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Fig. 2. A in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 2. A. Global distribution of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia in a reconstruction of Late Devonian paleogeography. B. Map showing studied Famennian localities in Nevada, USA. Abbreviations: C, China; K, Kazakhstan; M, Morocco; N, Nevada; P, Poland; sU, Subpolar Urals; U, Urals; T, Tajikistan; X, Mexico. Inset shows localities noted in the text. Image based on data and concept in Baliński and Biernat (2003: fig. 1) who used the reconstruction of Golonka et al. (1994). The position of Tajikistan is not well constrained.

Fig. 13 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 13. Number of costae per width in centimeters of fragments in Dzieduszyckia sp. from Nevada. A. Histogram of data from all measured specimens. B. Best fit regression line assuming variance within a single species, in which costae frequency width skews toward lower values. C. Separation into two distinct species of brachiopods, with low (ca. 0.5 costa/mm) and high (ca. 1.0 costa/mm) median costae frequencies with best fit regression lines. Photos show one field sample with a representative of each group.

Fig. 1 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 1. Stratigraphic occurrences of dimerelloid brachiopod genera belonging to superfamily Dimerelloidea (Buckamn, 1918). Note that this arrangement is based solely on first appearance and does not imply evolutionary lineages. The Permian age of Rhynchonellina is based on Diener (1903) and Reed (1944).

Fig. 7 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 7. Measurements of shell features. FRAG, measured fossil is a fragment of a valve. MED, fragment of valve that retains the margin and sulcus and can be used to estimate minimum width.

Fig. 4 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 4. Stratigraphic distribution of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia within the Famennian (Upper Devonian) based on conodonts and ammonoids. Biozones based on the divisions of Spalletta et al. (2017), retaining the divisions on lower, middle, upper, and uppermost Famennian. See text for age references.

Fig. 10 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 10. δ13C isotopic ratios of limestone from Clipper Mine, Nevada compared to Mexico and Morocco (Famennian). Data from Batther 2020 and this study (Nevada); Canet et al. 2014 (Mexico); Peckmann et al. 2007 Morocco).

Fig. 12 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 12. Internal features of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia sp., Famennian, Nevada, USA. A. USNM PAL 794583, dorsal valve showing pronounced septum. B. USNM PAL 794584, internal mold of small shell showing deep septum and biconvex shell. C. USNM PAL 794585, view of hinge displaying septalium in upper, dorsal shell and vertical dental plates in lower, ventral shell. D. USNM PAL 794586, internal mold preserving relatively tall septalium. Scale bars 10 mm.

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Fig.2. A in Post-extinction survivor fauna from the lowermost Famennian of eastern North America

Fig.2. A.StratigraphicintervalinupperHanoverShaleatGladeCreekthatcontainsUpperKellwasserInterval,Frasnian–Famennianboundary,andbrachiopod bed. Rose diagram is orientation of long axis of lingulid (Barroisella) valves on the bedding surface. Numbers to the right of the stratigraphic section denote bad thickness (in cm). B. Photograph of brachiopod−bearing bedding surface showing partially exfoliated ventral valves of the chonetid brachiopod Retichonetes aff. R. obscurus. C. Cross section of brachiopod−rich horizon. The dark band in the center of the cross section is pyrite−rich.

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Fig. 4 in Post-extinction survivor fauna from the lowermost Famennian of eastern North America

Fig. 4. Brachiopods from the shell bed in the Hanover Shale Member of the Java Formation. A–D. Retichonetes aff. S. obscurus Cooper and Dutro, 1982. A. Internal mold of dorsal valve, NYSM 15704 with low medial myophragm, simple sockets flanking the pit near base of cardinal process, × 5.4. B. Upper exteriorviewofdorsalvalve,NYSM15710,×4.8. C.Internalmoldofdorsalvalve,NYSM15705,×7. D.Ventralvalveshowingcostellaewithcrushedand distorted ventral valve of Ambocoelia cf. A. gregaria in upper left, NYSM 15718, × 3.3. E. Tylothyris mesacostalis (Hall, 1867), view of dorsal valve showing centric lamellose ornament and central groove on fold, NYSM 15711, × 2.3. F, G. Praewaagenoconcha speciosa (Hall, 1867). F. Internal mold of dorsal valve with impression of medial myophragm and rugae along the postero−lateral margin, NYSM 15706, × 1.7. G. External mold of dorsal valve showing radial spine bases with some exfoliated shell material, NYSM 15695, × 1.5. H, I. Cyrtospirifer hornellensis Greiner, 1957. H. Exfoliated dorsal valve showing extended postero−lateral extremity, NYSM 15692. I. Ventral valve, NYSM 15691; both × 1.8. J. Ambocoelia cf. A. gregaria Hall, 1867, upper view of flattened dorsal valve showing dorsal groove, NYSM 15719 × 3.5.

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Fig. 3 in Post-extinction survivor fauna from the lowermost Famennian of eastern North America

Fig. 3. Brachiopod fauna of the shell bed in upper Hanover Shale Member of the Java Formation. A. Schizophoria (S.) sp. upper view of exfoliated ventral valve, NYSM 15701, × 1.7. B–D. Thiemella leonensis (Hall, 1867). B. Dorsal valve of juvenile specimen, NYSM 15722, × 4.6. C. Ventral valve, NYSM 15694,×2. D.Ventralviewofnearlycompleteshellextractedfrommoldiccavitytoleft,NYSM15699,×2.2.E, F. Ripidiorhynchus?sp. E.Upperviewofventralvalvewithplicaextendingfromanteriormargintobeakofvalve,NYSM15723,×2. F.Partialventralvalveshowingmedialandleftlateralflankplications, NYSM15724,×2. G. Chapinella?sp.,ventralvalvewithlateralplicationsnearshellmargin,NYSM15727,×2. H.Genusandspeciesuncertain,ventralvalve withradialplicaextendingfromanteriorandlateralmarginstobeakofNYSM15728,×4. I, J. Praewaagenoconcha speciosa (Hall,1867). I.Interiorofdorsal valve showing bilobed cardinal process, NYSM 15696, × 2. J. Upper view of ventral valve showing quincuncially arranged spines, NYSM 15697, × 2.

Fig. 6 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 6. Famennian clathrodictyids Gerronostroma cracoviensis (Gürich, 1904) and Gerronostroma sp., Dębnik Anticline. A. Gerronostroma sp. A1, phase 2 overlaid by phase 1, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC14; A2, transverse section of the same specimen, phase 2 located in the upper right corner. B. Phase 1, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC68. Note planar, tripartite laminae. C. Longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC70. Phase 2 (in the middle of the photograph) bounded by denser skeleton (phase 1). D, E. Gerronostroma cracoviensis. D. Phase 3, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC9. A transition from phase 1 into phase 3 indicated by the arrow. E. Phase 1, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC62. Low mamelon formed by long, complexly branching pillars resembling phase 2 of G. raclaviense sp. nov. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Latest Famennian brachiopods from Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 6. Transverse serial sections of Novaplatirostrum sauerlandense Sartenaer, 1997 through shell ZPAL Bp 57/40 from Kowala, set L. Numbers indicate distances in mm from ventral umbo.

Fig. 5 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 5. Famennian clathrodictyids Gerronostroma raclaviense sp. nov. and Gerronostroma cracoviensis (Gürich, 1904), Dębnik Anticline. A, B. G. raclaviense. A. Paratype UAM RAC−Z142. Transverse section through basal part of the skeleton (phase 1), showing upward−extended mamelon (central part, phase 2). B. Phase 3, paratype UAM RAC−Z74. Longitudinal section showing low mamelon erecting from laminar part of the skeleton. Note short axial canal in central part of mamelon (arrow). C. Phase 3, transverse section of paratype UAM RAC−Z 51. D. G. cracoviensis. Phase 1, longitudinal sections of neotype UAM RAC29. Note tabulate coral penetrating the stromatoporoid skeleton and amalgamation of surrounding laminae (D1, arrow). E. Phase 1, transverse section of specimen UAM RAC4. Note cross sections of pillars with conical axial canals simulating ring pillars (arrows). F. Phase 1, longitudinal section of neotype UAM RAC29. Note astrorhiza with short axial canal and numerous dissepiments, accompanied by foramina (upper left corner). G. Phase 2, longitudinal section of specimen UAM RAC7. Note transition between phases 1 and 2 located in the bottom part of the photograph. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Latest Famennian brachiopods from Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 2. Middle to Latest Famennian brachiopods from Kowala. A. Barroisella sp. The bivalved specimen ZPAL Bp 57/70a showing strongly exfoliated ventral valve (ventral internal mould) and interior of dorsal valve (lower right) (A1) and its counterpart ZPAL Bp 57/70b (A2); enlargement of the posterior region of the ventral valve showing pseudointerarea and elongated median muscle scar (A3). B–E. Aulacella interlineata (Sowerby, 1840). B–D. Three shells ZPAL Bp 57/4a, 4b, and 86, respectively, in dorsal (B1, C1, D1) and ventral (B2, C2, D2) views showing variability in the shell outline. E. Dorsal valve ZPAL Bp 57/5 exterior (E1) and interior (E2). F, H, I. Schellwienella pauli (Gallwitz, 1932). F. Slightly destroyed shell ZPAL Bp 57/20 in dorsal (F1), ventral (F2), lateral (F3), posterior (F4), and anterior (F5) views. H. Limestone block ZPAL Bp 57/103 with accumulation of shells of S. pauli. I. Interior of ventral valve ZPAL Bp 57/100. G. Productida indet., mould ZPAL Bp 57/7 of exfoliated dorsal valve. J. Productida indet. Posterior view of mostly decorticated and slightly crushed dorsal valve ZPAL Bp 57/8. K. Mesoplica sp. Ventral valve ZPAL Bp 57/1 in ventral (K1) and posterior (K2) views. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 3. Measurements taken for the purpose of statistical analysis. A. Measurements taken from longitudinal sections of Labechiida. 1, pillar length; 2, span of cysts; 3, height of cysts; 4, spacing of dissepiments; 5, number of cyst plates intersected by pillars. B. Measurements on Gerronostroma specimens (longitudinal sections). 1, pillar length; 2, pillar spacings; 3, laminae spacings; 4, thickness of laminae; 5, thickness of pillars. C. Measurements taken from transverse sections of Gerronostroma. 1, pillar diameter.

Fig. 4 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 4. Famennian labechiid Stylostroma multiformis sp. nov. and clathrodictyid Gerronostroma raclaviense sp. nov., Dębnik Anticline. A. Stylostroma multiformis sp. nov., A1–A3 Phase 1, holotype UAM RAC−LAB130. Longitudinal (A1, A2) and transverse (A3) sections. Note pillars and short walls adjacent to mamelons (A3). B. Phase 2, paratype UAM RAC−LAB138, longitudinal section. C. Phase 3, paratype UAM RAC−LAB133. Longitudinal (C1) and transverse (C2) sections. Note significant signs of dolomitisation, cone−in−cone structures (C1), and pillars revealing concentric structure (C2, arrows). D. Paratype RAC−LAB155. Longitudinal section showing phase 1 (at the bottom) overlaid by phase 2 and phase 3 (near the upper margin of the photograph). E. Gerronostroma raclaviense sp. nov. Holotype UAM RAC−Z1. Longitudinal section of phase 1 (peripheral parts of column, dolomitised) and phase 2 (axial zone). Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Latest Famennian brachiopods from Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 5. Transverse serial sections of Pugnaria plana Biernat and Racki, 1986 through shells ZPAL Bp 31/107 (A) and ZPAL Bp 31/154 (B) from Kowala, sets J–K. Numbers indicate distances in mm from ventral umbo.

Fig. 4 in Latest Famennian brachiopods from Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 4. Transverse serial sections of Leptoterorhynchus magnus (Biernat and Racki, 1986) through shell ZPAL Bp 31/145 from Kowala, sets J–K. Numbers indicate distances in mm from ventral umbo.

Fig. 2 in Late Famennian stromatoporoids from Dębnik Anticline̕ southern Poland

Fig. 2. Detailed profiles of the studied localities. A. Detailed profile of exposure 1, displaying succession of three stromatoporoid assemblages. B. Geological logs of locality 2 (uppermost part of the profile, Racławka Formation, all samples collected from the scree, no bedrock available) and exposure 3 (the so−called "Gürich's Stromatoporoid Rock").

Fig. 8 in Latest Famennian brachiopods from Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Fig. 8. Biometrical characteristics of Novaplatirostrum sauerlandense Sartenaer, 1997 from the type section (after Sartenaer 1997) and from Kowala. A. Comparison of the shell outline of representatives of the two collections on a width to length scatter diagram. B. Comparison of costation of the two collections.