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170 results for “Heat tolerance”
Photosynthetic heat tolerances and extreme leaf temperatures
<p>Photosynthetic heat tolerances (PHTs) have several potential applications including predicting which species will be most vulnerable to climate change. Given that plants exhibit unique thermoregulatory traits that influence leaf temperatures, and that leaf temperatures can be decoupled from ambient air temperatures, we hypothesized that PHTs should be correlated to extreme leaf temperature as opposed to air temperatures.<b> </b>We measured thermoregulatory traits, maximum leaf temperatures (T<sub>MO</sub>), and two metrics of PHTs (T<sub>crit</sub> and T<sub>50</sub>) for 19 plant species growing in Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (Coral Gables, FL, USA). Thermoregulatory traits measured at the Garden were used to parameterize a leaf energy balance model to predict maximum in situ leaf temperatures (T<sub>MIS</sub>) across the geographic distributions of 13 species. T<sub>MO</sub> and T<sub>MIS</sub> were positively correlated with T<sub>50</sub> but were not correlated with T<sub>crit</sub>. The breath of species' thermal safety margins (the difference between T<sub>50</sub> and leaf temperatures) was negatively correlated with T<sub>50</sub>. Our results provide observational and theoretical support for the hypothesis that PHTs may be adaptations to extreme leaf temperature, but refute the assumption that species with higher PHTs are less susceptible to thermal damage. We introduce a novel method for studying plant ecophysiology by incorporating biophysical and species distribution models.</p>
Flying, nectar-loaded honey bees conserve water and improve heat tolerance by reducing wingbeat frequency and metabolic heat production
<p><span>Heat waves are becoming increasingly common due to climate change, making it crucial to identify and understand the capacities for insect pollinators, such as honey bees, to avoid overheating. We examined the effects of hot, dry air temperatures on the physiological and behavioral mechanisms that honey bees use to fly when carrying nectar loads, to assess how foraging is limited by overheating or desiccation. We found that flight muscle temperatures increased linearly with load mass at air temperatures of 20</span><span> or 30°C, but, remarkably, there was no change with increasing nectar loads at an air temperature of 40°C. Flying, nectar-loaded bees were able to avoid overheating at 40°C by reducing their flight metabolic rates and increasing evaporative cooling. At high body temperatures, bees apparently increase flight efficiency by lowering their wingbeat frequency and increasing stroke amplitude to compensate, reducing the need for evaporative cooling. However, even with reductions in metabolic heat production, desiccation likely limits foraging at temperatures well below bees' critical thermal maxima in hot, dry conditions.</span></p>
Data for: Evolution of avian heat tolerance: The role of atmospheric humidity
<p>The role of atmospheric humidity in the evolution of endotherms' thermoregulatory performance remains largely unexplored, despite elevated atmospheric humidity being known to impede evaporative cooling capacity. Using a phylogenetically informed comparative framework, we tested the hypothesis that pronounced hyperthermia tolerance among birds occupying humid lowlands evolved to reduce the impact of humidity-impeded scope for evaporative heat dissipation by comparing heat tolerance limits (HTL; maximum tolerable air temperature), maximum body temperatures (<em>T</em><sub>b</sub><em>max</em>) and associated thermoregulatory variables in humid (19.2 g H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>− 3</sup>) <em>versus</em> dry (1.1 g H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>− 3</sup>) air among 30 species from three climatically distinct sites (arid, mesic montane and humid lowland). Humidity-associated decreases in evaporative water loss and resting metabolic rate were 27 - 38% and 21 - 27%, respectively, and did not differ significantly between climatic sites. Decreases in heat tolerance limits were significantly larger among arid-zone (mean ± SD = 3.13 ± 1.12 °C) and montane species (2.44 ± 1.0 °C) compared to lowland species (1.23 ± 1.34 °C), with more pronounced hyperthermia among lowland (<em>T</em><sub>b</sub><em>max</em> = 46.26 ± 0.48°C) and montane birds (<em>T</em><sub>b</sub><em>max</em> = 46.19 ± 0.92°C) compared to arid-zone species (45.23 ± 0.24°C). Our findings reveal a functional link between facultative hyperthermia and humidity-related constraints on evaporative cooling, providing novel insights into how hygric and thermal environments interact to constrain avian performance during hot weather. Moreover, the macrophysiological patterns we report provide further support for the concept of a continuum from thermal specialization to thermal generalization among endotherms, with adaptive variation in body temperature correlated with prevailing climatic conditions.</p>
Beyond a single temperature threshold: applying a cumulative thermal stress framework to plant heat tolerance
<p>Most plant thermal tolerance studies focus on single critical thresholds, which limit the capacity to generalise across studies and predict heat stress under natural conditions. In animals and microbes, thermal tolerance landscapes describe the more realistic, cumulative effects of temperature. We tested this in plants by measuring the decline in leaf photosynthetic efficiency (F<sub>V</sub>/F<sub>M</sub>) following a combination of temperatures and exposure times, then modelled these physiological indices alongside recorded environmental temperatures. We demonstrate that a general relationship between stressful temperatures and exposure durations can be effectively employed to quantify and compare heat tolerance within and across plant species and over time. Importantly, we show how F<sub>V</sub>/F<sub>M</sub> curves translate to plants under natural conditions, suggesting that environmental temperatures often impair photosynthetic function. Our findings provide more robust descriptors of heat tolerance in plants and suggest that heat tolerance in disparate groups of organisms can be studied with a single predictive framework.</p>
Data from: Contrasting heat tolerance of evergreen and deciduous urban woody species during heat waves
<p>The increasing frequency and intensity of heat waves caused significant damages to urban woody species, and the different leaf structures between evergreen and deciduous species may be closely related to leaf heat tolerance. However, whether the different leaf structural traits of evergreen and deciduous plants contribute to their different responses under heat waves is still unclear.</p> <p>During the record-breaking and long-lasting 2022 summer heat waves in China, we investigated the relationships between leaf thermal indices and leaf structural traits of 36 urban woody species in four cities along the Yangtze River.</p> <p>We found that all the four thermal indices were significantly but weakly related with leaf damage status. The critical temperature that causes the initial 15% damage to photosystem II (Tcrit) may serve as a sensitive measure of heat tolerance. Evergreen species suffered less leaf damage during the heat waves and exhibited higher leaf heat tolerance, thicker leaves than deciduous species. Tcrit was significantly correlated with leaf mass per area, leaf thickness and thickness of spongy tissue.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>:<em> </em>Urban woody species with high Tcrit, leaf mass per area, and leaf thickness tend to be more tolerant to heat stress. This study provides insights for predicting leaf heat tolerance of urban woody plants in subtropical China and their physiological and ecological responses to severe heat waves.</p>
Physiological and environmental data from: Are you ready for the heat? Plasticity vs adaptation of heat tolerance in three-spined stickleback
<p>Heat waves constitute a challenge for aquatic ectotherms. However, the thermal tolerance of animals and their individual phenotypic plasticity to respond to heat waves may be influenced by thermal history. We tested these hypotheses by comparing the upper thermal tolerance and the individual capacities of three-spined sticklebacks from populations with different thermal histories to respond to heat waves. Two populations originated from thermally polluted nuclear power plant (NPP) habitats, while four locations represented geographically adjacent control areas. To disentangle the genetic adaptation from the phenotypic plastic response, we measured the individual upper thermal tolerance and the responses at molecular level in common garden conditions before and after a laboratory-mimicked heat wave. We found that the sticklebacks exhibit considerable phenotypic plasticity in thermal tolerance since the heat wave increased fish upper thermal tolerance significantly. The individual plasticity to respond to the heat wave was also negatively correlated to initial thermal tolerance. On the other hand, neither the thermal tolerance nor the plastic responses differed between NPP and control sites despite detection of significant but low genome-wide divergence in 10 out of 15 pairwise comparisons. Our results suggest that five decades of nuclear power plant activity with warmer water has not resulted in a detectable evolutionary change in either the upper thermal tolerance or its plasticity in three-spined sticklebacks potentially rendering them sensitive to frequent heat waves.</p>
TagSeq gene expression data from Acropora cervicornis genotypes exhibiting above or below average heat tolerance
<p>TagSeq data taken from Acropora cervicornis genotypes taken from nurseries in the Florida Reef tract and subjected to thermal stress. </p>
Data from: Breeding heat tolerant orchardgrass germplasm for summer persistence in high temperature stress environments of the southeastern United States
<p>This is digital research data corresponding to a published manuscript, Breeding heat tolerant orchardgrass germplasm for summer persistence in high temperature stress environments of the southeastern United States, in Crop Science, Volume 61, p. 1915 - 1925. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) could serve as a cool-season perennial in southeastern production systems, but often does not behave as a true perennial under high temperature stress conditions of the region. This work sought to develop heat-tolerant orchardgrass germplasm through recurrent phenotypic selection (RPS) that would both reduce secondary seed dormancy caused by high soil temperatures and improve stand persistence over summer months. Selection was conducted in a growth chamber 40/30 °C (12/12 h, light/darkness), with germinated seedlings subjected to an additional 2–3 weeks of 40/30 °C conditions. The base germplasm (Cycle 0) and selected individuals (Cycles 1–3) were transplanted into the field, then harvested for seed. Forty-degree germination tests compared mean cumulative germination, velocity of germination within 8 days (VOG8), and realized heritability. Stand persistencewas assessed 1 year after transplanting.</p>
Heat tolerance of marine ectotherms in a warming Antarctica
<p><span>Global warming is affecting the Antarctic continent in complex ways. Because Antarctic organisms are specialized to living in the cold, they are vulnerable to increasing temperatures, though quantitative analyses of this issue are currently lacking. Here we compiled a total of 184 estimates of heat tolerance belonging to 39 marine species and quantified how survival is affected concomitantly by the intensity and duration of a thermal stress. Species exhibit thermal limits displaced towards colder temperatures, with contrasting strategies between arthropods and fish that exhibit low tolerance to acute heat challenges, and brachiopods, echinoderms and molluscs that tend to be more sensitive to chronic exposure. These differences might be associated with mobility. A dynamic mortality model suggests that Antarctic organisms already encounter temperatures that might be physiologically stressful and indicate that these ecological communities are indeed vulnerable to ongoing rising temperatures.</span></p>
Evolutionary history constrains heat tolerance of native and exotic tropical Zingiberales
<p><span>Tropical wet forest plants experience relatively stable temperatures throughout the year. However, tropical forests represent a mosaic of habitats characterized by different temperatures. Heat tolerances are expected to be adapted to temperatures specific to their habitats. Although the heat tolerance of species sharing similar environments is expected to be similar, it is also possible that heat tolerance is constrained by evolutionary history because closely related species usually display similar physiologies. When exotic species are introduced to novel communities, colonization may be facilitated by their previous adaptation to high temperatures and other physiological, genetic, and demographic traits, which may grant them some competitive advantage. Increasing temperatures may represent a strong environmental filter affecting community assembly, and higher heat tolerances could facilitate the persistence of exotic species in novel environments. </span></p> <p><span>Using a community of 32 native and 7 exotic Zingiberales species from different tropical habitats in Costa Rica, Central America, we aim to answer the following questions: a) does evolutionary history constrain heat tolerance? b) do plants in the same habitat display similar heat tolerances? c) do the heat tolerances of exotic species differ from those of native species?</span></p> <p><span>We measured temperature-dependent changes in photosynthetic fluorescence to determine the temperature at which the first sign of damage to photosystem II is observed (T<sub>15</sub>), and the temperature at which the fluorescence of photosystem II is reduced by 50% (T<sub>50</sub>). Using a community phylogeny, we tested for phylogenetic signals in T<sub>15</sub> and T<sub>50</sub>. In addition, we tested for differences in heat tolerance among Zingiberales from old growth, secondary forests, and open areas, as well as between native and exotic species.</span></p> <p><span>Our results support a) a significant phylogenetic signal (Pagel's λ) for both T<sub>15</sub> and T<sub>50</sub>, b) communities from open areas displayed similar photosynthetic heat tolerance compared to species from old growth and secondary forests, c) exotic Zingiberales are marginally tolerant to high temperatures than native species, but only for T<sub>15</sub>. Our results suggest that evolutionary history constraints heat responses of native and exotic Zingiberales in a warming world.</span></p>
Acclimation to moderate temperatures can have strong negative impacts on heat tolerance of arctic arthropods
<p>The Arctic is impacted by some of the fastest temperature changes observed on Earth, but the impact on terrestrial arthropod fauna is unclear. Acute physiological thermal limits of terrestrial ectotherms from high latitudes often exceed the local air temperatures, suggesting that they may be able to cope with increasing temperatures. However, knowledge of how arctic terrestrial arthropods cope with elevated temperatures for longer periods is lacking. Here we investigate how acclimation temperature and exposure time affect the acute physiological heat tolerance of five terrestrial arthropod species (<em>Neomolgus littoralis, Megaphorura arctica, Nysius groenlandicus</em>, <em>Psammotettix lividellus</em>, and <em>Nabis flavomarginatus</em>) immediately after collection in arctic and sub-arctic habitats. We show that although acute heat tolerances are relatively high, even exposure to moderate (temperature span assessed ca. 3-29°C) acclimation temperatures for 24 hours have strong negative effects on heat tolerance for four of the five species. Similarly, exposure time negatively affected heat tolerance, depending on species and temperature. Together our results suggest that exposure to even moderately elevated temperatures for periods of 24 h or even shorter can lead to lower acute heat tolerance for cold-adapted terrestrial arthropod species from sub-Arctic and Arctic regions. Consequently, climate change leading to extended periods of mildly elevated temperatures may have strong negative effects on these species. We argue that this aspect is currently overlooked when assessing the ability of arthropods from Arctic and sub-Artic regions to cope with climate changes as such predictions are typically based on acute heat tolerance estimates and with the assumption of beneficial acclimation responses.</p>
Interindividual plasticity in metabolic and thermal tolerance traits from populations subjected to recent anthropogenic heating
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>To better understand temperature's role in the interaction between local evolutionary adaptation and physiological plasticity, we investigated acclimation effects on metabolic performance and thermal tolerance among natural <i>Fundulus heteroclitus</i> populations from different thermal environments. <i>F. heteroclitus </i>populations<i> </i>experience large daily and seasonal temperature variations, as well as local mean temperature differences across their large geographic cline. In this study, we focus on three populations: one locally heated (32°C) by thermal effluence (TE) from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, NJ and two nearby reference populations that do not experience local heating (28°C). After acclimation to 12°C or 28°C, we quantified whole animal metabolic rate (WAM), critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and substrate specific cardiac metabolic rate (CaM, substrates: glucose, fatty acids, lactate plus ketones plus ethanol, and endogenous [i.e., no added substrates]) in ~160 individuals from these three populations. Populations showed few significant differences due to large interindividual variation within each population and variation in acclimation response within any single trait. In general, for WAM and CTMax the interindividual variation in acclimation response (log<sub>2</sub> ratio 28°C/12°C) was a function of performance at 12°C with greater acclimation response for individuals that had lower 12°C performance. In contrast, for CaM the rates when acclimated and assayed at 12°C or 28°C were nearly identical. The small differences in CaM between 12°C and 28°C temperature were partially explained by cardiac remodeling where individuals acclimated to 12°C had larger hearts than individuals acclimated to 28°C, resulting in a higher CaM rate per unit heart mass at 28°C than 12°C. Correlation among physiological traits were dependent on acclimation temperature. For example, WAM was negatively correlated with CTMax at 12°C but positively correlated at 28°C. Additionally, glucose substrate supported higher cardiac metabolism than fatty acid, and fatty acid supported higher cardiac metabolism than LKA or endogenous. However, these responses were highly variable with some individuals using much more FA than glucose. These data suggest a complex relationship between specific, temperature-dependent physiological traits. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Heat tolerance variation reveals vulnerability of tropical herbivore-parasitoid interactions to climate change
<p>Assessing the heat tolerance (CTmax) of organisms is central to understand the impact of climate change on biodiversity. While both environment and evolutionary history affect CTmax, it is unclear how these factors and their interplay influence ecological interactions, communities, and ecosystems under climate change. We collected and reared caterpillars and parasitoids from canopy and ground layers in different seasons in a tropical rainforest. We tested the CTmax and Thermal Safety Margins (TSM) of these food webs with implications for how species interactions could shift under climate change. We identified strong influence of phylogeny in herbivore-parasitoid community heat tolerance. The TSM of all insects were narrower in the canopy and parasitoids had lower heat tolerance compared to their hosts. Our CTmax-based simulation showed higher herbivore-parasitoid food web instability under climate change than previously assumed, highlighting the vulnerability of parasitoids and related herbivore control in tropical rainforests, particularly in the forest canopy.</p>
Heat tolerance limits of Mediterranean songbirds and their current and future vulnerabilities to temperature extremes
<p>Songbirds are one of the groups most vulnerable to extreme heat events. Although several recent studies have assessed their physiological responses to heat, most of them have focused on arid-zone species solely. We investigated thermoregulatory responses to heat in eight small-sized songbirds occurring in the Mediterranean Basin, where heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense. Specifically, we determined their heat tolerance limits (HTL) and evaporative cooling efficiency and evaluated their current and future vulnerabilities to heat in southwestern Iberia, a Mediterranean climate warming hotspot. To do this, we exposed birds to an increasing profile of air temperatures (Ta) and measured resting metabolic rate (RMR), evaporative water loss (EWL), evaporative cooling efficiency (the ratio between evaporative heat loss and metabolic heat production) and body temperature (Tb). HTL ranged between 40 and 46°C across species, and all species showed rapid increases in RMR, EWL and Tb in response to increasing Ta. However, only the crested lark Galerida cristata achieved an evaporative cooling efficiency greater than 1. The studied songbirds currently experience summer Ta maxima that surpass their upper critical temperatures of their thermoneutral zone and even their HTL. Our estimates indicated that five of the eight species will experience moderate risk of lethal dehydration by the end of the century. We argue that the limited heat tolerance and evaporative cooling efficiency of small-sized Mediterranean songbirds make them particularly vulnerable to heatwaves, which will be exacerbated under future climate change scenarios.</p>
Developmental Temperature Affects Life-History Traits and Heat Tolerance in the Aphid Parasitoid Aphidius colemani
<p>Dataset associated to the paper "Developmental Temperature Affects Life-History Traits and Heat Tolerance in the Aphid Parasitoid<em> Aphidius colemani". </em>In this study, we exposed the aphid parasitoid <em>Aphidius colemani</em> to different temperature regimes (10, 20, or 28 °C) throughout larval development and measured morphological and physiological traits indicator of fitness and heat tolerance in the adult.</p>
Effect of thermal acclimation on the tolerance of the peach fruit fly (Bactrocera zonata: Tephritidae) to heat and cold stress
<p>The effect of thermal acclimation on cold and heat tolerance of the peach fruit fly (<em>Bactrocera zonata</em>) was studied. Males and females were acclimated at 20, 25 and 30°C for up to 19 days following adult emergence. The critical thermal minimum (CT<sub>min</sub>) and maximum (CT<sub>max</sub>) were subsequently recorded as well adult survival following acute exposure to chilling (0 or -3°C for 2 hours). Additionally, the survival of pupae subjected for two hours to temperatures ranging from -12°C to 5°C was determined.</p> <p>The raw data collected during this study is available in the provided data file.</p>
Dataset and R-script for Article: Increased heat tolerance of geothermal plants comes at the cost of reduced performance under cooler conditions
<p>Dataset and R-script for Article</p> <p>"Increased heat tolerance of geothermal plants comes at the cost of reduced performance under cooler conditions"</p> <p>to be published in the Journal "Ecology and Evolution"</p>
Exploring the connection between autophagy and heat-stress tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Mechanisms aimed at recovering from heat-induced damages are closely associated with the ability of ectotherms to survive exposure to stressful temperatures. Autophagy, a ubiquitous stress-responsive catabolic process, has recently gained renewed attention as one of these mechanisms. By increasing the turnover of cellular structures as well as the clearance of long-lived protein and protein aggregates, the induction of autophagy has been linked to increased tolerance to a range of abiotic stressors in diverse ectothermic organisms. However, whether a link between autophagy and heat-tolerance exists in insect models remains unclear despite broad ecophysiological implications thereof. Here, we explored the putative association between autophagy and heat-tolerance using <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em> as a model. We hypothesized that (i) heat-stress would cause an increase of autophagy in flies' tissues, and (ii) rapamycin exposure would trigger a detectable autophagic response in adults and increase their heat-tolerance. In line with our hypothesis, we report that flies exposed to heat-stress present signs of protein aggregation and appear to trigger an autophagy-related homoeostatic response as a result. We further show that rapamycin feeding causes the systemic effect associated with target of rapamycin (TOR) inhibition, induces autophagy locally in the fly gut, and increases the heat-stress tolerance of individuals. These results argue in favour of a substantial contribution of autophagy to the heat-stress tolerance mechanisms of insects.</p>
Interindividual plasticity in metabolic and thermal tolerance traits from populations subjected to recent anthropogenic heating
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Photosynthetic heat tolerances and extreme leaf temperatures
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