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33 results for “Gnathostomes”
Data for: A phylogeny for Heterostraci (stem-gnathostomes)
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OPT data from: A novel cis-regulatory element drives early expression of Nkx3.2 in the gnathostome primary jaw joint
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Figure 4 in Superfoetative viviparity in a Carboniferous chondrichthyan and reproduction in early gnathostomes
Figure 4. Foetal specimens of other Bear Gulch chondrichthyans. A, Delphyodontos dacriformes, CM35455, B–C, different species of cochliodonts, MV6207 and CM62713, respectively. Scale bars = 1 mm increments. A, abdomen; CS, cranial spines; D, dental structures; H, head; O, orbit; S, denticular scales; SP, fin spine; T, tail.
Figure 2 in Superfoetative viviparity in a Carboniferous chondrichthyan and reproduction in early gnathostomes
Figure 2. Pregnant Harpagofututor volsellorhinus, CM 35502. A, entire specimen, fossil side A. Scale bar = 1 cm. B, corresponding tracing of mother and foetuses. Scale bar = 1 cm. C, enlargement of foetal tracings in panel B. Scale bar = 1 cm. Abbreviations: G, pectoral girdle; H, first haemal spine; L, lower jaw articulation; NS, neural spine; O, orbit; OT, otic bulla; P, pectoral fin; Pf, foetal pectoral fin; R, rostrum; TP, tooth plates; V, vertebral elements; 1–5, foetal heads.
Figure 3 in Superfoetative viviparity in a Carboniferous chondrichthyan and reproduction in early gnathostomes
Figure 3. Relationship of head length to precaudal and total length for isolated specimens, with projections of foetal head lengths onto respective regression lines. Details and results of specimen measurement are identified in Table S1. Precaudal length: open symbols, R2 = 0.7339; total length: filled symbols, R2 = 0.7689. One isolated, immature specimen falls within the range of foetal head lengths and may have been an aborted foetus or newborn.
Figure 1 in Superfoetative viviparity in a Carboniferous chondrichthyan and reproduction in early gnathostomes
Figure 1. Pregnant Harpagofututor volsellorhinus, CM 81935. A, entire specimen, fossil side A. Scale bar = 1 cm. B, corresponding overlay rendition; head reconstructed using CM 35501, 37521 as reference base. Scale bar = 1 cm. C, high magnification of foetuses, fossil side B (counterpart to side A, rotated 180° counter-clockwise). D, overlay rendition of foetal heads and other skeletal elements from fossil side B. Image opacity reduced to 75% to improve contrast against line drawing overlay. Scale bar = 1 mm increments. E, contrast of cranial size between the largest (1) and a smaller (2) embryo with crania facing in opposite directions. Scale as in panel D. Abbreviations: G, pectoral girdle; H, first haemal spine; IF, interorbital fenestra; L, lower jaw (Meckel's cartilage) articulation; M, Meckel's cartilage; N, neurocranium; O, orbit; PR, preorbital process; SO, supraorbital ridge; TP, tooth plates; TPa, anterior upper tooth plate; TPp, posterior upper tooth plate; TPm, Meckel's cartilage tooth plate; V, vertebral elements; 1–4, foetal heads.
Figure 10. Gnathostome dental anatomy. A in The characters of Palaeozoic jawed vertebrates
Figure 10. Gnathostome dental anatomy. A, Torosteus pulchellus, NHMUK P.50966, an arthrodire placoderm. B, Ischnacanthus gracilis, NMS 1887.35.2, an acanthodian. C, Cladoselache sp., NHMUK P.9272, a crown gnathostome and chondrichthyan. D, Onychodus jandemarrai, NHMUK P.63576 (image reversed), a crown osteichthyan and sarcopterygian. Scale bars = 10 mm.
Data from: New findings in a 400 million-year-old Devonian placoderm shed light on jaw structure and function in basal gnathostomes
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Data from: microRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys, and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate
Hagfish and lampreys are the only living representatives of the jawless vertebrates (agnathans), and compared with jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes), they provide insight into the embryology, genomics, and body plan of the ancestral vertebrate. However, this insight has been obscured by controversy over their interrelationships. Morphological cladistic analyses have identified lampreys and gnathostomes as closest relatives, whereas molecular phylogenetic studies recover a monophyletic Cyclostomata (hagfish and lampreys as closest relatives). Here, we show through deep sequencing of small RNA libraries, coupled with genomic surveys, that Cyclostomata is monophyletic: hagfish and lampreys share 4 unique microRNA families, 15 unique paralogues of more primitive microRNA families, and 22 unique substitutions to the mature gene products. Reanalysis of morphological data reveals that support for cyclostome paraphyly was based largely on incorrect character coding, and a revised dataset is not decisive on the mono- vs. paraphyly of cyclostomes. Furthermore, we show fundamental conservation of microRNA expression patterns among lamprey, hagfish, and gnathostome organs, implying that the role of microRNAs within specific organs is coincident with their appearance within the genome and is conserved through time. Together, these data support the monophyly of cyclostomes and suggest that the last common ancestor of all living vertebrates was a more complex organism than conventionally accepted by comparative morphologists and developmental biologists.
Figure 3 in The histology and affinities of sinacanthid fishes: primitive gnathostomes from the Silurian of China
Figure 3. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of lower vertebrates based upon the cladograms of Donoghue et al. (2000) for the lower vertebrates and Coates & Sequeira (2001b) for the chondrichthyans. Taxa underlined (e.g. Eriptychius) are known to have possessed globular calcified cartilage, whilst those in bold and asterisked (e.g. chondrichthyans*) possessed spines composed from single units. The distribution of these two characters, coupled with the growth model suggested in the main text for sinacanthid spines, suggest that they occupy a position close to the chondrichthyan node; either as a highly derived component of the gnathostome stem-group (crownward of the placoderms) (dashed line 1), or plesiomorphic or basal crown-group chondrichthyans (dashed line 2).
Figure 1. A in The histology and affinities of sinacanthid fishes: primitive gnathostomes from the Silurian of China
Figure 1. A, morphological terms used to describe sinacanthid spines; B, diagrammatic illustration of tissue distribution in a transverse section through a sinacanthid spine.
Data from: microRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys, and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate
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Evolution of vertebrate gill covers through shifts in an ancient gnathostome Pou3f3 enhancer
GEO Series GSE140636. Danio rerio. 2 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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