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143 results for “Ectotherm”
Data from: Soilscapes of mortality risk suggest a Goldilocks effect for overwintering ectotherms
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Data from: Heat tolerance in ectotherms scales predictably with body size
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>This study analyses how heat stress varies with body size in ectothermic organisms. The analytical approach is based on thermal death time (TDT) curves, which take into consideration both the intensity and the duration of a thermal stress, and result in a linear relationship between temperature and the logarithm of time. We analyzed two separate heat tolerance datasets measured in mollusk, arthropod, fish, amphibian and reptile species, covering nearly 9 orders of magnitude in size. Datasets ware intrinsically different but ultimately convey the same type of information on thermal tolerance. The first dataset comprised individual measurements of heat stress (i.e., data points expressed in temperature and time coordinates) whereas the second dataset described the intercept and slope of TDT curves. In both cases, smaller organisms exhibited a higher tolerance to an acute heat stress than larger ones, but their tolerance declined faster in time.We then combined the results from our scaling analyses with geographic information to quantify thermal safety margins standardized by mass and time. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
The biogeography of thermal risk for terrestrial ectotherms: scaling of thermal tolerance with body size and latitude
1. Many organisms are shrinking in size in response to global warming. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linking body size and temperature of organisms across their geographical ranges. Here we investigate the biophysical mechanisms determining the scaling of body temperature with size across latitudes in terrestrial ectotherms. 2. Using biophysical models, we simulated operative temperatures experienced by lizard-like ectotherms as a function of microclimatic variables, body mass and latitude and use them to generate null predictions for the effect of size on temperature across geographical gradients. We then compared model predictions against empirical data on lizards' field body temperature (Tb), and thermal tolerance limits (CTmax and CTmin). 3. Our biophysical models predicted that the allometric scaling of operative temperatures with body size varies with latitude, with a positive relationship at low latitudes that vanishes with increasing latitude. The analyses of thermal traits of lizards show a significant interaction of body size and latitude on Tb and CTmax and no effect of body mass on CTmin, consistent with model's predictions. The estimated scaling coefficients are within the ranges predicted by the biophysical model. The effect of body mass, however, becomes non-significant after controlling for the phylogenetic relatedness between species. 4. We propose that large-bodied terrestrial ectotherms exhibit higher risk of overheating at low latitudes, while size differences in thermal sensitivity vanish towards higher latitudes. 5. Our work highlights the potential of combining mechanistic models with empirical data to investigate the mechanisms underpinning broad-scale patterns and ultimately provide a null model to develop baseline expectations for further empirical research. 08-Jan-2020
Data from: Seasonality determines patterns of growth and age structure over a geographic gradient in an ectothermic vertebrate
<p>Environmental variation connected with sea- sonality is likely to affect the evolution of life-history strategies in ectotherms, but there is no consensus as to how important life-history traits like body size are influ- enced by environmental variation along seasonal gradients. We compared adult body size, skeletal growth, mean age, age at first reproduction and longevity among 11 common frog (<em>Rana temporaria</em>) populations sampled along a 1,600-km-long latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. Mean age, age at first reproduction and longevity increased linearly with decreasing growth season length. Lifetime activity (i.e. the estimated number of active days during life-time) was highest at mid-latitudes and females had on average more active days throughout their lives than males. Variation in body size was due to differences in lifetime activity among populations—individuals (especially females) were largest where they had the longest cumula- tive activity period—as well as to differences between populations in skeletal growth rate as determined by skel- etochronological analyses. Especially, males grew faster at intermediate latitudes. While life-history trait variation was strongly associated with latitude, the direction and shape of these relationships were sex- and trait-specific. These context-dependent relationships may be the result of life- history trade-offs enforced by differences in future reproductive opportunities and time constraints among the populations. Thus, seasonality appears to be an important environmental factor shaping life-history trait variation in common frogs.</p>
Inferring current and Last Glacial Maximum distributions are improved by physiology-relevant climatic variables in cold-adapted ectotherms
<p>Table with the occurrence data at 10 min resolution (~20 x 20 km) for <em>Vipera berus</em> and <em>Zootoca vivipara</em>, used in Guillon et al. 2024, Inferring current and Last Glacial Maximum distributions are improved by physiology-relevant climatic variables in cold-adapted ectotherms. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14828">https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.14828</a></p>
Energy management strategies for ectothermic vertebrates: temperature and heart rate as independent proxies
<p>Filtered data used for analysis of energy management strategies in three different species. R script provides an example of the across- and within-individual analysis. </p>
Data from: Two stressors are worse than one: combined heatwave and drought affect hydration state and glucocorticoid levels in a temperate ectotherm
<p>Data sets from the paper: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243777">https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.243777</a> "Two stressors are worse than one: combined heatwave and drought affect hydration state and glucocorticoid levels in a temperate ectotherm" by Dezetter et al. 2022 ; Journal of Experimental Biology</p> <p> </p>
TRPM8 thermosensation in ectotherms mediates both skin colour and locomotor performance responses to cold temperature
<p>Thermoregulation is a homeostatic process to maintain an organism's internal temperature within a physiological range compatible with life. In ectotherms, body temperature fluctuates with that of the environment, with both physiological and behavioral responses employed to modify body temperature. Changing skin colour/reflectance and locomotor activity are both well-recognized temperature regulatory mechanisms, but little is known of the participating thermosensor/s. We find that <em>Xenopus laevis</em> tadpoles put in the cold exhibit a temperature-dependent and rapid melanosome aggregation in melanophores, which lightens the skin. To identify the cold-sensor, we focused on <em>transient receptor potential</em> (trp) channel genes from group 1 (TRPA, TRPM, TRPV and TRPC families). Of particular interest were TRPM family members, known as cold sensors. mRNAs for several TRPMs are present in <em>Xenopus</em> tails, and TRPM8 protein is present in skin melanophores. Temperature-induced melanosome aggregation is mimicked by the Trpm8 agonist menthol (WS12) and blocked by the Trpm8 antagonist PF05105679. The degree of skin lightening induced by cooling or the WS12 TRPM8 agonist correlates with the extent of alterations in locomotor performance. We propose that TRPM8 serves as a cool thermosensor in ectotherms that helps coordinate skin lightening and behavioural locomotor performance as adaptive thermoregulatory responses to cold.</p>
Data from: Between the Cape Fold Mountains and the deep blue sea: comparative phylogeography of selected codistributed ectotherms reveals asynchronous cladogenesis. Sampling locations and MaxEnt input files
<p><span>We compare the phylogeographic structure of thirteen codistributed ectotherms including four reptiles (a snake, a legless skink and two tortoise species) and nine invertebrates (six freshwater crabs and three velvet worm species) to test the presence of congruent evolutionary histories. </span><span>Phylogenies were estimated and dated using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods with combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence datasets. </span><span>All taxa demonstrated a marked east/west phylogeographic division, separated by the Cape Fold Mountain range.</span><span> <span>Phylogeographic concordance factors were calculated to assess the degree of evolutionary congruence among the study species and </span></span><span>generally supported a shared pattern of diversification along the east/west longitudinal axis</span><span>. Testing simultaneous divergence between the eastern and western phylogeographic regions indicated </span><span>pseudo-congruent evolutionary histories among the study taxa, with at least three separate divergence events throughout the Mio/Plio/Pleistocene epochs.</span><span> <span>Climatic refugia were identified for each species using climatic niche modeling, </span></span><span>demonstrating taxon-specific responses to climatic fluctuations. Climate and the Cape Fold Mountain barrier explained the highest proportion of genetic diversity in all taxa, while climate was the most significant individual abiotic variable. </span><span>This study highlights the complex interactions between the Cape Fold Mountains and past climatic oscillations during the Mio/Plio/Pleistocene. The congruent east/west phylogeographic division observed in all taxa lends support to the conclusion that the longitudinal climatic gradient within the Greater Cape Floristic Region, mediated in part by the barrier to dispersal posed by the Cape Fold Mountains, plays a major role in lineage diversification and population differentiation.</span></p>
A common temperature dependence of nutritional demands in ectotherms
<p>In this dataset we show experimental results of the thermal dependencies of nutrient requirements of some aquatic ectotherms. We present the thermal response of the carbon:phosphorus threshold elemental ratio, growth, respiration, ingestion rate, gross growth efficiency of carbon and phosphorus.</p>
Heat tolerance of marine ectotherms in a warming Antarctica
<p><span>Global warming is affecting the Antarctic continent in complex ways. Because Antarctic organisms are specialized to living in the cold, they are vulnerable to increasing temperatures, though quantitative analyses of this issue are currently lacking. Here we compiled a total of 184 estimates of heat tolerance belonging to 39 marine species and quantified how survival is affected concomitantly by the intensity and duration of a thermal stress. Species exhibit thermal limits displaced towards colder temperatures, with contrasting strategies between arthropods and fish that exhibit low tolerance to acute heat challenges, and brachiopods, echinoderms and molluscs that tend to be more sensitive to chronic exposure. These differences might be associated with mobility. A dynamic mortality model suggests that Antarctic organisms already encounter temperatures that might be physiologically stressful and indicate that these ecological communities are indeed vulnerable to ongoing rising temperatures.</span></p>
Diverse aging rates in ectothermic tetrapods provide insights for the evolution of aging and longevity
<p>Comparative studies of mortality in the wild are necessary to understand the evolution of aging, yet ectothermic tetrapods are under-represented in this comparative landscape despite their suitability for testing evolutionary hypotheses. We present a study of aging rates and longevity across wild tetrapod ectotherms, utilizing data from 107 populations (77 species) of non-avian reptiles and amphibians. We test hypotheses of how thermoregulatory mode, temperature, protective phenotypes, and pace of life history contribute to demographic aging. Controlling for phylogeny and body size, ectotherms display a higher diversity of aging rates than endotherms and include phylogenetically widespread evidence of negligible aging. Protective phenotypes and life-history strategies further explain macroevolutionary patterns of aging. By adding ectothermic tetrapods, our comparative analyses enhance our understanding of the evolution of aging.</p>
Data from: Usefulness and limitations of thermal performance curves in predicting ectotherm development under global change
1. Thermal performance curves (TPCs) have been estimated in multiple temperate ectotherm species and used to predict the effect of global warming. However, TPCs are typically assessed under constant temperature regimes, so their reliability for predicting thermal responses in the wild where temperature fluctuates diurnally and seasonally remains poorly documented. 2. Here we use distant latitudinal populations of five species of sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) from the temperate region (Europe, North Africa, North America) to compare estimates derived from constant TPCs with observed development rate under fluctuating temperatures in laboratory and field conditions. 3. TPCs changed across gradients in that flies originating from higher latitudes or altitudes showed accelerated development, an adaptive response. TPCs were then used to predict development rates observed under fluctuating temperatures; these predictions were relatively accurate in the laboratory but not in the field. Interestingly, the precision of TPC-predictions depended not only on the resolution of temperature data, with diurnal and overall temperature summing performing better than hourly temperature summing, but also on the frequency of temperatures falling below the estimated critical minimum temperature. Hourly temperature resolution most strongly underestimated actual development rates, because flies apparently either did not stop growing when temperatures dropped below this threshold, or they speed up their growth when the temperature rises again, thus most severely reflecting this error. 4. We conclude that when flies do not encounter cold temperatures, TPC-predictions based on constant temperatures can accurately reflect performance under fluctuating temperatures if adequately adjusted for non-linearities, but when they encounter cold temperatures this method is more error-prone. 5. Our study emphasizes the importance of the resolution of temperature data and cold temperatures in shaping thermal reaction norms, thus improving predictions of the responses of ectotherms to climate change in the age of big data and citizen science.
Limited plasticity in thermally tolerant ectotherm populations: evidence for a trade-off
<p></p><p>Many species face extinction risks owing to climate change, and there is an urgent need to identify which species' populations will be most vulnerable. Plasticity in heat tolerance, which includes acclimation or hardening, occurs when prior exposure to a warmer temperature changes an organism's upper thermal limit. The capacity for thermal acclimation could provide protection against warming, but prior work has found few generalizable patterns to explain variation in this trait. Here, we report the results of, to our knowledge, the first meta-analysis to examine within-species variation in thermal plasticity, using results from 20 studies (19 species) that quantified thermal acclimation capacities across 78 populations. We used meta-regression to evaluate two leading hypotheses. The climate variability hypothesis predicts that populations from more thermally variable habitats will have greater plasticity, while the trade-off hypothesis predicts that populations with the lowest heat tolerance will have the greatest plasticity. Our analysis indicates strong support for the trade-off hypothesis because populations with greater thermal tolerance had reduced plasticity. These results advance our understanding of variation in populations' susceptibility to climate change and imply that populations with the highest thermal tolerance may have limited phenotypic plasticity to adjust to ongoing climate warming.</p><p></p>
Cardiovascular contributions and energetic costs of thermoregulation in ectothermic vertebrates
<p>Unfiltered data used in the manuscript with file descriptions. Includes R script and example datasets for reproducing figure 1, as well as animating figure 1 for the box turtle and painted turtle (body temperature - black solid line, ambient temperature - black dotted line, and heart rate - red solid line).</p>
Can behavior and physiology mitigate effects of warming on ectotherms? A test in urban ants
<p>1. Global climate change is expected to have pervasive effects on the diversity and distribution of species, particularly ectotherms whose body temperatures depend on environmental temperatures. However, these impacts remain difficult to predict, in part because ectotherms may adapt or acclimate to novel conditions or may use behavioral thermoregulation to reduce their exposure to stressful microclimates.</p> <p>2. Here we examine the potential for physiological and behavioral changes to mitigate effects of environmental warming on five species of ants in a temperate forest habitat subject to urban warming.</p> <p>3. We worked in eight urban and eight non-urban forest sites in North Carolina, USA; sites experienced a 1.1°C range of mean summer air temperatures. At each site, we documented species-specific microclimates (ant operative temperatures, T<sub>e</sub>) and ant activity on a transect of 14 bait stations at three times of day. In the laboratory, we measured upper thermal tolerance (CT<sub>max</sub>) and thermal preference (T<sub>pref</sub>) for each focal species. We then asked whether thermal traits shifted at hotter sites, and whether ants avoided non-preferred microclimates in the field.</p> <p>4. CTmax and T<sub>pref</sub> did not increase at warmer sites, indicating that these populations did not adapt or acclimate to urban warming. Consistent with behavioral thermoregulation, four of the five species were less likely to occupy baits where T<sub>e</sub> departed from T<sub>pref</sub>. Apparent thermoregulation resulted from fixed diel activity patterns that helped ants avoid the most inappropriate temperatures but did not compensate for daily or spatial temperature variation: Hotter sites had hotter ants.</p> <p>5. This study uses a novel approach to detect behavioral thermoregulation and sublethal warming in foraging insects. The results suggest that adaptation and behavior may not protect common temperate forest ants from a warming climate, and highlight the need to evaluate effects of chronic, sublethal warming on small ectotherms.</p>
Data from: Reproducing in hot water: experimental heatwaves deteriorate multiple reproductive traits in a freshwater ectotherm
<p>Heatwaves are occurring at an increasing frequency and intensity under ongoing climate change. With many reproductive traits – including mating behaviour and gamete traits– being sensitive even to small stressors, including short temperature changes, the impact of heatwaves on reproduction and sexual selection processes is likely to be vast. Also, understanding whether the sexes may differentially respond to these extreme events is crucial to understand the impact on fecundity and the consequence at the population level. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the effects of heatwaves on these key aspects of an animal life is still limited. Here, we expose recently mated male and female guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to an experimental heatwave (32°C, 6°C above the control, for 5 days) to determine its effects on several traits, including sexual behaviour, condition, ornamentation, and fertility. Using this design, in contrast to most other experimental set ups, we had the possibility to attribute the effects of the heatwave to males' and females' reproductive traits independently. Overall, our results indicate that heatwaves can drastically affect key reproductive traits and unravel sex-specific responses. In males, there was no effect of the heatwave on survival, but both pre- and post-copulatory reproductive traits were affected. After the heatwave, we detected a decrease in orange colouration (the most important ornament on which female choice is based) and the overall level of sexual activity, and a shift in the preferred mating tactic towards forced copulation attempts. The latter suggest implications in sexual conflict dynamics, as forced copulations override female mate choice. Also, after the heatwave, males had more sperm but of lower quality, and, in addition, an increased variance in sperm number. Overall, heatwaves may result in a compromised ability to secure mating and fertilization. In females, the heatwave significantly affected survival, with increased mortality in the short term, and impaired fecundity, with many females from the heatwave treatment not reproducing at all. The negative effects of heatwaves on key reproductive traits unravelled by our study could have major implications for population dynamics and persistence. It highlights the need for further studies on these extreme events on reproduction, to improve our understanding of the impacts of climate change.</p>
Oxygen availability and body mass modulate ectotherm responses to ocean warming
<p>Data and analysis scripts for the following publication: Duncan et al. In press. Oxygen availability and body mass regulate ectotherm responses to ocean warming. Nature communications</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Analysis_script.R</em> is the R script to carry out the main analysis in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>data.csv</em> is the physiology data to carry out the main analysis in the manuscript.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>current_bottom_oxy_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>current_bottom_salt_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>current_bottom_temp_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_oxy_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_salt_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p><em>future_bottom_temp_monthly.Rda</em> is an environmental layer used to carry out the distribution modelling in the manuscript.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>raw respirometry data.zip</em> is the raw respirometry data collected during the experiments for the manuscript.</p> <p><em>raw_meta_data.xlsx</em> is the meta data related to the respirometry data collected during the experiments.</p> <p><em>raw_resp_data_script.R</em> is the R script to quantify physiological metrics from experimental data.</p>
The role of body mass in limiting post heat-coma recovery ability in terrestrial ectotherms
<p>Under global warming, animal species show shrinking body size responses to heat, cascading into deep changes in community structure and ecosystem functions. Although the exact physiological mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unsolved, smaller individuals are expected to benefit from warming climate conditions more than larger ones.</p> <p>Heat-coma, a physiological state with severe consequences on locomotion ability, is often considered an "ecological death" scenario under which individuals are unable to escape and are exposed to predation, further heat injury, and other hazards. Species are expected to increasingly encounter heat-coma temperature thresholds under warming, and body size may be an important trait for thermoregulation in particular for ectotherms. The relationship between heat-coma and shrinking body size, however, remains unclear. Yet, recovery after short-term heat-coma is possible, and little is known about its importance in thermal adaptation and how organismal size changes respond to post heat-coma recovery.</p> <p>Here, we used ants, a classic model in ecophysiology, and first set an <em>in situ</em> experiment to examine the fate of heat-comatose individuals under field conditions to understand associated benefits of post heat-coma recovery. Then we quantified ants' recovery ability after heat-coma using a coma-inducing dynamic thermal assay and asked if thermal resilience varies between species with different body mass.</p> <p>Our results confirm that heat-coma represents an inherent ecological death with recovery after heat coma limiting predator capture. Additionally, following phylogenetic signals inclusion, organisms with small mass were more likely to recover, supporting the temperature-size rule and of recent studies supporting a decrease in body size composition of ectotherm community under warmer climatic conditions. Body size as a fundamental trait in ecology thus affects ectotherm survival in extreme hot conditions, with our findings suggesting how temperature stress could ultimately affect species' body size and community composition.</p>
Data from: Mother knows best: Nest-site choice homogenizes embryo thermal environments among populations in a widespread ectotherm
<p><span>Species with large geographic ranges provide an excellent model of how different populations respond to dissimilar local conditions, particularly variation in climate. Maternal effects, such as oviposition-site choice greatly affect offspring phenotypes and survival. Thus, maternal behavior has the potential to mitigate the effects of divergent climatic conditions across a species' range. We delineated natural nesting areas of six populations of painted turtles (<em>Chrysemys picta</em>) that span a broad latitudinal range and quantified spatial and temporal variation in nest characteristics. To quantify microhabitats available for females to choose, we also identified sites within the nesting area of each location that were representative of available thermal microhabitats. Across the range females nested non-randomly and targeted microhabitats that generally had less canopy cover and thus higher nest temperatures. Nest microhabitats differed among locations but did not predictably vary with latitude or historic mean air temperature during embryonic development. In conjunction with other studies of these populations, nest-site choice appears to be homogenizing nest environments, buffering embryos from thermally-induced selection, which could stymie evolution of embryonic traits. Thus, although effective at a macroclimatic scale, nest-site choice may be unable to compensate for novel stressors that rapidly increase local temperatures.</span></p>
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