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181 results for “Condition dependence”
Microbe-induced plant resistance against insect pests depends on timing of inoculation, but is consistent across climatic conditions
<ol> <li>To cope with abiotic and biotic stressors, plants have developed mutualistic associations with beneficial soil microbes, but little is known about how extreme abiotic conditions impact microbe-induce resistance to insect herbivores.</li> <li>Extreme temperatures are often accompanied by extremes in plant water availability, which together reduce plant growth and change plant physiology. There are potential consequences for increasing plant susceptibility to biotic stresses, and this poses a real challenge for plant productivity.</li> <li>We evaluated how the effects of beneficial soil bacteria (<em>Acidovorax radicis </em>N35e) on barley plant growth and resultant resistance against aphid infestation (<em>Sitobion</em> <em>avenae</em>) were impacted by a single heatwave event across a plant water availability gradient. We also tested if timing of bacterial inoculation (before or after the temperature treatment) affected bacteria-plant interactions on aphids.</li> <li>We found that heatwaves affected plant biomass allocation from aboveground to belowground tissues. Inoculation with <em>A. radicis</em> led to reduction of aphid numbers, but depended on timing of inoculation, and led to stronger resistance when inoculations occurred closer to aphid infestation. Remarkably, microbe-induced resistance against aphids was consistent across heatwave and water availability treatments.</li> <li>This study provides evidence that beneficial plant-bacteria interactions may represent a potential solution for sustainable agricultural practices to enhance plant growth and response to insect pests under climate change. Future field trials should investigate the consistency of beneficial effects reported here for a better understanding of multispecies interactions in the context of global change.</li> </ol>
The condition-dependence of male genital size and shape
<p>The male genitals of internal fertilizers evolve rapidly and divergently, and sexual selection is generally responsible for this. Many sexually selected traits are condition-dependent - with their expression dependent upon the resources available to be allocated to them - as revealed by genetic or environmental manipulations of the condition. However, it is not clear whether male genitals are also condition-dependent. Here we manipulate the condition in two ways (via inbreeding and diet) to test the condition-dependence of the genital arch of <em>Drosophila simulans</em>. We found that genital size but not genital shape suffered from inbreeding depression, whereas genital size and shape were affected by dietary manipulation of the condition. The differential effects of these treatments likely reflect the underlying genetic architecture that has been shaped by past selection: inbreeding depression is only expected when traits have a history of directional selection, while diet impacts traits regardless of historical selection. Nonetheless, our results suggest genitals can be condition-dependent like other sexually selected traits.</p>
Data from: Collateral sensitivity interactions between antibiotics depend on local abiotic conditions
<p>Mutations conferring resistance to one antibiotic can increase (cross resistance) or decrease (collateral sensitivity) resistance to others. Antibiotic combinations displaying collateral sensitivity could be used in treatments that slow resistance evolution. However, lab-to-clinic translation requires understanding whether collateral effects are robust across different environmental conditions. Here, we isolated and characterized resistant mutants of <i>Escherichia coli</i> using five antibiotics, before measuring collateral effects on resistance to other paired antibiotics. During both isolation and phenotyping, we varied conditions in ways relevant in nature (pH, temperature, bile). This revealed local abiotic conditions modified expression of resistance against both the antibiotic used during isolation and other antibiotics. Consequently, local conditions influenced collateral sensitivity in two ways: by favouring different sets of mutants (with different collateral sensitivities), and by modifying expression of collateral effects for individual mutants. These results place collateral sensitivity in the context of environmental variation, with important implications for translation to real-world applications.</p>
Condition dependent seminal fluid gene expression and intergenerational paternal effects on ejaculate quality
<p>1. There is increasing evidence to show that the environment experienced by fathers can have intergenerational paternal effects on the phenotype of offspring. Paternal effects can be mediated by ejaculate traits beyond the genes carried by sperm, for example through methylation of DNA during spermatogenesis, or non-sperm components of the ejaculate such as small RNAs or seminal fluid proteins (sfp).<br> 2. Theory suggests that ejaculate-mediated paternal effects can have important evolutionary consequences, especially if they exhibit condition dependent expression. Here we use the nutritional geometry approach to explore condition dependence in ejaculate traits and intergenerational paternal effects in the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus.<br> 3. We fed males one of 24 chemically defined diets that varied in macronutrient concentration and the ratio of protein (P) to carbohydrate (C). We measured paternal expenditure on testes and accessory gland growth, and the expression of three seminal fluid protein genes that are known to impact sperm viability and the survival of embryos to hatching. We also measured the hatching success and reproductive phenotypes of adult offspring.<br> 4. We found linear effects of P and C on testes and accessory gland mass, and linear and correlated effects of P and C on the expression of two sfp genes. Paternal diet had no effect on the survival of embryos to hatching.<br> 5. There were significant intergenerational effects of paternal diet on the viability of sperm produced by sons, but no paternal effects on the expression of sfp genes in sons or fecundity in daughters.<br> 6. Our data suggest that ejaculate quality can have a significant non-genetic component determined by the paternal environment, which holds important implications for the evolutionary maintenance of variation in heritable male fitness.</p>
Data from: Condition-dependent immune function in a freshwater snail revealed by stable isotopes
<p>Data are saved as a tab-delimited text file (data.txt). Each row represents one snail individual.</p> <p> </p> <p>The file has the following columns:</p> <p>infection - trematode infection (0 = no, 1 = yes)</p> <p>PO_activity - PO-like activity of haemolymph</p> <p>antibacterial_activity - antibacterial activity of haemolymph</p> <p>shell_length - shell length (mm)</p> <p>faeces - amount of produced faeces (mg)</p> <p>d15N_faeces - δ<sup>15</sup>N value of faeces</p> <p>d13C_faeces - δ<sup>13</sup>C value of faeces</p> <p>C:N_faeces - C:N ration of faeces</p> <p>d15N_tissue - δ<sup>15</sup>N value of tissue</p> <p>d13C_tissue - δ<sup>13</sup>C value of tissue</p> <p>C:N_tissue - C:N ration of tissue</p>
Data condition dependence in biosynthesized chemical defenses of an aposematic and mimetic Heliconius butterfly
<p><span>Aposematic animals advertise their toxicity or unpalatability with bright warning coloration. However, acquiring and maintaining chemical defenses can be energetically costly, and consequent associations with other important traits could shape chemical defense evolution. Here, we have tested whether chemical defenses are involved in energetic trade-offs with other traits, or whether the levels of chemical defenses are condition dependent, by studying associations between biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity and a suite of key life-history and fitness traits in a <em>Heliconius </em>butterfly under a controlled laboratory setting. <em>Heliconius </em>butterflies are well known for the diversity of their warning color patterns and widespread mimicry, and can both sequester the cyanogenic glucosides of their <em>Passiflora </em>host plants and biosynthesize these toxins <em>de novo</em>. We find energetically costly life-history traits to be either unassociated or to show a general positive association with biosynthesized cyanogenic toxicity. More toxic individuals developed faster, had higher mass as adults, and a tendency for increased lifespan and fecundity. These results thus indicate that toxicity level of adult butterflies may be dependent on individual condition, influenced by genetic background or earlier conditions, with maternal effects as one strong candidate mechanism. Additionally, toxicity was higher in older individuals, consistent with previous studies indicating accumulation of toxins with age. As toxicity level at death was independent of lifespan, cyanogenic glucoside compounds may have been recycled to release resources relevant for longevity in these long-living butterflies. Understanding the origins and maintenance of variation in defenses is necessary in building a more complete picture of factors shaping the evolution of aposematic and mimetic systems.</span></p>
Does evaluative learning depend on the statistical relationship between stimuli? On the sensitivity of evaluative cue conditioning to ecological contingencies
<p>Evaluative conditioning (EC) is concerned with the transfer of valence from an unconditioned stimulus (US) to a conditioned stimulus (CS). Only recently the notion of EC was extended from individual CSs to categories of CSs that share certain cues. That research shows that a contingency implemented between a cue dimension and US valence has a direct effect on the evaluation of stimuli carrying values of this cue dimension. This phenomenon was coined “evaluative cue conditioning” (ECC). The present research tests whether ECC is sensitive to the contingency between a cue dimension and US valence. The present work thereby investigates the impact of ecological contingencies that define contingency by reference to all other CS-US pairings in the learning environment. Two experiments demonstrate that ECC effects are sensitive to the strength of the ecological contingency, suggesting that ECC is a relative phenomenon that depends on the valence of the CS-US pairings in the reference set. Moreover, these findings call for more research on the contingency sensitivity of standard EC effects using this revised definition of contingency.</p>
Context-dependent effects of Trichoderma seed inoculation on anthracnose disease and seed yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): ambient conditions override cultivar-specific differences
<p>Root colonizing <i>Trichoderma </i>fungi can stimulate plant immunity, but net effects are strain × cultivar-specific and changing ambient conditions further contribute to variable outcomes. Here, we used four <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. to inoculate seeds of four common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) cultivars and explored in three different experimental setups the effects on fungal anthracnose after leaf inoculation with <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i>. Plants growing in pots with field soil under greenhouse conditions exhibited the highest and those in the open field the lowest overall levels of disease. Among 48 <i>Trichoderma</i> strain × bean cultivar × setup combinations, <i>Trichoderma</i>-inoculation enhanced disease in six and decreased disease in ten cases, but with the exception of <i>T. asperellum</i> B6-inoculated Negro San Luis beans, the strain × cultivar-specific effects on anthracnose severity differed among the setups, and anthracnose severity did not predict seed yield in the open field. In the case of Flor de Mayo beans, <i>Trichoderma</i> even reduced yield in anthracnose-free field plots, although this effect was counterbalanced in anthracnose-infected plots. We consider our work as a case study that calls for stronger emphasis on field experiments in the early phases of screenings of <i>Trichoderma</i> inoculants as plant biostimulants.</p>
Heightened condition dependent expression of structural colouration in the faces, but not wings, of male and female flies
<p>Data from White et al. (2021): Heightened condition dependent expression of structural colouration in the faces, but not wings, of male and female flies</p>
Condition dependence and sexual dimorphism in Drosophila prolongata
<p>Directional sexual selection drives the evolution of traits that are most closely linked to reproductive success, giving rise to trait exaggeration and sexual dimorphism. Exaggerated structures are often costly and, therefore, thought to be expressed in a condition-dependent manner. Sexual selection theory thus predicts a direct link between directional sexual selection, sexual dimorphism, and sex-specific condition dependence. However, only a handful of studies investigate the relationship between sexual dimorphism and condition dependence. Using 21 genetic lines of <em>Drosophila prolongata</em>, we here compared the degree of sexual dimorphism and sex-specific condition dependence, measured as allometric slopes, in sexually selected and non-sexual traits. Our data revealed male-biased sexual dimorphism in all traits examined, most prominently in the sexually selected forelegs. However, there was no relationship between the degree of sex-specific condition dependence and sexual dimorphism across traits and genetic lines. Our results contradict theoretical predictions and highlight the importance of understanding the role of exaggerated traits in the context of both sexual and natural selection.</p>
Data for: Offspring plumage colouration as a condition-dependent signal in the Blue Tit
<p>In many species, offspring display conspicuous colouration already early in life, even though they might be very vulnerable to predation at this stage. However, most attention has been drawn to the conspicuous plumage displayed by adult individuals in a sexual context, while other signalling functions have been explored much less. Here, we investigated whether the yellow breast plumage of blue tit (<em>Cyanistes caeruleus</em>) nestlings shows patterns of condition-dependence and hence signals individual quality, as has been described for adult birds. During three consecutive breeding seasons, we, therefore, explored the association between nestling body mass and three colour components of the yellow breast plumage (i.e., UV chroma, carotenoid chroma and total brightness), considering both within and among nest effects. Variation in carotenoid chroma was not related to body mass. However, UV chroma and total brightness varied with body mass on an among-nest level, suggesting that they might signal aspects of genetic quality or parental rearing capacity. Interestingly, we also found a within-nest effect of body mass on total brightness, suggesting that this is a good candidate for a condition-dependent signal within the family. Thus, other family members could rely on brightness to adjust their behavioural strategies, such as feeding behaviour in parents. Our study thus reveals that certain colour components of the yellow breast plumage might signal different aspects of offspring quality and they might have a correlated signalling value across life-history stages.</p>
Condition dependence of (un)predictability in escape behavior of a grasshopper species
<p>(Un)predictability has only recently been recognized as an important dimension of animal behavior. Currently, we neither know if (un)predictability encompasses one or multiple traits nor how (un)predictability is dependent on individual conditions. Knowledge about condition dependence, in particular, could inform us about whether predictability or unpredictability is costly in a specific context. Here, we study the condition dependence of (un)predictability in the escape behavior of the steppe grasshopper <em>Chorthippus dorsatus</em>. Predator–prey interactions represent a behavioral context in which we expect unpredictability to be particularly beneficial. By exposing grasshoppers to an immune challenge, we explore if individuals in poor condition become more or less predictable. We quantified three aspects of escape behavior (flight initiation distance, jump distance, and jump angle) in a standardized setup and analyzed the data using a multivariate double-hierarchical generalized linear model. The immune challenge did not affect (un)predictability in flight initiation distance and jump angle, but decreased unpredictability in jump distances, suggesting that unpredictability can be costly. Variance decomposition shows that 3–7% of the total phenotypic variance was explained by individual differences in (un)predictability. Covariation between traits was found both among averages and among unpredictabilities for one of the three trait pairs. The latter might suggest an (un)predictability syndrome, but the lack of (un)predictability correlation in the third trait suggests modularity. Our results indicated condition dependence of (un)predictability in grasshopper escape behavior in one of the traits, and illustrate the value of mean and residual variance decomposition for analyzing animal behavior.</p>
Dataset:Female state and condition-dependent chemical signalling revealed by male choice of silk trails
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>We ask whether males of the nuptial gift-giving spider <em>Pisaura mirabilis</em> exert preferences for mates varying in their reproductive potential based on chemical information during mate search. Males were presented with binary trails consisting of silk lines and substrate-borne chemicals deposited while females were walking, from females varying in a) body condition (high vs. low), b) developmental state (subadult vs. adult) and c) mating state (unmated vs. mated). If female chemical signaling co-varies with individual state, we expect males to choose trails of females that are a) in higher body condition, indicating higher fecundity, b) adults, which can successfully reproduce, and c) unmated, to avoid sperm competition. </span><span>We show that female signaling is condition-dependent, with m</span><span>ales being</span><span> more likely to follow trails of higher body condition females, but not dependent on female mating state. Males also tended to prefer trails of adults over subadults. Choice did not depend on male individual body condition.</span></p>
Supplementary material and dataset for article "Structure-Function Relationship of Iron Oxide Nanoflowers: Optimal Sizes for Magnetic Hyperthermia Depending on Alternating Magnetic Field Conditions"
<p>The supporting information file contains additional measurements compared to the main manuscript of the related article: TEM size histograms, SAED and XRD patterns, absorption and fluorescence spectra, DC magnetization curves, AC hysteresis loops, HR-TEM, their FTT patterns and inverse FFT images after applying a mask in the reciprocal space, and various other plots of this multi-parametric study on the structure-properties relations of magnetic iron oxide nanoflowers. Whenever needed for comparison to other experimental results or theoretical fitting, the raw data of all DC magnetization curves, AC hysteresis loops, ZFC-FC magnetization curves vs. temperature (and their derivatives on temperature) are made freely available in this dataset.</p>
Condition dependence of (un)predictability in escape behavior of a grasshopper species
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Condition dependence in the sexual communication system of the Tungara frog
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Sex-dependent shifts in visual detection thresholds under turbid conditions in an African cichlid
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Context-dependent effects of Trichoderma seed inoculation on anthracnose disease and seed yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): ambient conditions override cultivar-specific differences
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Data from: Collateral sensitivity interactions between antibiotics depend on local abiotic conditions
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Data for: Offspring plumage colouration as a condition-dependent signal in the Blue Tit
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