (E) and ventral views (F) of the holotype specimen. Arrow in F denotes postperistomial ventral cirrus. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles, BC – buccal cirrus, CC – caudal cirri, 1–5 – dorsal kineties 1–5, EM – endoral membrane, G – cortical granules, LFVR – left frontoventral row, LMR – left marginal row, PM – paroral membrane, RFVR – right frontoventral row, RMR – right marginal row. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figs 33–40 in Three New Microthoracids (Ciliophora, Nassophorea) from Austria and Venezuela
Figs 33–40. Drepanomonas multidentata from life (33–36) and after protargol impregnation (37–40). 33–36 – left side views of different specimens at four focal planes, showing the two conspicuous spines left and posterior of the oral opening, the left side ridges each forming an anterior spine, and the two anterior spines of the tridentate pattern; 37, 38 – right and left side view of holotype and of a paratype specimen, showing the ciliary and nuclear pattern. The posterior portion of kinety 9 is either absent or in line with kinety 2. The posterior cilium of kinety 6 appears slightly thickened in the basal portion (arrowhead); 39 – ventral view of a paratype specimen, showing the oblique preoral kineties and the postoral complex; 40 – ventral view of a late divider, showing that kineties 8 and 9 consist of two and three segments, respectively, of which the posterior segment of kinety 9 will possibly align with kinety 2 (see Fig. 37). The left segment of the postoral complex consists of four ciliated monokinetids. A – anterior body end, K1–9 – somatic kineties, LAS – left anterior spines, LVS – left ventro-lateral spines, M – adoral membranelles, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, NK – nasse kinetosomes, PC – postoral complex, PO(1–3) – preoral kineties, R – ridges, T – excretory tube, TP – spines of the tridentate pattern. Scale bars: 15 µm (Figs 33–36) and 10 µm (Figs 37–40).
Figs 19a–l in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 19a–l. Spathidium wolfi from life (a–h) and after protargol impregnation (i–l). a – right side view of a representative specimen, length 140 µm. The arrowhead marks the anterior contractile vacuole; b – frontal view of oral bulge; c – oral bulge extrusomes, length 10 µm; d – developing extrusomes in the cytoplasm; e – slender shape variant, showing the two contractile vacuoles (arrowheads); f – development of the "Ringgranula" (cp. Fig. 19a); g, h – surface view and optical section, showing the cortical granulation; i, j – ventral and dorsal view of anterior body region of a paratype specimen, showing the isostichad dorsal brush and the cuneate oral bulge; k, l – right and left side view of anterior body region of the holotype specimen (cp. Figs 20a, b). B(1–3) – dorsal brush rows, BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, E – extrusomes, F – oral bulge fibres, G – cortical granules, L – lipid droplet, MA – macronucleus, RG – "Ringgranula". Scale bars: 15 µm (i–l) and 50 µm (a).
Figs 18a–j in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 18a–j. Spathidium bromelicola from life (b, c, i, j) and after protargol impregnation (a, d–h). a – left side overview; b, c – resting cysts with large lipid droplets (arrowheads) between internal and external wall; d, f – right side views of oral body portion; e – left side view of oral body portion, showing the Spathidium ciliary pattern and the enlarged area (asterisk) between last ventral and first left side ciliary row; g, h – frontal views of the narrow oral bulge and its acute ventral end (g, arrowhead); i, j – oral bulge extrusomes, length about 4 µm. B – dorsal brush, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 10 µm (g, h), 30 µm (d–f), 40 µm (b, c), and 50 µm (a).
Figs 16a–k in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 16a–k. Spathidium bromelicola from life (a–f, j, k) and after protargol impregnation (g–i). a – left side view of a representative specimen, length 190 µm; b, c – shape variants; d, f – frontal view of oral bulge, showing the arrangement of the cortical granules and the extrusomes; e – oral bulge extrusomes, length 3.5–4.5 µm; g–i – left and right side view of holotype specimen, length 175 µm. The arrow marks the heteromorphic tail of brush row 3. The asterisk denotes the obtriangular space between the last ventral and the first left side ciliary row; j, k – surface view and optical section of cortex. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CP – cytopharyngeal entrance, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EP – excretory pores, G – cortical granules, L – lipid droplet, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 40 µm (h, i), 50 µm (g), and 70 µm (a).
Figs 14a–c. Spathidium bromeliophilum, late divider after protargol impregnation. a–c in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 14a–c. Spathidium bromeliophilum, late divider after protargol impregnation. a–c – overview and details of the fission area, showing the ventral (b) and dorsal (c) side. Arrowheads (b) mark the growing nematodesma bundles (oral basket fibres) originating from the dikinetids of the circumoral kinety fragments. Arrow (c) denotes a bleb left of the circumoral kinety fragments of the opisthe. 1, 2, 3 – dorsal brush rows, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)
Figs 20a–f in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 20a–f. Spathidium wolfi from life (c) and after protargol impregnation (a, b, d–f). a, b – ciliary pattern of right and left side and nuclear apparatus of holotype specimen; for oral details, see Figs 19k, l. The arrowhead marks the excretory pores of the anterior contractile vacuole, i.e., the main character of this species; c – supposed structure of dorsal brush row 3; d – ventral view of a paratype specimen with open circumoral kinety (arrow) and thus resembling Apertospathula; e – dorsolateral view of a paratype specimen, showing the ciliary pattern and the excretory pores of the anterior and posterior contractile vacuole; f – ventrolateral view of oral body region, showing the Spathidium ciliary pattern. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, EP – excretory pores, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 10 µm (d, f) and 50 µm (a, b, e).
Figs 10a–e in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 10a–e. Spathidium bromeliophilum, ontogenesis of ciliary pattern after protargol impregnation. Corresponding body and nuclear changes are shown in Figs 11a–j. a – very early divider, showing basal body production in the prospective division zone. Asterisk denotes a slight indentation in fission area. Nuclear apparatus as shown in Figs 11a, b; b – early divider where the developing dorsal brush rows (1–3) and the circumoral kinety fragments (placed between arrowheads) of the opisthe are already recognizable. Note blebs in fission area left of the circumoral kinety fragments (arrowheads). Nuclear apparatus as shown in Fig. 11c; c – middle stage, showing blebs (arrowheads) in prospective fission area. Nuclear apparatus as shown in Figs 11d, e; d – late divider with a single macronuclear strand (Fig. 11f) and conspicuous division furrow (arrows); e – very late divider with proter and opisthe about to separate, length 170 μm (Fig. 11g). B(1–3) – dorsal brush rows, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 20 μm (a–d) and 30 μm (e).
Figs 3A–J in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudouroleptus jejuensis nov. spec., a New Soil Ciliate (Ciliophora, Spirotrichea) from South Korea
Figs 3A–J. Pseudouroleptus jejuensis during interphase (A–D, G–I) and ontogenesis (E, F, J) after protargol impregnation. A–C – dorsal view (A) and ventral views (B, C), arrow indicates postperistomial cirrus; D – dorsal view showing basal bodies (asterisks) in dorsal kinety 4; E, F – dorsal views of late dividers, asterisks denote dorsal kinety 4 developed by multiple fragmentation of dorsal kinety anlage (DKA) 3; G, H, J – dorsal views showing caudal cirri developed from DKA 1, 2 while DKA 3 does not participate in the formation of these caudal cirri during ontogenesis; I – ventral view showing macronuclear nodules and micronuclei. CC – caudal cirri, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 100 μm.
Figs 13a–g. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a, b, e in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 13a–g. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a, b, e – anterior body portion of three specimens, showing the oral bulge whose ventral third is curved laterally in 80% of the specimens (b) and straight in the rest (a, e). Note the oblique microtubule bundles originating from the dikinetids of the circumoral kinety (a) and forming the oral basket (e, arrowheads); c – view of the inflated fission area of a middle divider, showing micronuclear fission and the macronuclear strand that developed by fusion of the macronuclear nodules; d – post-conjugant, showing four macronuclear nodules and the slightly convex oral bulge whose dorsal end is higher than the ventral end; f, g – an early divider, showing a slight body indentation (asterisk) and basal body production in the prospective division zone of most kineties. B – dorsal brush, BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, E – extrusomes, F – oral bulge fibres (microtubule bundles), MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)
Figs 15a–f. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a–d in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 15a–f. Spathidium bromeliophilum after protargol impregnation. a–d – overview and details of a very late divider, showing the elliptical oral field of the opisthe whose circumoral kinety fragments have not yet aligned ventrally; e, f – post-dividers, showing the threedimensional macronuclear reticulum (e) that breaks into many nodules (f). B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, F – oral bulge fibres, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronuclei. (Without scale bars because from ± squashed specimens.)
Figs 9a–h in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 9a–h. Spathidium bromeliophilum in the SEM (a, b) and from life (c–h). a – a slender specimen; b – ventrolateral view, showing the cuneate oral bulge (arrowheads) and circumoral cilia (arrow); c, g – the extrusomes are about 5 μm long and are slightly asymmetrical (c); d–f – type III resting cysts, about 40 μm across. Mature cysts (e) show a thin (~ 1 μm) and smooth wall (opposed arrowheads), separated from the cytoplasm by a ~ 0.5 μm thick hyaline sheet (endocyst?) not recognizable in squashed cysts (f). When degenerated, the cytoplasm detaches from the wall (d); h – surface view showing the two-size types of cortical granules, diameter 0.2 μm and 0.4 μm (arrows and arrowheads). BU – oral bulge. Scale bars: 40 μm (a), 25 μm (d, e), 10 μm (b) and 5 μm (f, g).
Figs 7a–r in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 7a–r. Spathidium bromeliophilum from life (a–e, o–p) and after protargol impregnation (f–n, q, r). a – right side view of a representative specimen, length 135 μm. Arrowhead marks end of bristle tail of brush row 3; b, c – the ∞-shaped oral bulge, which is slightly dumbbell-shaped and/or cuneate, is studded with extrusomes. The oblique fibre bundles originate from the circumoral dikinetids; d – two views of the same extrusome, length 5 µm; e – surface view, showing the two size-types of cortical granules, diameter 0.2 µm and 0.4 µm; f–j – variability of shape of body and oral bulge whose ventral third is often curved laterally; k, l – a specimen engulfing a Colpoda (k) and another that has just engulfed a Vorticella; m, n – ciliary pattern of right and left side and nuclear apparatus of holotype specimen, length 138 μm; o, p – detail and overview of a resting cyst with inactive contractile vacuole, diameter 42 µm; q, r – ciliary pattern of anterior dorsal and ventral side, showing the isostichad dorsal brush and the wide spacing of the dikinetids in row 3. B(1–3) – dorsal brush (rows), BA – oral basket, BU – oral bulge, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, EP – excretory pores, FV – food vacuole, LD – lipid droplets, MA – macronuclear nodules, MI – micronuclei. Scale bars: 40 μm (a, f–n), 20 μm (q–r) and 2 μm (o).
Figs 6a–g in Five New Spathidiids (Ciliophora: Bromeliads Haptoria) from Caribbean Tank
Figs 6a–g. Protospathidium lepidosomatum from life (a–c), after protargol impregnation (d), and in the scanning electron microscope (e–g). a – optical section showing the external and internal cyst wall (opposed arrowheads); b, f – surface views showing the nipple-shaped lepidosomes (arrowheads); c – a squashed cyst, showing the thick wall (opposed arrowheads) and lepidosomes with a less refractive centre (arrows); d – the lepidosomes impregnate with the protargol method used; e, g – high magnification of the nipple-shaped lepidosomes (arrowheads). When detached, minute convexities become recognisable (arrows). L – lipid droplet. Scale bars: 2.5 µm (e, g) and 10 µm (a–d, f).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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