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62 results for “Eucalypt”
Fig. 2 in Reproductive Development Of The Tasmanian Eucalypt-Defoliating Beetles Chrysophtharta Agricola (Chapuis) And C. Bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Paropsini)
Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of the female reproductive system of Chrysophtharta bimaculata, where F = filament, O = ovariole, C = calyx, LO = lateral oviduct, CO = common oviduct, S = spermatheca, BC = bursa copulatrix, and the scale bar represents approximately 1 mm. Morphological differences between the reproductive systems of C. bimaculata and C. agricola are described in the text.
Fig. 3 in Reproductive Development Of The Tasmanian Eucalypt-Defoliating Beetles Chrysophtharta Agricola (Chapuis) And C. Bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Paropsini)
Fig. 3. Days at 21°C, 16L:8D for 100% of Chrysophtharta agricola males (dashed lines) and females (solid lines) to obtain clearyellow haemolymph (l) and small fat body (v) and for females to attain mature ovarioles (M).
Data from: Novel associations among insect herbivores and trees: drivers of occurrence and damage on pines and eucalypts
<p><span>List of novel associations beteween insects and pine and eucalypt trees recorded in these study (each row represents a single novel association). We detail characteristics of the insect species involved in each novel association, indicating their order, family, subfamily species, native biogeographic region (Afr: Afrotropic, AP: Austro-Pacific, IM: Indo-Malaya, Nea: Nearctic, Neo: Neotropic, Pal: Palearctic), non-native biogeographic region where it has established, feeding guild (W&PF: wood and phloem feeder, FF: foliage feeder, F&SF: fruit and seed feeders , SF: sap feeder, ShF: shoot feeder), specificity in host use (VP: very polyphagous, P: polyphagous, O: oligophagous, M: monophagous), impact (N: negligible, L-M: low-medium, H: high, LD: lack of data), and the tree condition (L: living, DD: dying or dead, D: exclusively dead). Information not available is indicated as N/A). We also detail the biogeographic region where the novel association was reported, the novel association type (NIET: native insect on exotic trees, EINT: exotic insect on native trees, EIET: exotic insect on exotic trees), the pine and eucalypt novel host involved in the association, and the phylogenetic relatedness between ancient and novel hostts both for pines and eucalypts (SG: same genus, SF: different genera of the same family, DF: different family). Colors were assigned for the<span> </span>insect species involved in: two new association (orange), three new association (yellow), four new association (pink), five new association (green).</span></p>
Evolutionary processes in an undescribed eucalypt: implications for the translocation of a critically endangered species
<p>Background and Aims Knowledge of the evolutionary processes responsible for the distribution of threatened and highly localised species is important for their conservation. Population genomics can provide insights into evolutionary processes to inform management practices, including the translocation of threatened plant species. In this study, we focus on a critically endangered eucalypt, Eucalyptus sp. Cattai, which is restricted to a 40 km 2 area of Sydney, Australia and is threatened by increased urbanisation. Eucalyptus sp. Cattai is yet to be formally described in part due to its suspected hybrid origin. Here, we examined evolutionary processes and species boundaries in E. sp. Cattai to determine whether translocation was warranted. Methods We used genome-wide scans to investigate the evolutionary relationships of E. sp. Cattai with related species, and to assess levels of genetic health and admixture. Morphological trait and genomic data were obtained from seedlings of E. sp. Cattai propagated in a common garden to assess their genetic provenance and hybrid status. Key Results All analyses revealed that E. sp. Cattai was strongly supported as a distinct species. Genetic diversity varied across populations, and clonality was unexpectedly high. Interspecific hybridisation was detected, and was more prevalent in seedlings compared to in situ adult plants, indicating that post-zygotic barriers may restrict the establishment of hybrids. Conclusions Multiple evolutionary processes (e.g., hybridisation and clonality) can operate within the one rare and restricted species. Insights regarding evolutionary processes from our study were used to assist with the translocation of genetically 'pure' and healthy ex situ seedlings to nearby suitable habitat. Our findings demonstrate that it is vital to provide an understanding of evolutionary relationships and processes with an examination of population genomics in the design and implementation of an effective translocation strategy.</p>
Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal communities respond to nutrient enrichment and plant invasion in phosphorus-limited eucalypt woodlands
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) facilitate ecosystem functioning through provision of plant hosts with phosphorus (P), especially where soil P is limiting. Changes in soil nutrient regimes are expected to impact AMF, but the direction of the impact may depend on context. We predicted that nitrogen (N)-only enrichment promotes plant invasions and exacerbates their P limitation, increasing the utility of AMF and promoting AMF diversity. We expected that enrichment with N, P and other nutrients similarly promotes plant invasions, but decreases the benefit and diversity of AMF because P is readily available for both native and exotic plants. We tested these hypotheses in eucalypt woodlands of south-western Australia, that occur on soils naturally low in P. We evaluated AMF communities within three modified ground-layer states representing different types of nutrient enrichment and associated plant invasions. We compared these modified states to near-natural reference woodlands. AMF richness varied across ground-layer states. The moderately invaded/N-enriched state showed the highest AMF richness, while the highly invaded/NP-enriched state showed the lowest AMF richness. The reference state and the weakly invaded/enriched state were intermediate. AMF richness and colonisation were higher in roots of exotic than native plant species. AMF community composition differed among ground-layer states, with the highly invaded/NP-enriched state being most distinct. Distinctions among states were often driven by family-level patterns. Reference and moderately invaded/N-enriched states each supported distinct groups of zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) in Acaulosporaceae, Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae, whereas Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae were nearly absent from the highly invaded/NP-enriched state. Further, Diversisporaceae and Glomeraceae were most diverse in the moderately invaded/N-enriched state.</p> <p> Synthesis. Both the nature of soil nutrient enrichment and plant provenance matter for AMF. N-only enrichment of low-P soils increased AMF richness, likely due to introduction of AMF-dependent exotic plant species and exacerbation of their P-limitation. In contrast, multi-nutrient enrichment, decreased AMF richness potentially due to a decrease in host dependence on AMF, regardless of host provenance. The changes in AMF community composition with nutrient enrichment and plant invasion warrants further research into predicting the functional implications of these changes.</p>
Fig. 4 in A dated molecular perspective of eucalypt taxonomy, evolution and diversification
Fig. 4. Bayesian analysis using the concatenated dataset of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), external transcribed spacer (ETS), matK and psbA–trnH, labelled with the informal higher-level groups mesicalypts (3 genera) and newcalypt (1 genus), the eucalypt genus Angophora, and all eucalypt subgenera as classified by Nicolle (2015b). Numbers at nodes in the larger phylogeny represent the penalised-likelihood estimated age. Numbers after each name in the inset box represent the number of terminals in the clade and numbers at nodes represent the posterior probability in the Bayesian analysis. Ma represents millions of years as returned for each penalised-likelihood dating analysis (a summary of estimated ages is provided in Table 2).
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood-2 in A dated molecular perspective of eucalypt taxonomy, evolution and diversification
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood-2 (ML-2) analysis using the concatenated dataset of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), external transcribed spacer (ETS), matK and psbA–trnH, labelled with the informal higher-level groups mesicalypts (3 genera) and newcalypt (1 genus), the eucalypt genus Angophora, and all eucalypt subgenera as classified by Nicolle (2015b). Numbers at nodes in the larger phylogeny represent the penalised-likelihood estimated age. Numbers after each name in the inset box represent the number of terminals in the clade and numbers at nodes represent the bootstrap value in the ML analysis. Ma represents millions of years as returned for each penalised-likelihood dating analysis (a summary of estimated ages is provided in Table 2).
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood-1 in A dated molecular perspective of eucalypt taxonomy, evolution and diversification
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood-1 (ML-1) analysis using the concatenated dataset of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), external transcribed spacer (ETS), matK and psbA–trnH, labelled with the informal higher-level groups mesicalypts (3 genera) and newcalypt (1 genus), the eucalypt genus Angophora, and all eucalypt subgenera as classified by Nicolle (2015b). Numbers at nodes in the larger phylogeny represent the penalised-likelihood estimated age. The numbers after each name in the inset box represent the number of terminals in the clade and numbers at nodes represent the bootstrap value in the ML analysis. Ma represents millions of years as returned for each penalised-likelihood dating analysis (a summary of estimated ages is provided in Table 2).
Data from: Quantifying floristic and structural forest maturity: an attribute-based method for wet eucalypt forests
1. Maintaining developmental heterogeneity of ecological communities within landscapes is crucial for sustainable native forest management. Consequently, methods to assess forest maturity (i.e. the degree to which the forest contains attributes and supports processes characteristic of late-successional forests) are valuable for making management decisions. However, no consistent, pragmatic method to quantify maturity that incorporates multiple ecosystem elements is available for many forest systems, including Australian wet eucalypt forests. 2. We draw upon forest community dynamics theory to develop a method to quantify maturity based on forest attributes, and use this method to create two metrics of wet eucalypt forest floristic and structural maturity. We then test the ability of remotely-sensed and field-collected variables to predict these metrics. 3. Both the floristic and structural maturity metrics performed well at capturing underlying trends of forest maturation. Remotely-sensed LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and photo-interpretation data provided estimates of moderate accuracy for both floristic and structural maturity (R2 = 0.57-0.77). Field variables that are relatively efficient and accurate to measure provided greater model accuracy (R2 = 0.73-0.85). Including more complex field variables increased model accuracy to high levels (R2 = 0.93). Therefore, while maturity predicted from remote-sensing data enables a useful and accessible large-scale maturity measure, field indices would provide a more accurate means of assessing maturity at the local stand level. 4. Synthesis and applications: The metrics developed in this study provide a powerful tool for undertaking consistent assessments of wet eucalypt forest maturity. This assessment tool could improve forest management by providing information to optimise practices such as prioritising stands for retention or harvesting, determining the effectiveness of restoration or management practices, and monitoring changes in maturity over time. The method could be adapted to any forest system that undergoes well-defined directional development.
Data from: Cryptic species, native populations and biological invasions by a eucalypt forest pathogen
Human associated introduction of pathogens and consequent invasions are very evident in areas where no related organisms existed before. In areas where related but distinct populations or closely related cryptic species already exist, the invasion process is much harder to unravel. In this study, the population structure of the Eucalyptus leaf pathogen Teratosphaeria nubilosa was studied within its native range in Australia, including both commercial plantations and native forests. A collection of 521 isolates from across its distribution was characterized using eight microsatellite loci, resulting in 112 multilocus haplotypes (MLH). Multivariate and Bayesian analyses of the population conducted in STRUCTURE revealed three genetically isolated groups (A, B and C), with no evidence for recombination or hybridization among groups, even when they co-occur in the same plantation. DNA sequence data of the ITS (n=32), β-tubulin (n=32) and 27 anonymous loci (n=16) were consistent with microsatellite data in suggesting that T. nubilosa should be considered as a species complex. Patterns of genetic diversity provided evidence of biological invasions by the pathogen within Australia in the states of Western Australia and New South Wales, and helped unravel the pattern of invasion beyond Australia into New Zealand, Brazil and Uruguay. No significant genetic differences in pathogen populations collected in native forests and commercial plantations were observed. This emphasizes the importance of sanitation in the acquisition of nursery stock for the establishment of commercial plantations.
FIGURE 5. A in Lichens and bryophytes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest: floristics, conservation and ecology
FIGURE 5. A typical view of the forest, 12 months after the clearfell, burn and sow treatment has been applied (Photo: J.Jarman).
FIGURE 1. A in Lichens and bryophytes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest: floristics, conservation and ecology
FIGURE 1. A forest edge, showing the typical layered structure of the vegetation. Eucalypts up to about 50 m tall form a canopy over a dense layer of secondary trees about 18–25 m tall. A layer, 1–3 m tall and dominated by the large rosette sedge Gahnia grandis and a vigorous scrambling shrub Bauera rubioides, is present in the understorey (Photo: J.Jarman).
FIGURE 2 in Lichens and bryophytes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest: floristics, conservation and ecology
FIGURE 2. The forest interior in a poorly drained site, where the flakey-barked tree Melaleuca squarrosa dominates the low tree layer. An opening in the Gahnia-dominated layer provides an opportunity for shade-loving cryptogams to colonise the logs and ground surface (Photo: J.Jarman).
FIGURE 6. A in Lichens and bryophytes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest: floristics, conservation and ecology
FIGURE 6. A comparison of Figures 5 and 6, taken from the same place, demonstrates the dynamic nature of the vegetation in the early years after harvesting. Five to six years after the clearfell, burn and sow treatment, the large stump in Figure 5 is completely obscured by the vigorous growth of young eucalypts and Gahnia (Photo: J.Jarman).
FIGURE 4 in Lichens and bryophytes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest: floristics, conservation and ecology
FIGURE 4. The forest interior, with scattered large fibrous-barked eucalypts interspersed among the smaller understorey trees (Photo: J.Jarman).
FIGURE 3 in Lichens and bryophytes in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest: floristics, conservation and ecology
FIGURE 3. The forest interior at a site with moderate drainage, where the smooth-barked tree Nematolepis squamea is common and the shrub Bauera dominates the understorey. A large rock in the background provides a substrate for cryptogams raised above the dense shrubbery (Photo: J.Jarman).
Data from 'From mallees to mountain ash, specific leaf area is coordinated with eucalypt tree stature, resprouting, stem construction, and fruit size'
<p>Median trait data and accompanying description of included traits and units for the analysis in the manuscript 'From mallees to mountain ash, specific leaf area is coordinated with eucalypt tree stature, resprouting, stem construction, and fruit size' authored by Antoinette M. Portelli, Saras M. Windecker, Laura J. Pollock, Will. C. Neal, William K. Morris, Rohan Khot and Peter A. Vesk. Funding for this project provided by Eucalypt Australia and the Victorian Government Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning.</p>
Data from: Quantifying floristic and structural forest maturity: an attribute-based method for wet eucalypt forests
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Data from: Spatio-temporal effects of logging and fire on tall, wet temperate eucalypt forest birds
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Data from: Patterns of flammability after a sequence of mixed-severity wildfire in dry eucalypt forests of southern Australia
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