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180 results for “Gambia, The”
Data from: The last bastion? X chromosome genotyping of Anopheles gambiae species pair males from a hybrid zone reveals complex recombination within the major candidate 'genomic island of speciation'
Speciation with gene flow may be aided by reduced recombination helping to build linkage between genes involved in the early stages of reproductive isolation. Reduced recombination on chromosome X has been implicated in speciation within the Anopheles gambiae complex, species of which represent the major Afrotropical malaria vectors. The most recently diverged, morphologically indistinguishable, species pair, A. gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii, ubiquitously displays a 'genomic island of divergence' spanning over 4 Mb from chromosome X centromere, which represents a particularly promising candidate region for reproductive isolation genes, in addition to containing the diagnostic markers used to distinguish the species. Very low recombination makes the island intractable for experimental recombination studies, but an extreme hybrid zone in Guinea Bissau offers the opportunity for natural investigation of X-island recombination. SNP analysis of chromosome X hemizygous males revealed: (i) strong divergence in the X-island despite a lack of autosomal divergence; (ii) individuals with multiple-recombinant genotypes, including likely double crossovers and localized gene conversion; (iii) recombination-driven discontinuity both within and between the molecular species markers, suggesting that the utility of the diagnostics is undermined under high hybridization. The largely, but incompletely protected nature of the X centromeric genomic island is consistent with a primary candidate area for accumulation of adaptive variants driving speciation with gene flow, while permitting some selective shuffling and removal of genetic variation.
Data from: Geographic population structure of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae suggests a role for the forest-savannah biome transition as a barrier to gene flow
The primary Afrotropical malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto has a complex population structure. In western Africa, this species is split into two molecular forms and displays local and regional variation in chromosomal arrangements and behaviours. To investigate patterns of macro-geographic population substructure, 25 An. gambiae samples from 12 African countries were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci. This analysis detected the presence of additional population structuring, with the M-form being subdivided into distinct west, central and southern African genetic clusters. These clusters are coincident with the central African rainforest belt and northern and southern savannah biomes, which suggests restrictions to gene flow associated with the transition between these biomes. By contrast geographically patterned population substructure appears much weaker within the S-form.
Data from: Generational conservation of composition and diversity of field-acquired midgut microbiota in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato during colonization in the laboratory
The gut microbiota is known to play a role in the mosquito vectors' life history, which is a subject of increasing research. Laboratory experiments are essential for such studies and require laboratory colonies. In this study, the conservation of field-obtained midgut microbiota was evaluated in laboratory-reared Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes continuously hatched in water from the field breeding habitats. Pupae and late instars were obtained from the field and reared, and the emerged adults were blood fed. The eggs obtained from them were hatched in either water from the field or in dechlorinated tap water. The mosquito colonies were maintained for 10 generations. Midguts of female adults from unfed F0 (emerging from field-caught pupae and larvae), F5, and F10 were dissected out and genomic DNA were extracted for 16S metagenomic sequencing. The sequences were compared to investigate the diversity, and bacteria compositional differences using ANCOM and correlation clustering methods. Less than 10% of the bacteria families identified had differential relative abundances between generational groups and accounted for 46% of the variation observed. Although diversity reduced in F10 mosquitoes during lab colonization (Shannon-Weaver; p-value< 0.05), 50% of bacteria genera were conserved in those bred continuously in field-water compared to 38% in those bred in dechlorinated tap water. The study is the first report on the assessment of gut bacterial community of mosquitoes during laboratory colonization and recommends the use of water from the natural breeding habitats if they are intended for microbiota research.
Data from: Seasonality and locality affect the diversity of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii midgut microbiota from Ghana.
Symbiotic bacteria can have important implications in the development and competence of disease vectors. In Anopheles mosquitoes, the composition of the midgut microbiota is largely influenced by the larval breeding site, but the exact factors shaping this composition are currently unknown. Here, we examined whether the proximity to urban areas and seasons have an impact on the midgut microbial community of the two major malaria vectors in Africa, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae. Larvae and pupae were collected from selected habitats in two districts of Ghana during the dry and rainy season periods. The midgut microbiota of adults that emerged from these collections was determined by 454-pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA. We show that in both mosquito species, Shewanellaceae constituted on average of 54% and 73% of the midgut microbiota from each site in the dry and rainy season, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae was found in comparatively low abundance below 1% in 22/30 samples in the dry season, and in 25/38 samples in the rainy season. Our data indicate that seasonality and locality significantly affect both the diversity of microbiota and the relative abundance of bacterial families with a positive impact of dry season and peri-urban settings.
Data from: Dissecting functional components of reproductive isolation among closely related sympatric species of the Anopheles gambiae complex
Explaining how and why reproductive isolation evolves and determining which forms of reproductive isolation have the largest impact on the process of population divergence are major goals in the study of speciation. By studying recent adaptive radiations in incompletely isolated taxa, it is possible to identify barriers involved at early divergence before other confounding barriers emerge after speciation is complete. Sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex offer opportunities to provide insights into speciation mechanisms. Here we studied patterns of reproductive isolation among three taxa, An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis, to compare its strength at different spatial scales, to dissect the relative contribution of pre- versus post-mating isolation, and to infer the involvement of ecological divergence on hybridization. Because F1 hybrids are viable, fertile, and not uncommon, understanding the dynamics of hybridization in this trio of major malaria vectors has important implications for how adaptations arise and spread across the group, and in planning studies of the safety and efficacy of gene drive as a means of malaria control. We first performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published surveys reporting on hybrid prevalence, showing strong reproductive isolation at a continental scale despite geographically restricted exceptions. Second, we exploited our own extensive field datasets collected at a regional scale in two contrasting environmental settings, in order to assess: i) levels of pre-mating isolation; ii) spatio/temporal and frequency-dependent dynamics of hybridization, iii) relationship between reproductive isolation and ecological divergence, and iv) hybrid viability penalty. Results are in accordance with ecological speciation theory predicting a positive association between the strength of reproductive isolation and degree ecological divergence, and indicate that post-mating isolation does contribute to reproductive isolation among these species. Specifically, only post-mating isolation was positively associated with ecological divergence, whereas pre-mating isolation was correlated with phylogenetic distance.
FIGURE 6 in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex
FIGURE 6. Anopheles (Cellia) amharicus sp. n., larva (paratypes, WRBU digital image preps #2125 (A–D), #2126 (F): A, head, dorsal view; B, pecten plate; C, antenna, position of seta 1-A; D, abdomen, development of palmate setae (1-I–III); E, head, relative sizes and positions of setae 2-C and 3-C; F, thorax, branching of setae 1–3-P.
FIGURE 5 in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex
FIGURE 5. Anopheles (Cellia) amharicus sp. n., pupa (paratype, WRBU digital image prep #2125): A, trumpet showing lengths of meatus and pinna; B, segment VIII, distal, showing form of seta 9; C, paddles.
FIGURE 2 in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex
FIGURE 2. Anopheles (Cellia) coluzzii sp. n., pupa (holotype exuviae, WRBU digital image prep #2124): A, trumpet showing lengths of meatus and pinna; B, segment VIII, distal, showing form of seta 9; C, paddles.
FIGURE 4 in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex
FIGURE 4. Anopheles (Cellia) amharicus sp. n., adult female (holotype, WRBU digital image prep #2128): A, habitus; B, head, dorsolateral view showing detail of vertex and antennae; C, maxillary palpi; D, thorax, dorsal view; E, wing.
FIGURE 3 in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex
FIGURE 3. Anopheles (Cellia) coluzzii sp. n. larva (holotype exuviae, WRBU digital image prep #2124): A, head, dorsal view; B, head, relative sizes and positions of setae 2-C and 3-C; C, antenna, position of seta 1-A; D, abdomen, development of palmate setae (1-I–III); E, thorax, branching of setae 1–3-P; F, pecten plate.
FIGURE 1 in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles amharicus, new members of the Anopheles gambiae complex
FIGURE 1. Anopheles (Cellia) coluzzii sp. n., adult female (holotype, WRBU digital image prep #2127): A, habitus; B, head, lateral view showing detail of vertex and antennae; C, maxillary palpi; D, thorax, dorsal view; E, abdomen, dorsal view; F, wing.
Transport Starter Data Kit: Historical socio-transport data for Gambia
<p>This Transport Starter Data Kit contains historical annual data (1990–2021) on passenger and freight activity, segregated by mode and fuel. Additionally, historical data on energy intensities, load factors, vehicle stock, population (total, urban, rural, growth), and GDP (total, agriculture, construction, mining, manufacturing, service, energy, growth) are included in the kit, within the 'Data' tab. The historical data can be used as a foundation for transport-energy modelling and/or to identify areas of improvement. This data was verified through consultation with relevant stakeholders before publishing. The definition used for each vehicle mode is found in the 'Definitions' tab, and the description of each data observation status is found in the 'Notes' tab. All data sources are linked where possible.</p>
Fig.8 in Intriguing additions of exotic and invasive ants to The Gambia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig.8. Trichomyrmex destructor (Jerdon, 1851) (CASENT0125190), Reunion Island. Worker. A, Head frontal view. B, Habitus lateral view. © Antweb.
Fig.9 in Intriguing additions of exotic and invasive ants to The Gambia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig.9. Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) (CASENT0178173), Paraguay. A, Head frontal view. B, Habitus lateral view. © Antweb.
Fig.7 in Intriguing additions of exotic and invasive ants to The Gambia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig.7. Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793) (CASENT0008659), Madagascar. Worker. A, Head frontal view. B, Habitus lateral view. © Antweb.
Fig.6 Strumigenys eggersi Emery, 1890 in Intriguing additions of exotic and invasive ants to The Gambia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig.6 Strumigenys eggersi Emery, 1890 (CASENT0625429), Ecuador. Worker. A, Head frontal view. B, Habitus lateral view. © Antweb.
Fig.5 in Intriguing additions of exotic and invasive ants to The Gambia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig.5 Solenopsis globularia (Smith, F., 1858) (CASENT0104501), Florida, USA. Worker. A, Head frontal view. B, Habitus lateral view. © Antweb.
Fig.4 in Intriguing additions of exotic and invasive ants to The Gambia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig.4 Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802) (CASENT0125018), Madagascar. Worker. A, Head frontal view. B, Habitus lateral view. © Antweb.
Fig.3 in Intriguing additions of exotic and invasive ants to The Gambia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig.3 Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851) (CASENT0146777), Comoros. Worker. A, Head frontal view. B, Habitus lateral view. © Antweb.
Fig.1 Brachymyrmex depilis Emery, 1893 in Intriguing additions of exotic and invasive ants to The Gambia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Fig.1 Brachymyrmex depilis Emery, 1893 (CASENT0106038), USA. Worker. A, Head frontal view. B, Habitus lateral view. © Antweb.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.