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Fig. 11 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)

Fig. 11. Equal area plots, Zijderveld diagrams and thermomagnetic curves for samples of the Hajigabul section. Equal are plots for: B. The low temperature component (20 oC-300 o C, LT_N): in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); E. All normal ChRM directions - in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); F. All reversed ChRM directions - in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); G. All mean directions for all reversed (MT_R and HT_R), all normal (HT_N and MT_N) and LT_N groups; L. Remagnetized samples marked as "Full overprint" (FO) - in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); A, C, H- Characteristic Zijderveld diagrams for various samples. D, M - thermomagnetic runs for various samples; Zijderveld diagrams with separate (H) and overlapped (I) demagnetization of two components. J - Zijderveld diagram given for one sample measured with different techniques: th - thermally demagnetized, af - demagnetized in alternating field.

Fig. 6 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)

Fig. 6. Equal area plots, Zijderveld diagrams and thermomagnetic curves for samples from the Goychay section. Equal area plots for: B. The low temperature component (20 o C-300 o C, LT_N): all LT_N direction in situ and in tectonic coordinates; C. Isolated group of LT_N directions; E. The medium temperature component with reversed directions (330 o C-400 oC, MT_R), in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); I. High temperature component (440 o C-580 o C (670 oC), HT_R) with reversed directions, in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); J. High temperaturecomponent (440 o C-580 o C (670 oC), HT_N) with normal directions, in situ and in tectonic coordinates (tc); N. All reversed direction (MT_R and HT_R) in tectonic coordinates; O. All mean directions for all reversed (MT_R and HT_R), LT_N and HT_N groups; A, D, G and H - characteristic Zijderveld diagrams; F, K, L and M - characteristic thermomagnetic runs for various samples.

Fig. 5. Selected gastropods from the Goychay section. A in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)

Fig. 5. Selected gastropods from the Goychay section. A. Theodoxus pallasi; B. Theodoxus pallasi; C. Laevicaspia sp. D. Laevicaspia subcaspia; E. Caspia apsheronica; F. Caspia sp.; G. Clessiniola cf. subvariabilis; H. Ecrobia cf. grimmi; I. Laevicaspia subcaspia; J. Melanopsis bergeroni; K. Lymnaea sp.; L. Turricaspia sp.; M. Laevicaspia sp.; N. Streptocerella sp.; O. Gyraulus sp.; P. Valvata sp. (Scale bars 1 mm).

Fig. 4 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)

Fig. 4. Selected bivalve species and charophyta from the Goychay section: A. Dreissena carinatocurva; B. Dreissena rostriformis; C. Dreissena polymorpha; D. Pseudocatillus sp.; E. Didacnomya sp.; F. Apscheronia propinqua; G. Corbicula fluminea (paired bivalve); H. Corbicula fluminea; I. Monodacna sp. 1; J. Monodacna sp. 1; K. Adacna sp; L. Oogonium of charophyta. (Scale bars 1 mm).

Fig. 10. Middle Pleistocene Didacna species from the Hajigabul section. Scale bar 5 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)

Fig. 10. Middle Pleistocene Didacna species from the Hajigabul section. Scale bar 5 mm. A-B. Didacna bergi (1954 m, early Khazarian); C-G. D. parvula (1795 m, Late Bakunian); H-I. D. cf carditoides (1795 m, Late Bakunian); J-K. Didacna sp (1795 m, Late Bakunian).

Fig. 9 in Magneto-biostratigraphic age constraints on the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the South Caspian basin during the Early-Middle Pleistocene (Kura basin, Azerbaijan)

Fig. 9. Mollusc fauna from the Akchagylian clay interval in the Hajigabul section. Scale bar 5 mm. (a). Cardiidae sp. A. (428 m); (b-d). Cardiidae sp. B. (395 m); (e-g). Cardiidae sp. (395 m); (h, i). Avicardium nikitini (395 m); ((i) is a reconstruction); (j) Pirenella caspia (288 m).

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Vegetation Maps of the Early Pleistocene Guadix-Baza Basin

Following a methodology based on fossil material, paleogeographic data and paleoclimate calculations allows generating maps of the Early Pleistocene vegetation units of Guadix-Baza Basin for both glacial and interglacial scenarios. The resulting vegetation maps represent a great diversity of vegetation types in the Guadix-Baza Basin, with seven different units which change their distribution according to climatic changes, i.e., dry (glacial) and humid (interglacial) periods. During dry periods the dominant vegetation type is the steppe, with Mediterranean woodlands and deciduous and conifer forests largely reduced and restricted to valleys or mountainous areas. During humid periods, the steppes are replaced by open Mediterranean woodlands, while deciduous and conifer forests occupy larger areas in the mountain ranges. For additional information check the publication: Altolaguirre, Y., Schulz, M., Gibert, L., Bruch, A.A., 2021. Mapping Early Pleistocene environments and the availability of plant food as a potential driver of early Homo presence in the Guadix-Baza Basin (Spain). Journal of Human Evolution, ----.

FIGURE 15 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 15. Comparison of the skull and dentary of extant Castor canadensis (MVZ 80744) and C. fiber (USNM 248154) to fossil C. californicus (USNM 26154). Note that the North American species C. canadensis and C. californicus share shorter nasals, wider occiput, and more posteriorly positioned orbits than Eurasian C. fiber; both also display more anterior placement of the anterior margin of the pterygoid insertion and greater spread of the posterior processes (coronoid, condylar, angular) than C. fiber.

FIGURE 14 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 14. Variation line graph calculated by coefficients of variation with sample size correction for Castor canadensis and C. californicus postcranial measurements. Note that C. fiber is excluded due to limited sampling. Castor canadensis and C. californicus both contains high levels of variation in postcranial elements. See Table 17 for descriptive statistics, coefficients of variation, and ANOVA results.

FIGURE 13 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 13. Boxplots for (A) articular width of humeral distal end (HDAW), (B) femoral epicondylar breadth (FeEB), (C) anteroposterior diameter of tibia distal epiphysis (TDEAPD), (D) anteroposterior diameter of third metatarsal (MT3APD), and (E) mediolateral diameter of fourth metatarsal (MT4MLD) of Castor canadensis and C. californicus, which exhibit differences in mean values and no overlap in range values. See Table 17 for descriptive statistics, coefficients of variation, and ANOVA results.

FIGURE 12 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 12. Boxplots for (A) anteroposterior diameter of femur (FeAPD) and (B) mediolateral diameter of tibia distal epiphysis (TDEMLD) of Castor canadensis and C. californicus, which exhibit differences in mean values and minimal overlap in range values. See Table 17 for descriptive statistics, coefficients of variation, and ANOVA results.

FIGURE 9 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 9. Canonical variate plot for analysis of dentary data with Castor californicus treated as a distinct taxon a priori. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.

FIGURE 11 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 11. Dendrogram of dentary hierarchical cluster analysis. Specimens used in analysis are labeled by species and catalog number.

FIGURE 8 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 8. Histogram of canonical variate scores for analysis of dentary data with Castor californicus treated as an unknown. The x axis depicts shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids. The y axis indicates the frequency of canonical variate scores among studied taxa.

FIGURE 7 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 7. Canonical variate plot for analysis of cranial data with Castor californicus treated as a distinct taxon a priori. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.

FIGURE 1 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 1. Late Miocene through Late Pleistocene fossil localities of Castor across North America. Locality points obtained from NOW database of Fossil Mammals.

FIGURE 5 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 5. Relative warp plot for the dentary. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.

FIGURE 6 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 6. Histogram of canonical variate scores for analysis of cranial data with Castor californicus treated as an unknown. The x axis depicts shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids. The y axis indicates the frequency of canonical variate scores among studied taxa.

FIGURE 4 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 4. Relative warp plot for the lateral view of the cranium. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.

FIGURE 3 in Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America

FIGURE 3. Relative warp plot for the dorsal view of the cranium. Axes depict shape variation, associated with landmark deformations, indicated by thin plate splines deformation grids.