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66 results for “Enlightenment”
仏と悟り ボードガヤー大菩提寺、金剛宝座出土の宝物 The Buddha and Enlightenment : Precious Treasures from the Diamond Throne
<p>仏と悟り<br> ボードガヤー大菩提寺、金剛宝座出土の宝物</p> <p>The Buddha and Enlightenment : Precious Treasures from the Diamond Throne</p>
FIGURE 3 in "Species imperfecte cognita"-enlightening Paepalanthus cordatus (Eriocaulaceae): nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on an endangered species from central Brazil
FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution map of Paepalanthus cordatus. Confirmed species records are represented by black dots and the estimated record is represented by a blue dot. The blue line represents the limits of the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park.
FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus cordatus. A in "Species imperfecte cognita"-enlightening Paepalanthus cordatus (Eriocaulaceae): nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on an endangered species from central Brazil
FIGURE 2. Paepalanthus cordatus. A. Habitat in the Pouso Alto region, Alto Paraíso de Goiás (GO). B. Habitat in the Vereda do Mulungu region, Alto Paraíso de Goiás (GO). C. Habit, individual growing at higher elevations. D. Habit, individuals growing at lower elevations. E. Capitulum, floral disc detail. F. Capitulum, involucral bracts detail. G. Elongated axis bracts. H. Rosette detail. I. Leaf apex detail. (Photos: M. Trovó).
FIGURE 1 in "Species imperfecte cognita"-enlightening Paepalanthus cordatus (Eriocaulaceae): nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on an endangered species from central Brazil
FIGURE 1. Paepalanthus cordatus (from Trovó et al. 478). A. Habit. B. Habit detail, highlighting the leaf apex. C. Involucral bract, abaxial surface. D. Staminate flower. E. Floral bract, abaxial surface. F. Staminate flower with sepals removed and corolla opened. G. Pistillate flower. H. Sepal of the pistillate flower, abaxial surface. I. Petal of the pistillate flower, abaxial surface. J. Gynoecium. (Illustration: Klei Sousa).
Combining molecular data sets with strongly heterogeneous taxon coverage enlightens the peculiar biogeographic history of stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera)
<p class="Standard1">Extant members of the ancient insect order of stoneflies exhibit a disjunct, antitropical distribution, with one major lineage exclusively occurring in the Southern Hemisphere and the other, with few exceptions, on the Northern continents. Here, we address the biogeographic distribution and phylogenetic relationships of stoneflies using a phylogenetic workflow that combines both transcriptomic and Sanger sequence datasets with heterogeneous taxon coverage. We used a dataset comprising 2997 genes derived from the transcriptomes of 30 species and Sanger sequences of seven genes for 498 species. The backbone phylogeny was mainly inferred from the transcriptomic data, whereas the Sanger nucleotide sequence data provided high species density for divergence time estimation and diversification analyses. Our results show that the biogeographic pattern we observe today is primarily more likely shaped by long-distance over-land dispersal than by vicariance. We inferred that the ancestors of extant stoneflies originated in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 265 Ma and were presumably restricted to this area due to climatic and geographic boundaries. Our analyses suggest that with the break-up of Pangaea around 200 Ma and the associated climatic and geographical changes, two groups of stoneflies, the Anarctoperlaria and the Notonemouridae, dispersed to Gondwana and subsequently went extinct on the northern continents. Both groups likely dispersed across Gondwana before its break-up into the modern continents. At least one member of another group of 'northern' stoneflies, the Acroneuriinae, seems to have migrated from North America to South America around 67 Ma. We found four major net diversification rate shifts, indicating rapid radiation patterns that hampered a robust phylogenetic placement of these stonefly groups. Our study provides the first conclusive evolutionary explanation for the unique distribution pattern of stoneflies.</p>
Figure 9 in REVIEW Exploring annelids in the age of Enlightenment and beyond: classification and bioluminescence
Figure 9. Known geographical distribution of the bioluminescent Siberian enchytraeid Fridericia heliota Zalesskaja, 1990 (from now on, Pallas's worm). Star indicates record by P. S. Pallas in August 1772. Dots indicate type locality and subsequent records by V. N. Petushkov and N. S. Rodionova (cited by Rota et al., 2018).
Figure 6. Plate 1 in REVIEW Exploring annelids in the age of Enlightenment and beyond: classification and bioluminescence
Figure 6. Plate 1 of Müller (1771), showing his Nais proboscidea or 'gezüngelte Naide' (now Stylaria lacustris). In subfigure2, the entire worm is shown in microscopic detail and recognized as a chain of five zooids in various stages of development.
Figure 3 in REVIEW Exploring annelids in the age of Enlightenment and beyond: classification and bioluminescence
Figure 3. Plate XCII of Rösel von Rosenhof (1755), showing the 'little snakes of Mercury' [now Ophidonais serpentina (Müller, 1774)], a non-swimming worm species often seen coiled around the roots of duckweed, resembling the staff carried by Mercury, and capable of architomic regeneration.
Figure 1 in REVIEW Exploring annelids in the age of Enlightenment and beyond: classification and bioluminescence
Figure 1. Plate LXXVIII of Rösel von Rosenhof (1755), showing the 'small water snake with a long tongue-like tentacle' [now Stylaria lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758)]. In subfigures 15–18, the worm is shown free-swimming or caught by the tentacles of an 'orangeyellow polyp with long horn-shaped arms' (the brown hydra, Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766). Worms in paratomic division, such as that illustrated in subfigure 17, were misinterpreted as the conjunction of individuals for either beneficial or aggressive purposes.
Figure 8 in REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research
Figure 8. Spallanzani's observations on the sexual reproduction and regeneration of manure earthworms [Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826)] as depicted in his laboratory notebooks (Spallanzani, 2003). A, mating. B, cocoon. C, secondary regeneration of the caudal region.
Figure 8 in REVIEW Exploring annelids in the age of Enlightenment and beyond: classification and bioluminescence
Figure 8. Georges Cuvier, 'lumbricus terrestris', 1792, drawing, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Fonds Cuvier, Ms 615 (4), f. 711 (© Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle).
Figure 7 in REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research
Figure 7. Spallanzani's observations on his 'lombrico a batello', or 'boat-worm' (Criodrilus lacuum Hoffmeister, 1845). A, B, respiratory posture, with the head buried in the mud and the tail floating on the water surface. C, close-up of the richly vascular tail. D, E, regeneration of the caudal region and reforming of the anus. A, C–E, reproduced from Spallanzani (2003). B, reproduced from Biagi (1958: 108).
Figure 6 in REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research
Figure 6. Circulatory apparatus of the earthworm as depicted in Spallanzani's laboratory notebooks (Spallanzani, 2003). A, mid-body dorsal dissection showing the dorsal vessel (ef) running above the gut and giving off segmentally paired median (xx) and adseptal (rr) branches. B, the richly vascular 'gizzard' (= calciferous glands); (qo) dorsal vessel, 'having two lateral branches which spread blood threads laterally, that by their parallelism do a beautiful work'. C, the ventral nerve cord and branched lateral nerves. D, the subneural vessel and lateroneural blood vessels, giving off branches at internodes and nodes of nerve cord, respectively. E, the ventral blood vessel (ao) and its five paired lateral 'bags' (= oesophageal hearts) (cc, dd, ee, ff and gg) descending from the dorsal vessel: 'blood can very openly be seen filling the bags of the back one after the other, which at that time become bigger and swollen, and this swelling is seen progressing up to the last dorsal bags. If then the earthworm turns its belly, then one can see in the belly bags an equal swelling'. F, the ventral blood vessel and its sinuous course in comparison to the straight course of the subneural vessel, seen in vivo by transparency.
Figure 2 in REVIEW Exploring annelids in the age of Enlightenment and beyond: classification and bioluminescence
Figure 2. Plate LXXIX of Rösel von Rosenhof (1755), showing the same worm species as Figure 1 subdued and ingested by more polyps.
Figure 5 in REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research
Figure 5. Body wall of the earthworm as sketched in Spallanzani's laboratory notebooks (Spallanzani, 2003). A, dorsal dissection showing the inner ventral side of body wall after removal of the gut, nerve cord, blood vessels and peritoneum: here, the 'veil' of circular muscles and the underlying longitudinal muscles would be 'a continuous fabric' if they were not interrupted by the four series of ventral chaetae. Such fabric in the 'ephippium' (= clitellum) (rxmo) could not be seen clearly. B, ventral dissection showing, after removal of the gut and other organs, the inner dorsal side of the body wall, with middorsal coelomic pores (cccc) and right dorsolateral chaetae (ou). 'Here the musculature has roughly the same structure as in the belly example.' C, dorsal dissection showing, after removal of the gut, the sinuous ventral vessel (rs) and its intraseptal lateral branches (ce).
Figure 5 in REVIEW Exploring annelids in the age of Enlightenment and beyond: classification and bioluminescence
Figure 5. Plate III of Schäffer (1755), showing his 'Wasseraale', a mud-dwelling tubificine worm similar to those portrayed by Trembley (1744) and Bonnet (1745).
Figure 4. Plate 3, figure 8 in REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research
Figure 4. Plate 3, figure 8 of Bonnet (1745: partie 2) showing his 'Ver à tuyau des eaux douces' [Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774) according to Michaelsen (1900)].
Figure 3. Plate 1, figure 5 in REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research
Figure 3. Plate 1, figure 5 of Bonnet (1745: partie 2) showing his 'Ver longue aquatique d'un brun rougeâtre' [Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller, 1774) according to Michaelsen (1900)].
Figure 1 in REVIEW How the discovery of oligochaete regeneration during the Enlightenment was pivotal to the advancement of annelid research
Figure 1. Front page of the fourth Mémoire of Trembley (1744). Abraham Trembley carried out his observations and experiments on regeneration while employed as tutor to the children of Count Willem Bentinck at Sorgvlied estate, Holland.
Figure 7 in REVIEW Exploring annelids in the age of Enlightenment and beyond: classification and bioluminescence
Figure 7. Dritte Tabelle of Müller (1771). Figures IV and V show the 'Faden-Würm' or 'Lumbricus lineatus' [now Lumbricillus lineatus (Müller, 1774)], at natural and magnified size.
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