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565 results for “Herbivory”
White spruce demography and herbivory by snowshoe hares measured at latitudinal treeline in the Brooks Range, AK I - Site Data
Treelines in Alaska are advancing in elevation and latitude because of climate warming, which is expanding the habitat available for boreal wildlife species, including snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Snowshoe hares are already present in tall shrub communities beyond treeline and are the main browser of white spruce (Picea glauca), the dominant tree species at treeline in Alaska. We investigated the processes involved in a 'snowshoe hare filter' to white spruce establishment near latitudinal treeline in the Brooks Range, Alaska. Site variables collected included latitude, landscape position, vegetative cover, and the density of white spruce seedlings, saplings and trees.
White spruce demography and herbivory by snowshoe hares measured at latitudinal treeline in the Brooks Range, AK II - Sub Plot Data
Treelines in Alaska are advancing in elevation and latitude because of climate warming, which is expanding the habitat available for boreal wildlife species, including snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Snowshoe hares are already present in tall shrub communities beyond treeline and are the main browser of white spruce (Picea glauca), the dominant tree species at treeline in Alaska. We investigated the processes involved in a 'snowshoe hare filter' to white spruce establishment near latitudinal treeline in the Brooks Range, Alaska. We hypothesized that surrounding vegetation would influence the likelihood of spruce being browsed by hares. Therefore, at each plot we estimated ramet density for all associated woody vegetation using one square-meter subplots. Within these subplots we also counted the total number of hare fecal pellets found on the ground.
White spruce demography and herbivory by snowshoe hares measured at latitudinal treeline in the Brooks Range, AK III - Spruce Data
Treelines in Alaska are advancing in elevation and latitude because of climate warming, which is expanding the habitat available for boreal wildlife species, including snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Snowshoe hares are already present in tall shrub communities beyond treeline and are the main browser of white spruce (Picea glauca), the dominant tree species at treeline in Alaska. We investigated the processes involved in a 'snowshoe hare filter' to white spruce establishment near latitudinal treeline in the Brooks Range, Alaska. To understand how hare browsing may affect the rate at which seedlings escape herbivory, we measured several demographic attributes of white spruce in, including spruce height, basal diameter, browsing history and age.
Drought and herbivory effects on woody plant seedling establishment and grass competition in the Jornada Basin, 2016-2018
This dataset contains observations of seedling establishment and grass competition under precipitation manipulations, and herbivory and granivory exclosure treatments, in the Chihuahuan desert of southern New Mexico, USA. The experiment took place at the Jornada Basin LTER site. We used a rainfall manipulation system and various herbivore exclosures in a factorial design, to test hypotheses about how precipitation (PPT), competition between grasses and shrub seedlings, and predation affect the germination and first-year survival of Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), a shrub that has encroached in Southern Great Plains and Chihuahuan Desert grasslands. Data collected in these files include seedling counts in each treatment over observation years 2016 to 2018. This data supports the related publication in Ecological Applications (Weber-Grullon et al. in press). The dataset is complete.
PIE LTER herbivory measurement associated with marsh sites used in space for time sea level rise study, Rowley, MA.
This dataset contains aggregated observations of predation and herbivory on tethered bait in each quadrat of sites around the Rowley River and the south side of Sawyer Island at the Plum Island LTER. Measurements consist of the consumption status of tethered squid or kelp pieces as a measure of energy transfer between trophic levels. Pieces were left in the field for five days and observers recorded the status of bait over time as either entirely missing, partially consumed, having scrape marks, or fully intact. These measurements can be used to calculate consumption rates (i.e. energy transfer) over time. Notes include fields discussing any additional observations - e.g., if a stick was found missing.
Salinity and Simulated Herbivory Effects on Spartina alterniflora in a Mesocosm, 2017
The goal of this mesocosm study was to examine the effects of salinity (0, 6,14, 19 or 26 ppt), collection site (mesohaline vs. freshwater marsh), and simulated herbivory via clipping on the growth and plant traits of Spartina alterniflora. Spartina alterniflora collected from a mesohaline marsh (Taskinas Creek) and a freshwater marsh (Sweet Hall) was grown in mesocosms and subjected to one of five salinities and an herbivory treatment. Chlorophyll concentrations, total phenolic concentrations, total soluble protein content, belowground biomass, number of new shoots produced, and carbon and nitrogen content were assessed.
Data for: Microclimate structures communities, predation and herbivory in the High Arctic
<p> </p> <p>In a warming world, changes in climate may result in species-level responses as well as changes in community structure through knock-on effects on ecological interactions such as predation and herbivory. Yet, the links between these responses at different levels are still inadequately understood. Assessing how microclimatic conditions affect each of them at local scales provides information essential for understanding the consequences of macroclimatic changes projected in the future. </p> <p>Focusing on the rapidly changing High Arctic, we examine how a community based on a common resource species (avens, <i>Dryas spp</i>.), a specialist insect herbivore (<i>Sympistis zetterstedtii</i>), and natural enemies of lepidopteran herbivores (parasitoids) varies along a multidimensional microclimatic gradient. We ask (1) how parasitoid community composition varies with local abiotic conditions, (2) how the community-level response of parasitoids is linked to species-specific traits (koino- or idiobiont life cycle strategy and phenology) and (3) whether the effects of varying abiotic conditions extend to interaction outcomes (parasitism rates on the focal herbivore and realized herbivory rates). </p> <p>We recorded the local communities of parasitoids, herbivory rates on <i>Dryas</i> flowers and parasitism rates in <i>Sympistis</i> larvae at 20 sites along a mountain slope. For linking community-level responses to microclimatic conditions with parasitoid traits, we used joint species distribution modelling. We then assessed whether the same abiotic variables also affect parasitism and herbivory rates, by applying generalized linear and additive mixed models.</p> <p>We find that parasitism strategy and phenology explain local variation in parasitoid community structure. Parasitoids with a koinobiont strategy preferred high-elevation sites with higher summer temperatures or sites with earlier snowmelt and lower humidity. Species of earlier phenology occurred with higher incidence at sites with cooler summer temperatures or later snowmelt. Microclimatic effects also extend to parasitism and herbivory, with an increase in the parasitism rates of the main herbivore <i>S. zetterstedtii</i> with higher temperature and lower humidity, and a matching increase in herbivory rates. </p> <p>Our results show that microclimatic variation is a strong driver of local community structure, species interactions and interaction outcomes in Arctic ecosystems. In view of ongoing climate change, these results predict that macroclimatic changes will profoundly affect arctic communities. </p> <p> </p>
Figure 1 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
Figure 1. Exemplars of the plant hosts analyzed in this study. (a) Taeniopteris from Mitchell Creek Flats, specimen USNM-612206. (b) Zeilleropteris from Mitchell Creek Flats, specimen USNM-612216. (c) Auritifolia waggoneri from Colwell Creek Pond, specimen USNM-559854. (d) Taeniopteris from Colwell Creek Pond, specimen USNM-559818. (e) Johniphyllum multinerve from South Ash Pasture, specimen USNM-520377. (f) Euparyphoselis gibsonii from South Ash Pasture, specimen USNM-520383.
Figure 4 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
Figure 4. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different specimen area restrictions, for the four primarily and secondarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by fewer than 400 specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated for the complete dataset, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals for the complete dataset. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.
Figure 7 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
Figure 7. Surface area of individual specimens ordered by area for the two forms of Johniphyllum multinerve at SAP.
Figure 3 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
Figure 3. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different specimen area restrictions, for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated for the complete dataset, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals for the complete dataset. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.
Figure 6 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
Figure 6. Surface area of individual specimens, ordered by area for each plant host, for Auritifolia waggoneri and Taeniopteris spp. of CCP and Johniphyllum multinerve at SAP.
Figure 8 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
Figure 8. The DT diversity and the herbivory index of each specimen, plotted against its surface area.
Figure 5 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
Figure 5. Sequential increases in sample size, starting with the largest specimens, for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens.
Figure 2 in Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
Figure 2. Damage type (DT) diversity, the herbivory index (percentage of leaf area removed), and the proportion of specimens excluded, calculated with different subsampling routines for the three primarily dominant Permian plant hosts represented by 400 or more specimens. The dashed gray line represents the mean value calculated from the complete datasets, and the dotted gray lines represent the 95 % confidence intervals calculated from the complete datasets. For the complete datasets, all specimens with a surface area above 0.5 cm2 were examined. The 95 % confidence interval for each subsampling routine is represented by a light gray rectangle bounded by black lines. The thick black lines represent the mean values for each subsampling routine.
Data from: Insectivorous birds reduce herbivory but do not increase mangrove growth across productivity zones
<p>Top-down effects of predators and bottom-up effects of resources are important drivers of community structure and function in a wide array of ecosystems. Fertilization experiments impose variation in resource availability that can mediate the strength of predator impacts, but the prevalence of such interactions across natural productivity gradients is less clear. We studied the joint impacts of top-down and bottom-up factors in a tropical mangrove forest system, leveraging fine-grained patchiness in resource availability and primary productivity on coastal cays of Belize. We excluded birds from canopies of red mangrove (Rhizophoraceae: <em>Rhizophora mangle</em>) for 13 months in zones of phosphorus-limited, stunted dwarf mangroves, and in adjacent zones of vigorous mangroves that receive detrital subsidies. Birds decreased total arthropod densities by 62%, herbivore densities more than fivefold, and reduced rates of leaf and bud herbivory by 45% and 52%, respectively. Despite similar arthropod densities across both zones of productivity, leaf and bud damage were 2 and 4.3 times greater in productive stands. Detrital subsidies strongly impacted a suite of plant traits in productive stands, potentially making leaves more nutritious and vulnerable to damage. Despite consistently strong impacts on herbivory, we did not detect top-down forcing that impacted mangrove growth, which was similar with and without birds. Our results indicated that both top-down and bottom-up forces drive arthropod community dynamics, but attenuation at the plant-herbivore interface weakens top-down control by avian insectivores.</p>
Plant–insect interactions from the mid-Cretaceous at Puy-Puy (Aquitaine Basin, western France) indicates preferential herbivory for angiosperms amid a forest of ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
<p>The nine in-text figures and table below (Appendices S1–S10), and the additional text and excel files attached, provide the raw data, summaries of the raw data, rarefaction analyses, and nonmetric multidimensional scale analyses (NMDS) that support the discussions of the main text. The raw data and their summaries of provide for each plant species or morphotype values important for assessment of their herbivory: percentage of specimens herbivorized, damage type (DT) richness, DT frequency, DT host-plant specificity, herbivorized surface area as a proportion of total surface area, and feeding event occurrences. The rarefaction analyses furnished evaluations of whether the number of samples was sufficient, given the surface area covered by those samples. For comparison, the number of samples was rarified to the number of DTs in those samples. Lastly, two NMDS analyses produced the relationships between the plant orders present in the plant assemblage and their interactive functional feeding groups (FFGs). A separate NMDS analysis shows the association between the three most herbivorized species and their FFGs.</p>
Data from: Plant richness, land use and temperature differently shape invertebrate leaf-chewing herbivory on plant functional groups
<p class="MsoNormal">Nutrient demands of leaf-chewing invertebrate herbivores change with temperature, which causes shifts in herbivores' diets. Temperature may act differently on herbivore species, so that factors shaping herbivore species richness may modulate temperature effects on invertebrate herbivory among plant functional groups with different nutrient composition (C:N ratio low to high: legumes, non-leguminous forbs, grasses). Global warming urges a deeper understanding of temperature effects on herbivory among plant functional groups in different habitats and landscapes. This study obtained measures on proportional leaf area loss to leaf-chewing invertebrate herbivores ('herbivory') on three plant functional groups on 80 plots of open herbaceous vegetation adjacent to different habitat types (forest, grassland, arable field, settlement) along climate and land-use gradients in Bavaria, Germany. Herbivory was analysed with regard to habitat characteristics (habitat type, plant richness at species and family level, local mean temperature), landscape characteristics (proportion of grassland, landscape diversity; 0.2–3.0-km), climate (multi-annual mean temperature, 'MAT') and interactive effects of plant functional group, temperature and habitat or landscape characteristics. Herbivory on plant functional groups changed differently in response to plant richness (family level only) and habitat type, but not to differences in landscape characteristics and temperature – only on grassland plots, multi-annual mean temperature differentially affected herbivory among plant functional groups. Thus, abiotic and biotic factors can differently affect leaf-chewing herbivory on plant functional groups. Under current conditions, plant richness and habitat type more strongly affected herbivory among legumes, forbs and grasses than temperature and landscape-scale land use.</p>
Unpublished data on leaf rust infection and herbivory in willow plantations
<p>The data were collected during 2015 and 2018 within ~20 willow plantations in the Uppsala area, Sweden. I neither found the time nor research funding to use the data in a scientific publication or otherwise.</p> <p>The data from 2015 also offer canopy openness and vegetation cover within the willow short rotation plantations. The data from 2018 also included the establishment of plots for measuring stem diameter that were intended to be measures again.</p> <p>An associated data set (10.5281/zenodo.6995718) consist of similar estimation on willow bushes in Europe.</p>
Unpublished data on leaf rust infection, leaf galls, and herbivory on willow in Europe
<p>The data were collected between 2016 and 2022 in sites between southern Germany and Middle Sweden. I neither found the time nor research funding to use the data in a scientific publication or otherwise.</p> <p>In total 654 samples are available that record the occurrence of leaf rust, leaf galls, percent herbivory, and plant size.</p> <p>An associated data set (10.5281/zenodo.6992488) consist of similar estimation on willow bushes in willow plantations in the Uppsala area, Sweden.</p>
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