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Fig. 4 in Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys

Fig. 4. Schematic molecular phylogeny of the Acanthaceae, which serves as the foundation for the present reclassification. Phylogeny represents current understanding of evolutionary relationships among major lineages of Acanthaceae based on numerous phylogenetic works, as cited throughout this study. Depicted are the 4 subfamilies (capital letters), 10 tribes (bold), and 19 subtribes (not in bold, not in caps) recognized in the present study. Key diagnostic morphological characters for the subfamilies and tribes are provided in Table 1 and Fig. 5. Asterisks and dashed lines indicate uncertain phylogenetic placement of Physacantheae, either within or sister to Ruellieae or Acantheae (see text).

Fig. 1 in Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys

Fig. 1. Floral diversity among worldwide Acanthaceae. Collector, collection number, location of photograph, and photographer provided where available. A, Dicliptera trifurca, Kiel & al. 122 (photo: C. Kiel), Costa Rica; B, Hypoestes phyllostachya, Kiel & Tripp 65 (photo: C. Kiel), Mexico (native to Old World, widespread); C, Justicia refractifolia, Kiel & al. 137 (photo: C. Kiel), Costa Rica; D, Justicia costaricana, Kiel & al. 81 (photo: C. Kiel), Costa Rica; E, Neuracanthus niveus, Not vouchered (photo: W. McCleland), Mali; F, Pachystachys spicata, Kiel & Velez 258 (photo: C. Kiel), Colombia; G, Tetramerium nervosum, Kiel & Tripp 75 (photo: C. Kiel), Mexico; H, Ruelliopsis setosa, Tripp & Dexter 799 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; I, Petalidium giessii, Tripp & Dexter 825 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; J, Blepharis pruinosa, Tripp & al. 884 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; K, Acanthopsis hoffmanseggiana, Tripp & al. 2073 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; L, Aphelandra aurantiaca, Tripp & al. 5739, Mexico; M, Acanthopale pubescens, Ballings & Wursten 1074 (photo: B. Wursten), Mozambique; N, Barleria oenotheroides, Tripp & al. 5755 (photo: E. Tripp), Mexico; O, Bravaisia integerrima, Tripp & Luján 519 (photo: E. Tripp), Venezuela; P, Brunoniella australis, Hosking 2952 (photo: J. Hosking), Australia; Q, Mendoncia aspera, Clarke & Tripp s.n. (photo: D. Clarke), Guyana; R, Dyschoriste repens, Tripp & Luján 516 (photo: E. Tripp), Venezuela; S, Barleria lancifolia, Tripp & Dexter 781 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; T, Louteridium donnellsmithii, Tripp & Medina 9680 (photo: E. Tripp), Mexico; U, Calacanthus grandiflorus, Not vouchered (photo S. Yadav), India; V, Dinteracanthus asper, Tripp & al. 2079 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; W, Anisosepalum alboviolaceum, Bytebier & al. 3279 (photo: Q. Luke), Dem. Repub. Congo; X, Ruellia megasphaera, Tripp & al. 5756 (photo: E. Tripp), Mexico; Y, Odontonema glabrum, Tripp & al. 5763 (photo E. Tripp), Mexico; Z, Anisotes formosissimus, Wursten 2020 (photo: B. Wursten), Mozambique; AA, Lepidagathis fischeri, Not vouchered (photo: I. Darbyshire), Tanzania; BB, Asystasia malawiana, Mphamba 122 (photo: T. Harris), Mozambique.

Fig. 5 in Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys

Fig. 5. Corolla aestivation types in Acanthaceae. Note that the "open" aestivation observed in some Acantheae is not illustrated here. A, Left-contort (Avicennioideae in part, Thunbergioideae in part, Physacantheae, Whitfieldieae, Ruellieae); B, Quincuncial (Barlerieae); C, Ascending-cochlear (Thunbergioideae in part, Acantheae, Andrographideae, Justicieae); D, Descending-cochlear (Nelsonioideae); E, Valvate (Avicennioideae in part); F, Induplicate (Neuracantheae).

Fig. 3 in Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys

Fig. 3. Examples of habitat diversity among worldwide Acanthaceae. Collector, collection number, location of photograph, and photographer provided where available. A, Petalidium crispum, Tripp & Dexter 4087 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; plants showing affinity for crevices of near-barren schist rocks and associated slopes, near Van Zyl's Pass; B, Avicennia marina, Not Vouchered (photo: I. Darbyshire), Tanzania; locally dominant in intertidal mangrove communities near Lindi; note the presence of pneumatophores; C, Barleria aristata, Not Vouchered [but same location as Bidgood & al. 5027] (photo: I. Darbyshire), Tanzania; locally common in dry Somalia-Masai woodland near the Lukosi River; D, Justicia fittonioides, Suleiman & al. 5536 (photo: I. Darbyshire), Tanzania; abundant on the floor of seasonally dry coastal forest at Ruawa Forest Reserve near Lindi; E, Ruelliopsis setosa, Tripp & Dexter 799 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; plants a dominant component of rocky savanna floor, acting as a "grass mimic"; F, Blepharis ferox, Tripp & Dexter 4094 (photo: K. Dexter), Namibia; plants comprising one of the most abundant shrubs on barren sand of Namib Desert, near Oropembe; G, Isoglossa dispersa, Not Vouchered (photo: P.K. Haba), Guinea; a mass-flowering plietesial species of moist lowland and mid-elevation forest, here at Simandou; H, Justicia fittonioides, Suleiman & al. 5536 (photo: I. Darbyshire), Tanzania; showing the rosulate habit of the plants in D; I, Pogonospermum salsola, Klaassen & al. 2537 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; plants represent the dominant shrubs on the floor of the Namib Desert, which is typical of numerous species of this genus and of Petalidium, Blepharis, and Barleria in Namibia; J, Petalidium welwitschii, Tripp & Dexter 4091 (photo: E. Tripp), Namibia; total dominance of Namib Desert near Hartmann's Valley in the northwestern Kaokoveld; K, Justicia americana, Daniel & Lott 10530 (photo: T. Daniel), U.S.A.; aquatic perennial herb at edge of Town Lake, Austin, Texas; L, Lankesteria glandulosa Benoist, Daniel & al. 10453 (photo: T. Daniel), Madagascar; dying perennial herb along trail in seasonally moist forest, Ankarana Special Reserve.

Fig. 2 in Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys

Fig. 2. Floral diversity among worldwide Acanthaceae. Collector, collection number, location of photograph, and photographer provided where available. A, Andrographis echioides, Luke & Chidzinga 16414B (photo: Q. Luke), Kenya (naturalised, native to Asia); B, Cephalophis lukei, Hyde 15.119.06 (photo: M. Hyde), Mozambique; C, Crabbea velutina, Ballings & Wursten 2391 (photo: B. Wursten), Zimbabwe; D, Crossandra puberula, Wursten & al. 1946 (photo: B. Wursten), Mozambique; E, Duosperma crenatum, Not vouchered (photo: B. Wursten), Mozambique; F, Champluviera populifolia, Cheek 7654 (photo: M. Cheek), Cameroon; G, Dyschoriste hildebrandtii, Wursten 951 (photo: B. Wursten), Mozambique; H, Ecbolium tanzaniense, Suleiman & al. TTSA 235 (photo: I. Darbyshire), Tanzania; I, Elytraria acaulis, Not vouchered (photo: B. Wursten), Mozambique; J, Isoglossa vulcanicola, Darbyshire & al. 1048 (photo: I. Darbyshire), Uganda; K, Justicia salviiflora, Tripp & al. 5773 (photo: E. Tripp), Mexico; L, Lankesteria elegans, Collector/photographer unknown, Cameroon; M, Lankesteria hispida, van der Burgt 1406 (photo: X. van der Burgt), Sierra Leone; N, Mackaya bella, Not vouchered (photo: I. Darbyshire), South Africa (cult.); O, Megalochlamys hamata, Not vouchered (photo: B. Wursten), Zimbabwe; P, Mimulopsis excellens, Darbyshire & al. 1056 (photo: I. Darbyshire), Uganda; Q, Physacanthus batanganus, Cheek in Kami 4132 (photo: M. Cheek), Dem. Repub. Congo; R, Schaueriopsis variabilis, Luke 12527 (photo: Q. Luke), Dem. Repub. Congo; S, Ruspolia seticalyx, Wursten 1859 (photo: B. Wursten), Mozambique; T, Thunbergia gregorii, Not vouchered (photo: I. Darbyshire), Kenya; U, Whitfieldia orientalis, Suleiman & al. 5534 (photo: I. Darbyshire), Tanzania; V, Stenostephanus sessilifolius, Hammel & al. 26074 (photo: C. Kiel), Costa Rica; W, Pseuderanthemum subviscosum, Not vouchered (photo: B. Wursten), Mozambique; X, Ruellia neesiana, Tripp & Medina 5957 (photo: E. Tripp), Brazil; Y, Leandriella valvata, Thulin & Razafindraibe 11880 (photo: M. Thulin), Madagascar; Z, Avicennia germinans, Daniel 11120 (photo: W. Eckerman), São Tomé; AA, Heteradelphia paulowilhelmia, Not vouchered (photo: T. Daniel), São Tomé; BB, Lepidagathis grandidieri, Daniel & al. 11066 (photo: T. Daniel), Madagascar; CC, Chlamydacanthus euphorbioides, Daniel & Ranarivelo 10584 (photo: T. Daniel), Madagascar.

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Figs 51-53 in New data on the Oriental Xantholinini. XXIV. Nine new taxa of Paratesba from Danum Valley, Sabah, and dichotomic key of the bornean species (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). 221° contribution to the knowledge of the Staphylinidae

Figs 51-53: Aedeagus, tergite and sternite of male genital segment of Paratesba differens nov.sp.

Table 1 in Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys

<p><b>Table 1.</b> Key morphological characters for the major lineages of Acanthaceae. Table includes some exceptions to general trends within a given lineage but is not comprehensive in terms of all exceptions that exist.</p><table><thead><tr><th>Character</th><th>Nelsonioideae</th><th>Avicennioideae</th><th>Thunbergioideae</th><th>Acantheae</th><th>Physacantheae</th><th>Andrographideae</th><th>Barlerieae</th><th>Neuracantheae</th><th>Whitfieldieae</th><th>Ruellieae</th><th>Justicieae</th><th>Character</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>Cystoliths</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Cystoliths</td></tr><tr><th>Corolla aestivation</th><td>Descendingcochlear</td><td>Left-contort, slightly imbricate, or valvate</td><td>Left-contort; rarely ascendingcochlear</td><td>Ascendingcochlear or “open”</td><td>Left-contort</td><td>Ascendingcochlear</td><td>Quincuncial</td><td>Induplicate</td><td>Left-contort</td><td>Left-contort</td><td>Ascending-cochlear</td><td>Corolla aestivation</td></tr><tr><th>No. of fertile stamens</th><td>2 or 4</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>2 or 4</td><td>4</td><td>2 (<i>Lankesteria</i>) or 4</td><td>2 or 4</td><td>2 or 4</td><td>No. of fertile stamens</td></tr><tr><th>No. of anther thecae per fertile stamen</th><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>2, or mixed 2×2-thecous and 2×1-thecous</td><td>Mixed 2×2-thecous and 2×1-thecous</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>1 or 2; if 4 stamens then 2-thecous or mixed 2×2-thecous, 2×1-thecous</td><td>No. of anther thecae per fertile stamen</td></tr><tr><th>Pollen characteristics</th><td>3-colpate to 3-colporate, pseudocolpi absent</td><td>3-colporate, pseudocolpi absent</td><td>Spiraperturate, 3–6-colpate, or 7–9-lobate and -colpate, pseudocolpi absent</td><td>Usually 3-colpate, sometimes with numerous short colpus-like apertures dividing grains into polygonal regions, rarely with pseudocolpi</td><td>3-colporate, 9-pseudocolpate</td><td>3-colporate, 3-pororate, ectoapertural membrane and/or thickened margin often with spines, pseudocolpi absent</td><td>Mostly 3-colporate or 3-porate, interapertural exine often coarsely reticulate, pseudocolpi absent <i>͡</i></td><td>3-colporate, interapertural exine finely perforate, pseudocolpi absent</td><td>Usually lenticular, 2-pororate with ectoaperture usually very large, sometimes 3-pororate or spherical and pantoforate, pseudocolpi absent</td><td>Diverse; germinal apertures 2 to many, porate to colporate or pantoforate; tectum often raised flanking apertures, pseudocolpi often present and usually more than 2 between germinal apertures</td><td>Diverse, germinal apertures 2–6, (porate to) pororate to colporate, pseudocolpi often present but rarely (if ever) more than 2 between germinal apertures</td><td>Pollen characteristics</td></tr><tr><th>Fruit characteristics</th><td>Mostly small capsules varying from thin- to thickwalled, sometimes rostrate</td><td>Leathery to fleshy capsule that is non-explosive, and tardily dehiscent</td><td>Large woody rostrate capsule; OR globose or ellipsoid drupe</td><td>Fusiform or shortly rostrate capsule</td><td>Linear capsule</td><td>Linear and 4-angular or compressed elliptic, oblanceolate or narrowly oblong capsule</td><td>Fusiform or rostrate capsule, rarely stipitate</td><td>Fusiform or rostrate capsule</td><td>Stipitate or fusiform capsule</td><td>Stipitate, linear or fusiform capsule</td><td>Stipitate, sometimes also shortly rostrate capsule</td><td>Fruit characteristics</td></tr><tr><th>Hooked retinacula</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Hooked retinacula</td></tr><tr><th>No. of ovules*</th><td>8 to many</td><td>4</td><td>1, 2 or 4</td><td>4</td><td>6–10</td><td>4 to many</td><td>4</td><td>2 or 4</td><td>2 or 4</td><td>2–32</td><td>2 or 4</td><td>No. of ovules*</td></tr><tr><th>No. of seeds*</th><td>8–30 (–68)</td><td>1</td><td>1, 2 or 4</td><td>2–4</td><td>(4–) 6–10</td><td>4 to many</td><td>2–4</td><td>2–4</td><td>2–4</td><td>2–28</td><td>2–4</td><td>No. of seeds*</td></tr><tr><th>Seed sculpture / trichomes</th><td>Variably smooth, pitted, with minute protrusions and with or without hygroscopic trichomes (these simple or branched)</td><td>Smooth</td><td>Smooth or sculptured, with a prominent scar or hole on one side (in drupaceous genera, a woody stone)</td><td>Dense hygroscopic trichomes, dense scales or tuberculate, glandular puberulous, smooth or glabrous, or otherwise variable</td><td>With pale straight or flexuose papillae-like trichomes</td><td>With or without dense hygroscopic trichomes or non-hygroscopic trichomes, smooth or sculptured</td><td>Dense hygroscopic trichomes or fine?non-hygroscopic trichomes, rarely glabrous and smooth</td><td>Dense hygroscopic trichomes</td><td>Raised concentric rings at least towards the rim; glabrous or (<i>Lankesteria</i>) with hygroscopic trichomes</td><td>Dense hygroscopic trichomes or these restricted to the rim, rarely absent</td><td>Smooth or often sculptured (tubercles, spines, verrucae, etc.), and/or with hygroscopic or non-hygroscopic trichomes</td><td>Seed sculpture / trichomes</td></tr><tr><th>Other diagnostic or informative characters</th><td>Flowers often alternate to spirally arranged on inflorescence, although can be opposite</td><td>Mangrove shrubs or trees with pneumatophores, and plants cryptoviviparous</td><td>Often twiners; flowers subtended by paired clasping bracteoles</td><td></td><td>Leaves often variegated; long-cylindric or inflated calyx with short lobes</td><td></td><td>Cystoliths can occur in adjoining cells</td><td>Calyx bilabiate (anterior lip 2-notched, posterior lip 3-notched)</td><td>Inflorescence units often subtended by conspicuous paired clasping bracteoles</td><td>Filament curtain usually present, and thecae sometimes with basal appendages</td><td>Anther thecae sometimes offset to superposed and/or oblique, and one or both thecae sometimes with basal appendages</td><td>Other diagnostic or informative characters</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Afrotropical Mydidae genera dichotomous, pathway key in SDD-format

<p>Dichotomous, pathway key to genera of Afrotropical Mydidae developed with Lucid Builder v4 in XML Structure of Descriptive Data (SDD) format.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Namibimydas and Nothomydas dichotomous, pathway key in SDD-format

<p>Dichotomous, pathway key to species of Namibimydas and Nothomydas developed with Lucid Builder v4 in XML Structure of Descriptive Data (SDD) format.</p>

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FIGURE 4 in A new species of Cephalanticoma (Enoplida: Anticomidae) from Brazilian coast (Atlantic Ocean), with emended diagnosis and dichotomous key to the genus

FIGURE 4. Cephalanticom rugatusa sp. n.: (A) Paratype female #1, overview; (B) Anterior region (cephalic arrangement, amphidial fovea, head capsule and cervical setae); (C) anterior region (pharyngeal region, ventral gland and nerve ring); (D) reproductive system.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2020View details →

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Cephalanticoma (Enoplida: Anticomidae) from Brazilian coast (Atlantic Ocean), with emended diagnosis and dichotomous key to the genus

FIGURE 2. Cephalanticoma rugatusa sp. n.: (A) Paratype male #4, anterior region; (B) holotype male, anterior region (head capsule); (C) anterior region (amphidial fovea); (D) anterior region (cervical setae); (E) anterior region (pharyngeal region and ventral gland); (F) anterior region (ventral gland); (G) tail.

FIGURE 1 in Chromaspirina guanabarensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) and a new illustrated dichotomous key to Chromaspirina species

FIGURE 1. Chromaspirina guanabarensis sp. n.; A–E: holotype male. A. neck region; B. head region, C. head region; oblique surface view; D. tail region and copulatory apparatus, E. habitus. F: Allotype female, habitus.

FIGURE 2 in Chromaspirina guanabarensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) and a new illustrated dichotomous key to Chromaspirina species

FIGURE 2. Light micrographs of Chromaspirina guanabarensis sp. n. Surface view of head region, oblique view showing outer labial papillae (holotype); B. Head region, lateral surface view, showing setiform cephalic setae and wound spiral amphidial fovea (paratype 3); C. Pharyngeal region (paratype 3); D. Round sperm cell (holotype); E. Copulatory apparatus (holotype); F. Female tail (paratype); G. Male tail (holotype). Scale bars: 10µm.

FIGURES 6–7 in Transfer of Pyrochroa daglariensis to Hemidendroides Ferrari (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae), with a dichotomous key to the four species of the genus

FIGURES 6–7. Pyrochroa coccinea (Linnaeus), adult male: 6, head, dorsal view, scale bar = 3 mm; 7, head, dorsolateral view, scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURES 1–3 in Transfer of Pyrochroa daglariensis to Hemidendroides Ferrari (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae), with a dichotomous key to the four species of the genus

FIGURES 1–3. Hemidendroides daglariensis (Young), adult male: 1, habitus, dorsal view, scale bar = 10 mm; 2, head, dorsal view, scale bar = 2 mm; 3, head dorsolateral view, scale bar = 2 mm.

FIGURES 1–14 in A new species of the Neotropical spittlebug genus Catrimania Fennah, 1968 (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) with a dichotomous key to species of the genus

FIGURES 1–14. Catrimania tiobino sp. nov. 1–2 dorsal and lateral habitus respectively; 3–5 head and pronotum-dorsal, ventral, and lateral view respectively; 6 male pygofer; 7 female pygofer; 8–9 aedeagus-lateral and posterior view respectively; 10–11 paramere-external dorsal and lateral view respectively; 12 first valvula of ovipositor – lateral view; 13 second valvula of ovipositor-lateral view; 14 bases of first valvulae of ovipositor – ventral view to show the two basal curved processes.

FIGURE 11 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 11. Drawings of feet of marine heterotardigrades. A Neostygarctus, redrawn from Fujimoto & Miyazaki (2013). B Prostygarctus, original drawing. C Renaudarctus, redrawn from Kristensen & Higgins (1984b). D Actinarctus, Tanarctus, Zioella, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1982a). E Dipodarctus leg I, redrawn from Jørgensen et al. (2014). F Dipodarctus leg IV, redrawn from Jørgensen et al. (2014). G Florarctus, Wingstrandarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1989a). H Ligiarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1982b). I Paratanarctus, redrawn from D'Addabbo Gallo et al. (1992).

FIGURE 10 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 10. Drawings of feet of marine heterotardigrades. A Coronarctus (heteronych claws), redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1983). B Coronarctus (isonych claws), redrawn from Hansen (2007). C Trogloarctus, original drawing. D Megastygarctides, redrawn from Hansen & Kristensen (2006). E Pseudostygarctus, Mesostygarctus, Faroestygarctus redrawn from Renaud- Mornant (1983). We have indicated the four-claw condition, but there is variation in this group. Faroestygarctus and Pseudostygarctus galloae have only two claws, Pseudostygarctus triungulatus has three, while all the other species in these genera have four claws. Faroestygarctus has dorsal spurs on claws. F Stygarctus, Parastygarctus, redrawn from Renaud- Mornant (1982a). G Neoarctus, redrawn from de Zio Grimaldi et al. (1992). H Echiniscoides, Isoechiniscoides redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1982a). I Anisonyches, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1982a).

FIGURE 8 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 8. Habitus drawings of marine heterotardigrades. A Styraconyx, redrawn from Marcus (1936). B Bathyechiniscus, redrawn from Steiner (1926). C Pleocola, redrawn from Pollock (1976). D Lepoarctus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1975a). E Tholoarctus, redrawn from D'Addabbo Gallo et al. (1992). F Tetrakentron, redrawn from Kristensen (1980). G Raiarctus, redrawn from Jørgensen et al. (2014). H Rhomboarctus, redrawn from Hansen et al. (2003a). I Angursa, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1988) and Bussau (1992).

FIGURE 7 in A dichotomous key to the genera of the Marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada)

FIGURE 7. Habitus drawings of marine heterotardigrades. A Dipodarctus, redrawn from Gallo d'Addabbo et al. (2001). B Quisarctus, redrawn from Fujimoto (2015b). C Halechiniscus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1979a). D Chrysoarctus, redrawn from Grimaldi de Zio et al. (1982b). E Paradoxipus, redrawn from Kristensen & Higgins (1989). F Mutaparadoxipus, redrawn from Gross et al. (2014). G Opydorscus, redrawn from Renaud-Mornant (1989b). H Orzeliscus, redrawn from du Bois Reymond Marcus (1952). I Batillipes, redrawn from McKirdy (1975).