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FIGURE 11 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 11. Lithophyllum yemenense sp. nov. A) The holotype, sample DB567 conserved in TRH. B) Appearance of a fertile portion of the holotype; h=hypothallus; p=perithallus; e=epithallial cells, slide DB567-13y4. C) Same as in B, detail of secondary pit-connections (arrow) and trichocytes (t). D) Magnification of the flattened epithallial cells (e), slide DB567-13y2. E) Detail of B to show the dimerous organization with a ventral one-cell layer of hypothallial cells (h) each one giving rise to the perithallial filaments, slide DB567-13y5. F) Uniporate tetrasporangial conceptacle chamber with floor showing a central columella, slide DB567-13y2.

FIGURE 13 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 13. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from psbA including sequences from GenBank (with either incomplete or doubtful identification) and the type specimens of L. socotraense and L. yemenense. Supports at nodes are bootstrap values (1000 replicates).

FIGURE 4 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 4. The syntype collection of Lithophyllum kaiseri Heydrich in TRH. A) Box A20-1264 in TRH. B) The carton box containing the syntype collection of L. kaiseri. C) Thin sections 6 and 1150, part of the collection A20-1264. Only slide 6 is here retained as part of the lectotype, because of the uncertain origin of slide 1150. D) The two specimens A20-1264 in TRH. The small plant (arrow) is here selected as lectotype of L. kaiseri. The larger specimen is excluded because of its uncertain origin.

FIGURE 12. L in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 12. L. yemenense sp. nov., male and carposporangial plants. A) Male conceptacle with unbranched spermatangial filaments, slide DB563-4ya4. B) Carposporangial conceptacle with short peripheral gonimoblast filaments (arrow) bearing terminal carposporangia. Sample DB569, slide DB569-10y5.

FIGURE 5 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 5. Microscopical anatomy of the small plant (Fig. 4D, arrow) lectotype A20-1264 of L. kaiseri in TRH. A) Perithallial cell filaments (p) and an empty uniporate conceptacle, SEM stub 08112012b12. Note trichocytes are not apparent. B) Perithallus (p) in slide A20-1264_8 with abundant trichocytes. C) Detail of a thin portion of the thallus with hypothallus (h) and perithallus (p) of cells connected by primary and secondary pit-connections. D) Same as in B; detail of secondary pit-connections (arrow) and trichocytes (t). E) Epithallial cells in surface view with trichocyte trace (arrow), SEM stub 08112012b12. F) Same as in B; flattened epithallial cells (e). G) Detail of an empty uniporate conceptacle chamber with 4–5 cells forming the roof filaments.

FIGURE 9 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 9. Microscopical anatomy of the holotype of L. subreduncum Foslie, slide A20-1291_2. A) Vegetative thallus with abundant trichocytes (t) in the perithallus (p), and epithallial flattened cells (e). B) Details of the secondary pit-connections (arrow) in the perithallus and the abundant trichocytes (t). C) Magnification of secondary pit-connections (arrow) and epithallial cells (e). D) A tetrasporangial conceptacle with remain of a central columella.

FIGURE 8 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 8. The holotype collection of Lithophyllum subreduncum Foslie in TRH. A) Box A20-1291 in TRH. B) The carton box containing the holotype of L. subreduncum. C) Thin section 503 part of the holotype of L. subplicatum. D) The specimen A20-1291 in TRH, holotype of L. subreduncum.

FIGURE 3 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 3. Microscopical anatomy of L. affine. A) Perithallial cell filaments (p) and terminal epithallial cells (e) of the lectotype of L. affine, slide A20-1279_12 of a decalcified fragment. B) Detail of perithallial cell filaments with secondary pit-connections (arrows) and trichocytes (t) in L. affine, slide A20-1279_12. C) Flattened epithallial cells (e), slide A20-1279_12. D) A tetrasporangial conceptacle in the lectotype A20-1279. Note the pore opening in a depression of the conceptacle chamber roof. Slide A20-1279_12.

FIGURE 1 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 1. Distance analysis (Neighbor joining) performed on the 5'end of the nuclear LSU of the seven type specimens considered in this study.

FIGURE 7 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 7. Microscopical anatomy of the lectotype of L. subplicatum (Foslie) comb. et stat. nov. TRH A20-1286 from decalcified material. A) Trichocytes (arrows) in the perithallus (p) with filaments terminating in flattened epithallial cells (e), slide A20-1286_5. B) Same as in A. Thallus dimerous, with hypothallial (ventral) cells visible on bottom left (h), each one giving rise to a filament of perithallial cells (p). C) Same as in A, with magnification of secondary pit-connections (arrow) and trichocytes (t). D) An empty uniporate conceptacle chamber with 6–8 cells in the roof filaments. Slide A20-1286_5.

FIGURE 6 in The genus Lithophyllum in the north-western Indian Ocean, with description of L. yemenense sp. nov., L. socotraense sp. nov., L. subplicatum comb. et stat. nov., and the resumed L. affine, L. kaiseri, and L. subreduncum (Rhodophyta, Corallinales)

FIGURE 6. The lectotype collection of Lithophyllum subplicatum (Foslie) comb. et stat. nov. in TRH. A) Box A20-1286 in TRH. B) Thin section 596 part of the lectotype of L. subplicatum. C) The specimen A20-1286 in TRH, lectotype of L. subplicatum.

FIGURE 6–9. Lithophyllum stictaeforme. FIGURE 6 in Taxonomy and distribution of non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on rocky reefs from Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil

FIGURE 6–9. Lithophyllum stictaeforme. FIGURE 6. External morphology (RB 587134). Scale bar = 1 cm. FIGURE 7. Longitudinal section showing monomerous thallus construction (white arrow) (RB 587135). Scale bar = 100 μm. FIGURE 8. Longitudinal section showing a single layer of rounded to elliptical epithallial cells (e), subepithallial initials (s) and secondary pit connections between adjacent filaments (white arrow) (RB 587135). Scale bar = 10 μm. FIGURE 9. Longitudinal section through a tetrasporangial conceptacle showing

FIGURE 10–13. Hydrolithon reinboldii. FIGURE 10 in Taxonomy and distribution of non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on rocky reefs from Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil

FIGURE 10–13. Hydrolithon reinboldii. FIGURE 10. External morphology (RB 493708). Scale bar = 1 cm. FIGURE 11. Longitudinal section showing a single layer of rounded epithallial cells (e), subepithallial initials (s) and cell fusions between adjacent filaments (white arrow) (RB 493709) Scale bar = 100 μm. FIGURE 12. Magnified view of a tetrasporangial conceptacle roof showing the enlarged cells (E, white arrow) lining the pore canal and the pore canal opening sunken slightly below the thallus surface (black arrow) (RB 493709). Scale bar = 10 μm. FIGURE 13. Longitudinal section through a tetrasporangial conceptacle showing zonately divided tetrasporangia (te) (RB 493709). Scale bar = 50 μm.

FIGURES 2–5. Lithophyllum corallinae. FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy and distribution of non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on rocky reefs from Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil

FIGURES 2–5. Lithophyllum corallinae. FIGURE 2. External morphology (RB 587132). Scale bar = 1 cm. FIGURE 3. Longitudinal section showing dimerous thallus construction (white arrow) (RB 587133). Scale bar = 100 μm. FIGURE 4. Longitudinal section showing a single layer of rounded to elliptical epithallial cells (e), subepithallial initials (s) and secondary pit connections between adjacent filaments (white arrow) (RB 587133). Scale bar = 20 μm. FIGURE 5. Longitudinal section through a tetrasporangial conceptacle showing the

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy and distribution of non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on rocky reefs from Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Ilha Grande Bay with study sites: Rochedo de São Pedro (1), Parcel dos Meros (2), Flechas Island (3), Ponta do Acaiá (4) Queimada Grande Island (5), Jorge Grego Island (6) and Comprida Island (7).

FIGURE 12 in Morphological and molecular characterization of Hydrolithon rupestre (Corallinaceae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta): first report from the Mediterranean Sea

FIGURE 12. ML tree inferred from psbA gene sequences, calculated using the GTR+G+I model of evolution. Numbers near nodes indicate bootstrap values (>50%) for ML analysis (left), and MP analysis (right). The Adriatic species sequence determined in this work is indicated as LN849721 'Hydrolithon rupestre'.

FIGURE 11 in Morphological and molecular characterization of Hydrolithon rupestre (Corallinaceae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta): first report from the Mediterranean Sea

FIGURE 11. ML tree inferred from nSSU gene sequences, calculated using the GTR+G+I model of evolution. Numbers near nodes indicate bootstrap values (>50%) for ML analysis (left), and MP analysis (right). The Adriatic species sequence determined in this work is indicated as LN849720 'Hydrolithon rupestre'. The type species for each genus is bolded.

FIGURES 5–10 in Morphological and molecular characterization of Hydrolithon rupestre (Corallinaceae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta): first report from the Mediterranean Sea

FIGURES 5–10. Reproductive anatomy of Hydrolithon rupestre from the Mediterranean (UWC 14/V3). 5. Vertical section of the thallus through a buried spermatangial conceptacle showing unbranched (simple) spermatangial systems restricted to the conceptacle floor (arrowheads) (scale bar = 20 μm). 6. Vertical section of the outer thallus through a carposporangial conceptacle showing a continuous central fusion cell (arrowhead) bearing peripheral gonimoblast filaments each terminating in a carposporangium (g). Note the remains of unfertilised carpogonia across the dorsal surface of the fusion cell (arrow) (scale bar = 20 μm). 7. Vertical section of the outer thallus showing a flush (left) and a raised (right) tetrasporangial conceptacle (T), as well as a buried tetrasporangial conceptacle (t). Note the absence of a central columella and the arrangement of the tetrasporangia across (right conceptacle) the chamber floor (scale bar = 50 μm). 8. Vertical section through the roof of a tetrasporangial conceptacle showing the enlarged, domed cells (arrows) lining the base of the pore canal. Note that the roof is comprised of 3–4 cells (scale bar = 20 μm). 9. Vertical fracture through the roof of a tetrasporangial conceptacle under SEM showing the enlarged, domed cells (arrow) lining the base of the pore canal (scale bar = 30 μm). 10. Vertical section through a senescent tetrasporangial conceptacle showing the remains of filaments (arrows) that gave rise to the roof and pore canal cells. Note the enlarged, domed cells (arrowheads) lining the base of the pore canal and the absence of a central columella (scale bar = 20 μm).

FIGURES 1–4 in Morphological and molecular characterization of Hydrolithon rupestre (Corallinaceae, Corallinales, Rhodophyta): first report from the Mediterranean Sea

FIGURES 1–4. Gross morphology and vegetative anatomy of Hydrolithon rupestre from the Mediterranean (UWC 14/V3). 1. Encrusting to warty habit (scale bar = 20 mm). 2. Vertical section of the inner thallus showing plumose medullary filaments. Note the cell fusions (f) between contiguous filaments (scale bar = 20 μm). 3. Vertical section of the outer thallus showing a single epithallial cell layer (arrowheads) and solitary to paired trichocytes (T). Note the cell fusions (f) between contiguous cortical filaments and the normal vegetative filaments (arrows) between trichocytes (scale bar = 20 μm). 4. Vertical section through the outer thallus showing buried trichocytes (T) (scale bar = 20 μm).

FIGURES 7–8 in Rhodolith-forming species of the subfamilies Neogoniolithoideae and Hydrolithoideae (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) from Espírito Santo State, Brazil

FIGURES 7–8. Neogoniolithon cf. brassica-florida. 7. Longitudinal sections showing a spermatangial conceptacle with simple, unbranched spermatangial systems borne on the floor, walls and roof of the conceptacle chamber (black arrows). Scale = 31 μm. 8. A carposporangial conceptacle. Scale = 64 μm.