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325 results for “Distribution limits”
Data from: Climate limitation at the cold edge – contrasting perspectives from species distribution modelling and a transplant experiment
<p>The role of climate in determining range margins is often studied using species distribution models (SDMs), which are easily applied but have well-known limitations, e.g. due to their correlative nature and colonization and extinction time lags. Transplant experiments can give more direct information on environmental effects, but often cover small spatial and temporal scales. We simultaneously applied an SDM using high-resolution spatial predictors and an integral projection (demographic) model based on a transplant experiment at 58 sites to examine the effects of microclimate, light and soil conditions on the distribution and performance of a forest herb, <i>Lathyrus vernus</i>, at its cold range margin in central Sweden. In the SDM, occurrences were strongly associated with warmer climates. In contrast, only weak effects of climate were detected in the transplant experiment, whereas effects of soil conditions and light dominated. The higher contribution of climate in the SDM is likely a result from its correlation with soil quality, forest type, and potentially historic land use, which were unaccounted for in the model. Predicted habitat suitability and population growth rate, yielded by the two approaches, were not correlated across the transplant sites. We argue that the ranking of site habitat suitability is probably more reliable in the transplant experiment than in the SDM because predictors in the former better describe understory conditions, but that ranking might vary among years, e.g. due to differences in climate. Our results suggest that <i>L. vernus</i> is limited by soil and light rather than directly by climate at its northern range edge, where conifers dominate forests and create suboptimal conditions of soil and canopy-penetrating light. A general implication of our study is that to better understand how climate change influences range dynamics, we should not only strive to improve existing approaches but also to use multiple approaches in concert.</p>
Prospects for the natural distribution of crop wild-relatives with limited adaptability: The case of the wild pea Pisum fulvum
<p>Plant breeders and conservationists depend on knowledge about the genetic variation of their species of interest. <em>Pisum</em> <em>fulvum</em>, a wild relative of domesticated pea, has attracted attention as a genetic resource for crop improvement, yet little information about its diversity in the wild has been published hitherto. We sampled 15 populations of <em>P. fulvum </em>from Israeli natural habitats and conducted genotyping by sequencing to analyse their genetic diversity and adaptive state. We also attempted to evaluate the species past demography and the prospects of its future reaction to environmental changes. The results suggest that genetic diversity of <em>P. fulvum</em> is low to medium and is distributed between well diverged populations. Surprisingly, with 56 % in the total population, the selfing rate was found to be significantly lower than expected from a species that is commonly assumed to be a predominant selfer. We found a strong genetic bottleneck during the last glacial period and only limited patterns of isolation by distance and environment, which explained 13 % - 18 % of the genetic variation. Despite the weak signatures of genome-wide IBE, 1354 markers were significantly correlated with environmental factors, 1233 of which were located within known genes with a nonsynonymous to synonymous ratio of 0.382. Species distribution modelling depicted an ongoing fragmentation and decreased habitable area over the next 80 years under two different socio-economic pathways. Our results suggest that complex interactions of substantial drift and selection shaped the genome of <em>P. fulvum</em>. Climate change is likely to cause further erosion of genetic diversity in <em>P. fulvum</em>. Systematic ex-situ conservation may be advisable to safeguard genetic variability for future utilization of this species.</p>
Data from: Is there a disease-free halo at species range limits? The co-distribution of anther-smut disease and its host species
1. While disease is widely recognized as affecting host population size, it has rarely been considered to play a role in determining host range limits. Many diseases may not be able to persist near the range limit if host population density falls below the critical threshold level for pathogen invasion. However, in vector- and sexually-transmitted diseases, pathogen transmission may be largely independent of host density and theory demonstrates that diseases with frequency-dependent transmission may persist in small populations near the range limit. 2. Empirical studies of disease at species range limits have lagged behind the theory, and to date, no previous study has tested the hypothesis that vector or sexually transmitted diseases can be maintained at host range limits. 3. We studied the distribution of anther-smut disease, a sterilizing pollinator-transmitted disease, on four alpine plant species to determine whether disease was present at the host range limits. 4. We found that host abundance declined towards the elevational range limits, and disease extended to the most extreme elevational range limits in three of the four host species. Maximum likelihood estimation of the magnitude of the disease-free halo showed that it was small or non-existent for all host species. Moreover, disease prevalence within populations was often higher nearer the host's range limit than in the range center and was independent of host density. 5. Synthesis: Our results show that diseases where transmission is frequency-dependent have the potential to affect host distributions not just in theory, but also in real world populations.
Data from: Declining demographic performance and dispersal limitation influence the geographic distribution of the perennial forb, Astragalus utahensis (fabaceae)
1. A central goal of ecology is understanding the determinants of species' distributions. 'Metapopulation' models for the existence of distributional boundaries predict that species' geographic ranges arise from the landscape-scale deterioration of habitat suitability towards the range edge (i.e. niche mechanisms), which simultaneously hinders demographic performance and limits dispersal to suitable habitat beyond the edge (i.e. dispersal limitation). However, few studies have examined both of these mechanisms for the same species by examining abundance and comprehensive measures of demographic performance across the distribution and beyond its boundary. 2. We tested the predictions of metapopulation models for range limits by contrasting abundance, demographic performance, and population growth (λ) of the perennial forb Astragalus utahensis in central and northern range edge populations. We tested for dispersal limitation by transplanting individuals at and beyond the northern range boundary and monitoring their demographic performance. 3. Astragalus abundance and stochastic λ decreased from the range center to the northern range edge, with stochastic λ falling to or below replacement in range edge populations. However, transplants at some sites beyond the northern range edge survived and reproduced at levels similar to transplants within the range. Thus, in addition to deteriorating conditions at the range edge, dispersal limitation appears to contribute to limiting A. utahensis' northern distribution. 4. Synthesis: Our results support metapopulation models for range limits by suggesting that decreased demographic performance constrains the viability of range edge populations while contributing to dispersal limitation of A. utahensis' distribution. Thus, the tandem action of niche and dispersal processes appears to play an important role in constraining this species' northern latitudinal range.
Climate-change-driven cooling can kill marine megafauna at their distributional limits
<p>The impacts on marine species from secular warming and heatwaves are well demonstrated, however the impacts of extreme cold events are poorly understood. Here, we link the death of organisms from 81 species to an intense cold upwelling event in the Agulhas Current, and show trends of increasing frequency and intensification of upwelling in the Agulhas Current and East Australian Current. Using electronic tagging, we illustrate potential impacts of upwelling events on the movement behaviour of bull sharks, Carcharhinus leucas including alterations of migratory patterns and maintenance of shallower dive profiles when transiting through upwelling cells. Increasing upwelling could result in "bait-and-switch" situations, where climate change expands subtropical species' distribution, while simultaneously exposing climate-migrants to increased risk of cold-stun/mortality events at poleward distributional limits. This shows the potential impacts of increased cold events, an understudied aspect of climate-change research, and highlights the complexities of climate change effects on marine ecosystems.</p>
Complex genetic patterns and distribution limits mediated by native congeners of the worldwide invasive red‐eared slider turtle
<p>Non-native (invasive) species offer a unique opportunity to study the geographic distribution and range limits of species, wherein the evolutionary change driven by interspecific interactions between native and non-native closely related species is a key component. The red-eared slider turtle, <i>Trachemys scripta elegans</i> (TSE), has been introduced and successfully established worldwide. It can coexist with its native congeners <i>T. cataspila</i>, <i>T. venusta</i> and <i>T. taylori</i> in Mexico. We performed comprehensive fieldwork, executed a battery of genetic analyses and applied a novel species distribution modeling approach to evaluate their historical lineage relationships and contemporary population genetic patterns. Our findings support the historical common ancestry between native TSE and non-native (TSE<sub>alien</sub>), while also <span>highlighting the genetic differentiation of the exotic lineage. G</span>enetic patterns are associated with their range size/endemism gradient, the microendemic <i>T. taylori</i> showed significant reduced genetic diversity and high differentiation, whereas TSE<sub>alien</sub><span> showed </span>the highest diversity and signals of population size expansion. Counter to our expectations, <span>lower naturally occurring distribution overlap and little admixture patterns </span>were found<span> between TSE and its congeners, exhibiting reduced gene flow and clear genetic separation across neighboring species despite having zones of contact. We demonstrate that</span> these native <i>Trachemys</i> species have distinct climatic niche suitability, likely preventing establishment of and displacement by the TSE<sub>alien</sub>. Moreover, we <span>found </span>major niche overlap between TSE<sub>alien </sub>and native species worldwide, supporting our prediction that sites with closer ecological optima to the invasive species have higher establishment risk than those that are closer to the niche-center of the native species.</p>
Fig. 2 in Interspecific Interactions as a Factor of Limitation of Geographical Distribution: Evidence Obtained by Modeling Home Ranges of Vole Twin Species Microtus Arvalis – M. Levis (Rodentia, Microtidae)
Fig. 2. Potential distribution of the East European vole (Microtus levis). Captions as in fig.1.
Data from: Demographic and ecogeographic factors limit wild grapevine spread at the southern edge of its distribution range - wild grapevine sampling locations, Maxent input files, morphological and microsatellite data
<p><span>This dataset contains raw data described in the paper: "Rahimi O., Ohana-Levi N., Brauner H., Inbar N., Hübner S. and Drori E. (2021) "Demographic and ecogeographic factors limit wild grapevine spread at the southern edge of its distribution range", accepted for publication in "Ecology and Evolution".</span></p> <p><span>The spatial distribution of plants is constrained by demographic and eco-geographic factors that determine the range and abundance of the species. In this study, we performed genetic and morphological analyzes based on SSR and OIV datasets. In addition, according to the spatial distribution model performed by Maxent software we found that distance to water sources, Normalized difference vegetation index, and precipitation are the main environmental factors constraining <i>V.v. sylvestris</i> distribution at its southern distribution range. All raw data used for this study can be found in this deposit which contains a table with grapevine locations, Maxent input files, morphological and microsatellite data. </span></p>
Niche conservatism limits the distribution of Medicago in the tropics
<p>The increase in species number from poles to the equator is one of the most fundamental patterns in ecology. Although several hypotheses have been proposed, there is a lack of consensus on the mechanisms underlying this pattern. While most hypotheses provide plausible explanation for high tropical diversity of tropical clades, it is unclear if similar mechanisms drive the diversity of extra-tropical clades. Here, we investigated the environmental drivers influencing the diversity pattern of a Mediterranean plant genus <em>Medicago</em> and dissect their effects across continents and biomes. We compiled a comprehensive dataset on the distribution of all <em>Medicago</em> species and mapped their distribution at the spatial resolution of 100 × 100 km<sup>2</sup>. We used generalized linear models to quantify the relative effects of environmental factors on the richness patterns of <em>Medicago</em> and its two life forms. Next, using geographically weighted regression, we explored the variation in richness-environment relationship across latitude. We found that Quaternary climate change and environmental energy were important explanatory variables, and their effects were consistent at global, continental and biome scales. However, we found contrasting effect of environmental energy in temperate and tropical regions, with species richness increasing with energy in the temperate and decreasing in the tropics. We also found strong affinity of <em>Medicago</em> species to its ancestral Mediterranean climatic niche. Our results suggest that the spatial variation in <em>Medicago</em> richness patterns may be strongly influenced by heat tolerance as opposed to the tropical clades that depend upon cold tolerance. This dependency on heat tolerance can be attributed to strong niche conservatism exhibited by <em>Medicago</em> species. Our findings provide new insights into the richness-energy hypothesis and suggest that high environmental energy may not necessarily yield high species diversity but may also lower species diversity, especially of extra-tropical clades towards the tropics.</p>
Fig. 1 in Capnodis cariosa (Pallas, 1776) found in a new Romanian location at the northern limit of its distribution range (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 1 – Hills with Cotinus coggygria shrubs, biotope of Capnodis cariosa Pall. at Svinița.
Fig. 2 in Capnodis cariosa (Pallas, 1776) found in a new Romanian location at the northern limit of its distribution range (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Fig. 2 – Female Capnodis cariosa Pall. on a small branch of its local host-plant Cotinus coggygria.
Is tree age or tree size reducing height increment in Abies alba Mill. at its southernmost distribution limit?
<p>Many factors limit height increment of trees when age and size increase in large-statured tree species. Height-diameter allometric relationships are commonly used measures of tree growth.</p> <p>The data were collected in a silver fir forest located in Southern Italy, at the southernmost distribution limit for this species. Through a stratified random sampling, 100 trees were selected. All the selected trees were then felled and the total tree height, height increments (internode distances), diameter at breast height, and diameter increments (ring widths) were measured.</p> <p>Conventional methods for estimating the current annual increment of stand volume are based on the uncertain assumption that height increment decreases with tree age. Conversely, size, rather than age, should be accounted for the observed senescence-related declines in relative growth rate and, consequently, implemented in silvicultural manuals. Results stem from a study on Abies alba Mill. at its southern limit of distribution.</p>
Additional climate information for research paper «Ecological and Geographical Analysis of Distribution of Heracleum persicum, H. mantegazzianum and H. sosnowskyi on The Northern Limit of Its Invaded Range in Europe» submitted to Russian Journal of Biological Invasions
<p><strong>Additional climate information for research paper «Ecological and Geographical Analysis of Distribution of Heracleum persicum, H. mantegazzianum and H. sosnowskyi on The Northern Limit of Its Invaded Range in Europe» submitted to Russian Journal of Biological Invasions </strong></p>
Spatial distribution and its limiting environmental factors of native orchid species diversity in the Beipan River Basin of Guizhou Province, China
<p>Understanding the distribution of biodiversity and its determinants, particularly that of ecologically sensitive ones, has long been intriguing to the science community and will help formulate conservation strategies under future climate changes. To this end, we conducted extensive field surveys on the distribution of orchid flora in the Beipan River Basin in Guizhou Province, which is one of the biodiversity conservation priorities in China. The data we acquired, together with those published previously, were converted into orchid species richness for each of the 3km × 3km grid cells covering the study region. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) were then applied to determine which of the 30 environmental factors are potentially critical for the spatial distribution of orchid flora we have observed. Despite a moderate spatial extent, we found that the Beipan River Basin harbors about 249 native orchid species belonging to 74 genera, equivalent to 14.5% of orchid flora of China. Orchid species richness in this area follows a descending gradient from the southeast to the northwest, 70.41% of its variation among grid cells can be explained by environmental factors and spatial variables, and spatial variables accounted for 63.90% of the spatial variation of orchid distribution, indicating that spatial variables played a dominant role in the distribution of wild orchidaceae species richness. In addition, the main environmental driver is the mean temperature of the wettest quarter. Our study provides a good example for revealing the main drivers of orchid distribution characteristics, and has a certain reference value for the development of orchid conservation strategies.</p>
Dietary adaptations along the Northern limit of distribution: What does the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) eat in Norway? Metabarcoding of stomach content and visual analysis of faeces
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Niche conservatism limits the distribution of Medicago in the tropics
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Data from: Is there a disease-free halo at species range limits? The co-distribution of anther-smut disease and its host species
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Data from: Climate limitation at the cold edge – contrasting perspectives from species distribution modelling and a transplant experiment
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Data from: Declining demographic performance and dispersal limitation influence the geographic distribution of the perennial forb, Astragalus utahensis (fabaceae)
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Data from: Pre-dispersal seed predation and pollen limitation constrain population growth across the geographic distribution of Astragalus utahensis
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