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Fig. 3. Box plot showing a in An assessment of new character in hoverfly species delimitation using linear and geometric morphometrics - genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Syrphidae) as a case study

Fig. 3. Box plot showing a comparison of the angle at the intersection of the R4+5 vein and the middle line for all species used in the analysis.

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Fig. 7 in An assessment of new character in hoverfly species delimitation using linear and geometric morphometrics - genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Syrphidae) as a case study

Fig. 7. Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of males of the Merodon clavipes and pruni groups. A–B. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. C–D. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the wing shape variability from Vujić et al. (in prep.). E–F. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability. G–H. Superimposed outline drawings showing the R4+5 vein shape differences between the males of the investigated species.

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Fig. 6 in An assessment of new character in hoverfly species delimitation using linear and geometric morphometrics - genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Syrphidae) as a case study

Fig. 6. Results of the geometric morphometric wing shape analysis of females of the Merodon natans group. A. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the R4+5 vein shape variability. B. Scatter plot of individual scores showing wing the shape variability from Vujić et al. (2021c). C. Scatter plot of individual scores showing the semilandmark R4+5 vein shape and landmark wing shape variability D. Superimposed outline drawings showing the R4+5 vein shape differences among females of the investigated species.

Figure 2 in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Figure 2. Homologous landmark (numbered black or white circles) and semi-homologous landmark (red circles with asterisk [*] connected by red lines) on tooth samples of Megachasma applegatei (A), M. pelagios (B), and Odontaspis ferox (C) for principal component analysis (not to scale). Seven homologous landmarks: 1, the crown apex, 2 and 3, right- and left-most extremities of the crown; 4, apical-most point around the middle of the crown base; 5 and 6, basal extremity of each of the two root lobes; and 7, apical-most point of the basal root concavity.

Figure 3. A in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Figure 3. A. Scatter plot diagram showing principal component analysis of 207 teeth of Megachasma applegatei (black plots) compared with all 178 teeth of extant M. pelagios (red plots), and all 78 teeth of extant Odontaspis ferox separated into tooth types using different colors (symphysial teeth = green; anterior teeth = dark blue; intermediate teeth = purple; lateral teeth = brown). B. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of M. applegatei, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale) represented by certain plots (illustrated teeth: LACM 9883, 150907, 155340, 155348, 155357, 155373, 155393, 155424, 155434, 155456, 155563, 155622, 155630, 155651, 155653, 155694, and 155700). C. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of M. pelagios, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale: see Fig. 1C, D) represented by certain plots. D. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of O. ferox, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale: see Fig. 1F) represented by certain plots. Asterisk (*): on axes in B and C = PC1 and PC2 originally labeled inversely by the software (see text for detail); by photograph of teeth in C-D = Upper teeth.

Figure 1. A in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Figure 1. A. Generalized consensus tree of extant lamniform families on the basis of molecular-based phylogenetic studies, highlighting Megachasmidae in bold (see Stone and Shimada 2019, fig. 6, and references therein). B. Extant megamouth shark, Megachasma pelagios (after Compagno 1984). C, D. Right upper (C) and right lower (D) teeth of extant M. pelagios (BPBM 22730, 446 cm TL, male) in (from top row to bottom row) lingual, labial, mesial, apical, and basal views, showing strong tendency towards homodonty. E. Extant smalltooth sand tiger, Odontaspis ferox (after Compagno 1984). F. Left upper and left lower dental series of extant O. ferox (BPBM 9335, 297(?) cm TL, male(?)) showing representative 'lamnoid tooth pattern' (A or a = anterior teeth; I or i = intermediate tooth; L or l = lateral tooth; S or s = symphysial tooth). Scale bars: B and E = 50 cm; C, D, F = 5 mm

Figure 4 in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Figure 4. Three reconstructed dentitions of Megachasma applegatei under three different assumptions (see text for detail). A. Artificial dentition based on Odontaspis ferox as a model. B. Artificial dentition depicted as intermediate between O. ferox and M. pelagios. C. Artificial dentition based on M. pelagios as a model. Scale bar = 5 mm (note: each scale bar applies to each respective dentition consisting of teeth with digitally adjusted sizes [see text]).

FIGURE 2 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 2. Reconstruction of the Palaeolenus douvilei cephalon showing chosen landmarks and semilandmarks. Blue outlines show semilandmarks placement. White arrows indicate semilandmarks trajectory. The black lines show the orientations which are following Whittington et al. (1997). Abbreviations: sag. – sagittal; tr. – transverse; exs. – exsagittal.

FIGURE 3 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 3. Plots of principal component analyses. A. Plot of PC1-PC2 space where two main clusters are identified. Cluster in more positive PC1 space contains Palaeolenus douvillei specimens and the cluster in more negative PC1 space contains Megapalaeolenus deprati specimens. Thin-plate spline indicates the extreme shape for each axis. B. Plot of PC2-PC3 space showing no distinct clusters. C. Plot of PC1-PC3 space showing two distinct clusters of the P. douvillei and M. deprati. Clusters are all bound by convex hulls of proposed taxa.

FIGURE 1. Geological and biostratigraphical maps. A in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 1. Geological and biostratigraphical maps. A. The Shitangshan Section showing approximate stratigraphic distribution of Redlichia mansuyi and Redlichia mai (modified from Hu et al. 2010). B–D. Studied sections showing their approximate stratigraphic levels respectively in Wulongqing Formation. B. Huanglongqing Section. C. Longbaoshan Section. D. Xinglongcun Section. E. Map of Kunming showing the localities of studied sections. The red lines with arrows showing approximate sampling interbeds in each section.

FIGURE 6 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 6. Articulated and disarticulated specimens of Megapalaeolenus deprati from the Huanglongqing Section. A. HLQ-39A. B. HLQ-19. C. HLQ-37. D. HLQ-50. E. HLQ-13. F. HLQ-33. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 5. Articulated specimens of Palaeolenus douvillei from the Longbaoshan and Xinglongcun sections. A. LBS- 548. B. XLC-1960. C. LBS-566. D. XLC-2000A. E. LBS-661A. F. LBS-151. G. XLC-0904. H. LBS-629. I. LBS-177. Scale bars equal 3 mm. White arrows indicate the thorax-pygidium boundary.

FIGURE 4 in Geometric morphometric assessment of Guanshan trilobites (Yunnan Province, China) reveals a limited diversity of palaeolenid taxa

FIGURE 4. The log-centroid size against regressed Procrustes ANOVA scores plot indicates the distinct clusters of the Palaeolenus douvillei and Megapalaeolenus deprati. Clusters bound by convex hulls of taxa. Hollow circles around points indicate specimens with 13 tergites and hollow pentagons around points indicate specimens with at least 14 tergites.

Fig. 7 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 7. Evolution of the relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity and disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid) through the Early and Middle Devonian; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity (sampled-in-bin). B. Fluctuations of the mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals computed after 1000 bootstraps) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid). See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 9 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 9. Evolution of the relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity and disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid) through the Early and Middle Devonian ammonoid zones (biozones numbered from 1 to 30, see Fig. 2); based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity (sampled-in-bin). B. Fluctuations of the mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals computed after 1000 bootstraps) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid).

Fig. 6 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 6. Evolution of the morphospace occupation through the seven intervals constituting the Early and Middle Devonian, showing the distribution of ammonoid superfamilies; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles (on each diagram, the horizontal axis corresponds to PC1 and the vertical axis to PC2). See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 11 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 11. Variations of the convex hull area computed for PC1 and PC2, based on the analysis of the whorl profiles through the Early and Middle Devonian. Comparison of the measured values with the expected values given diversity, computed by applying the null model of Whalen et al. (2020). A. Fluctuations computed at the interval resolution. B. Fluctuations computed at the biozone resolution. See Fig. 2 for interval labels and biozones.

Fig. 5 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 5. Diagrams showing the morphospace occupation observed for the three stages constituting the Early and Middle Devonian (A–C), with level contours and density curves; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. The grey dots correspond to the data recorded for the entire studied time interval (Early and Middle Devonian); the black dots refer to the data recorded for each of the studied stage (respectively, Emsian, Eifelian, and Givetian). The colours refer to the density of the data in the morphospace; the red-yellowwhite gradient indicates the decreasing density of occupied areas. Compare also with density curves (in grey) above and to the right of the diagrams.

Fig. 4 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 4. Morphospace occupation observed for the Early and Middle Devonian, based on the analysis of the whorl profiles, with representative examples of shapes. The first two axes explain 95.7% of the variance.

Fig. 3. Ammonoid morphology and dataset. A in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 3. Ammonoid morphology and dataset. A. Morphology of an ammonoid; as an example, the outline of the whorl profile taken at the maximum conch diameter is highlighted by a thick black line (modified from De Baets et al. 2010). B. Dataset analysed here; compilation of drawings of whorl profile outlines corresponding to Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids from Morocco.