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Fig. 8 in The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 8. Apollophanes (?) lonesomegeorgei sp. nov. A. ♂ palp, ventral view. B. ♂ palp, retrolateral view.

Fig. 2 in The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 2. Mecaphesa reddelli sp. nov. A. ♂ palp, ventral view. B. ♂ palp, retrolateral view. C. ♀, epigyne.

Fig. 4. — A-B in The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 4. — A-B. Tmarus galapagosensis sp. nov., ♂. A. Palp, ventral view. B. Palp, retrolateral view. — C-D. Tmarus stolzmanni Keyserling, 1880, ♂. C. Palp, ventral view after Keyserling (1880). D. Palp, ventral view after Banks (1902).

Fig. 3. — A in The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 3. — A. Mecaphesa inclusa (Banks, 1902), spermathecae. — B. M. reddelli sp. nov., spermathecae.

Fig. 6 in The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 6. Apollophanes fitzroyi sp. nov. A. ♂ palp, ventral view. B. ♂ palp, retrolateral view. C. ♂ palp, tibial apophysis.

Fig. 1 in The Thomisidae and Philodromidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 1. Mecaphesa inclusa (Banks, 1902). A. ♂ palp, ventral view. B. ♂ palp, retrolateral view. C. ♀, epigyne.

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Chromosomal inversions from an initial ecotypic divergence drive a gradual repeated radiation of Galápagos beetles

<p>Island faunas exhibit some of the most iconic examples where similar forms repeatedly evolve within different islands. Yet, whether these deterministic evolutionary trajectories within islands are driven by an initial, singular divergence and the subsequent exchange of individuals and adaptive genetic variation between islands remains unclear. Here, we address this issue using a gradual, repeated evolution of low-dispersive highland ecotypes from a dispersive lowland ecotype of <em>Calosoma</em> beetles along the island progression of the Galápagos. We show that repeated highland adaptation involved selection on multiple shared alleles within extensive chromosomal inversions that originated from an initial adaptation event on the oldest island. These highland inversions first spread through dispersal of highland individuals. Subsequent admixture with the widely distributed lowland ecotype resulted in polymorphic dispersive populations from which the highland populations evolved on the youngest islands. Our findings emphasize the significance of an ancient divergence in driving repeated evolution and highlight how a mixed contribution of inter-island colonization and within-island evolution can shape parallel species communities on islands.</p>

Fig. 6 in Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 6. Electron microscopic photographs of terminal apophysis of Ƌ left palp. A. Eustala occidentalis sp. nov. B. Eustala meridionalis sp. nov. C. Eustala orientalis sp. nov. Scale lines = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2 in Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 2. Eustala occidentalis sp. nov., examples of abdominal patterns. A. ♀ from Isla Rábida. B. ♀ from Isla Santa Cruz. C. Ƌ from Isla Isabela, Tagus Cove. D. ♀ from Isla Pinta. E. Ƌ from Isla Santa Cruz. F. ♀ from Isla Santiago. Scale lines = 1 mm. Photographs: Alain Pauly.

Fig. 5 in Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 5. Electron microscopic photographs of Ƌ left palp. A. Eustala occidentalis sp. nov. B. Eustala meridionalis sp. nov. C. Eustala orientalis sp. nov. Scale lines = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 1. Eustala occidentalis sp. nov. A. Ƌ left palp, ventral view. B. Ƌ left palp, apical view. C. ♀ scapus, lateral view. D. ♀ epigyne scapus, ventral view. E. ♀, spermathecae. c = conductor, e = embolus, ma = median apophysis, sc = scapus, sp = spermathecae, sta = subterminal apophysis, ta: terminal apophysis, th = tarsal hook. Scale lines = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 3. Eustala orientalis sp. nov. A. Ƌ left palp, ventral view. B. Ƌ left palp, apical view. C. ♀ scapus, lateral view. D. ♀ epigyne scapus, ventral view. E. ♀, spermathecae. Scale lines = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 7. Distribution map of Eustala occidentalis sp. nov., Eustala occidentalis sp. nov. and Eustala meridionalis sp. nov.

Fig. 4 in Three new Eustala (Araneae, Araneidae) species from the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador)

Fig. 4. Eustala meridionalis sp. nov. A. Ƌ left palp, ventral view. B. ♀ epigyne scapus, ventral view. C. ♀ scapus, lateral view. Scale lines = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 14 in New Species, Combinations, and Records of Jumping Spiders in the Galápagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig. 14. Nycerella vestita comb. nov. Male: A. palp ventral, B. palp dorsal, C. palp retrolateral, D. face, E. dorsal. Female: F. dorsal, G. ventral, H. epigyne dorsal cleared, I. epigyne ventral cleared, J. epigyne ventral.

Fig. 13 in New Species, Combinations, and Records of Jumping Spiders in the Galápagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig. 13. Balmaceda distans comb. nov. Female [A-C Cerro Cowan specimen (legs I missing), D-F highland specimen (left leg I present)]. A. dorsal, B. ventral, C. epigyne ventral, D. epigyne dorsal cleared, E. epigyne ventral cleared, F. anterior venter, showing leg I macrosetae (arrow) and cheliceral teeth.

Fig. 9 in New Species, Combinations, and Records of Jumping Spiders in the Galápagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig. 9. Messua avicennia sp. nov. Female paratypes: A. dorsal, showing extremes of variation, B. ventral, C. epigyne ventral, D. epigyne dorsal cleared. Male holotype: E. dorsal, F. palp retrolateral, showing femoral macrosetae (MS, arrows). Male paratype: G. bulb dorsal, H. bulb retrolateral, slightly dorsal, I. palp ventral, J. palp retrolateral.

Fig. 8 in New Species, Combinations, and Records of Jumping Spiders in the Galápagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig. 8. Cerionesta pacifica comb. nov. Male: A. palp ventral. B. palp retrolateral. Female: C. epigyne ventral (Marylise Leclercq).

Fig. 2 in New Species, Combinations, and Records of Jumping Spiders in the Galápagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig. 2. Sitticus trisetosus sp. nov. Male holotype: A. dorsal, B. ventral, C. anterior venter showing cheliceral teeth; D. palp dorsal, E. palp retroventral (arrow at distal hook), F. palp ventral, G. palp retrodorsal, H. palp retrolateral, I. ventral fourth metatarsus showing three sets (right arrows) of lateral macrosetae.

Fig. 1 in New Species, Combinations, and Records of Jumping Spiders in the Galápagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig. 1. Sitticus pintanus sp. nov. Male holotype: A. dorsal, B. face, C. ventral, D. palp retrolateral, E. palp dorsoretrolateral, F. palp ventral, G. palp ventroretrolateral.