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Fig. 6 in Taxonomic Reassessment of Cybaeus communis and Cybaeus maculosus (Araneae: Cybaeidae) from Central Honshu, Japan

Fig. 6. Cybaeus communis, schematic drawing of the epigyne and spermathecae of a female specimen (KUZ Z3969). A, Ventral view; B, dorsal view. Abbreviations: BG, Bennett's gland; CD, copulatory duct; CP, copulatory pore; FD, fertilization duct; PME, posterior margin of epigynal plate; SB, spermathecal base; SH, spermathecal head; SS, spermathecal stalk. Scale bars: A, B, 100 µm.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic Reassessment of Cybaeus communis and Cybaeus maculosus (Araneae: Cybaeidae) from Central Honshu, Japan

Fig. 1. Map showing collection localities of samples in the present study. Diamonds, locations of C. communis/C. maculosus; star, the type localities of both C. communis and C. maculosus in Yaginuma (1972). Shoreline data were based on Wessel and Smith (1996).

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Text-fig. 1. Modern vegetation proxies as delivered by the Drudge 1 and 2 tools for Parschlug. Left column results from KovarEder et al. (2021) based on the floristic spectrum published by Kovar-Eder et al. (2004). The other three columns result from three variants using the enlarged floristic spectrum herein. Differences between variants 1–3 from this study are caused by differences in assignment of some taxa and morphotypes (see Appendix 1). European vegetation formations: Formation C – Subarctic, boreal and nemoral-montane open woodlands as well as subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation; Formation D – Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests; Formation F – Mesophytic broadleaved deciduous and mixed broadleaved/conifer forests; Formation G – Thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests; Formation J – Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and scrub; Formation K – Xerophytic coniferous forests, coniferous woodland and scrub. East Asian vegetation types: MCF China, Japan – Montane Coniferous Forests China, Honshu, Yakushima; BLDF N and NE Provinces, China – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests of the Northern and Northeastern Provinces (China); BLDF Upper Yangtze, Honshu – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest, Upper Yangtze Provinces, Mt. Emei, and Honshu; MMF China – Mixed Mesophytic Forest, Lower Yangtze Provinces; BLEF China, Japan – Broad-leaved Evergreen Forests, China, Japan; Meili Snow Mt. high altitude SCL and BLF, China – Meili Snow Mt., Sclerophyllous and broad-leaved forest zone (2,580-3,650 m alt.). (Designations of European vegetation formations follow Bohn et al. (2004) and Asian ones follow Kovar-Eder et al. (2021). in Floristic, Vegetation And Climate Assessment Of The Early/Middle Miocene Parschlug Flora Indicates A Distinctly Seasonal Climate

Text-fig. 1. Modern vegetation proxies as delivered by the Drudge 1 and 2 tools for Parschlug. Left column results from KovarEder et al. (2021) based on the floristic spectrum published by Kovar-Eder et al. (2004). The other three columns result from three variants using the enlarged floristic spectrum herein. Differences between variants 1–3 from this study are caused by differences in assignment of some taxa and morphotypes (see Appendix 1). European vegetation formations: Formation C – Subarctic, boreal and nemoral-montane open woodlands as well as subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation; Formation D – Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests; Formation F – Mesophytic broadleaved deciduous and mixed broadleaved/conifer forests; Formation G – Thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests; Formation J – Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and scrub; Formation K – Xerophytic coniferous forests, coniferous woodland and scrub. East Asian vegetation types: MCF China, Japan – Montane Coniferous Forests China, Honshu, Yakushima; BLDF N and NE Provinces, China – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests of the Northern and Northeastern Provinces (China); BLDF Upper Yangtze, Honshu – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest, Upper Yangtze Provinces, Mt. Emei, and Honshu; MMF China – Mixed Mesophytic Forest, Lower Yangtze Provinces; BLEF China, Japan – Broad-leaved Evergreen Forests, China, Japan; Meili Snow Mt. high altitude SCL and BLF, China – Meili Snow Mt., Sclerophyllous and broad-leaved forest zone (2,580-3,650 m alt.). (Designations of European vegetation formations follow Bohn et al. (2004) and Asian ones follow Kovar-Eder et al. (2021).

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РИС. 7. НедостаточнаЯ промывка раковин глохидиев после очиЩениЯ в Щелочи (5% КОН). А, С. «Замыленность» пор наружной поверхности створок (Cristaria tuberculata, оЗ. Ханка, Приморский кр.). B. Остаток Щелочи, выпавШий кристаллами на поверхности личинки (Unio dembeae, р. Дуко, ЭфиопиЯ). D. Капли раствора Щелочи (укаЗаны стрелками) на поверхности Шипов крючка (Nodularia douglasiae, р. Гион, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ). МасШтаб 5 мкм (А, С), 2 мкм (B, D). Микроскоп Zeiss MERLIN, напыление углеродом (А, В), хромом (С, D). FIG. 7. Insufficient rinsing of glochidia after cleaning in alkali (5% KOH). A, C. «Blurredness» of the exterior valve pores (Cristaria tuberculata, Khanka Lake, Primorsky Krai). B. Precipitation of alkali crystals on the exterior glochidia surface (Unio dembeae, Duko River, Ethiopia). D. Drops of alkali (indicated by arrows) on the hook spines (Nodularia douglasiae, Gion River, Honshu Island, Japan). Scale bars 5 μm (A, C), 2 μm (B, D). Zeiss MERLIN microscope, sputter coating with carbon (A, B) and chromium (C, D). in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 7. НедостаточнаЯ промывка раковин глохидиев после очиЩениЯ в Щелочи (5% КОН). А, С. «Замыленность» пор наружной поверхности створок (Cristaria tuberculata, оЗ. Ханка, Приморский кр.). B. Остаток Щелочи, выпавШий кристаллами на поверхности личинки (Unio dembeae, р. Дуко, ЭфиопиЯ). D. Капли раствора Щелочи (укаЗаны стрелками) на поверхности Шипов крючка (Nodularia douglasiae, р. Гион, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ). МасШтаб 5 мкм (А, С), 2 мкм (B, D). Микроскоп Zeiss MERLIN, напыление углеродом (А, В), хромом (С, D). FIG. 7. Insufficient rinsing of glochidia after cleaning in alkali (5% KOH). A, C. «Blurredness» of the exterior valve pores (Cristaria tuberculata, Khanka Lake, Primorsky Krai). B. Precipitation of alkali crystals on the exterior glochidia surface (Unio dembeae, Duko River, Ethiopia). D. Drops of alkali (indicated by arrows) on the hook spines (Nodularia douglasiae, Gion River, Honshu Island, Japan). Scale bars 5 μm (A, C), 2 μm (B, D). Zeiss MERLIN microscope, sputter coating with carbon (A, B) and chromium (C, D).

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РИС. 4. НаружнаЯ микроскульптура глохидиев при раЗных условиЯх очистки раковин (Inversiunio yanagawensis, р. Гион, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ) в растворе Щелочи. А. НеповрежденнаЯ микроскульптура. B. ПоврежденнаЯ при передержке в растворе Щелочи. МасШтаб 2 мкм. Микроскопы Zeiss MERLIN (А), Zeiss EVO 40 (В), напыление хромом (А), Золотом (В). FIG. 4. Exterior valve microsculpture under different conditions of cleaning in alkali (Inversiunio yanagawensis, Gion River, Honshu Island, Japan). A. Undamaged microsculpture. B. Damaged microsculpture by excessive treatment in alkali. Scale bars 2 μm. Zeiss MERLIN (A) and Zeiss EVO 40 (B) microscopes, sputter coating with chromium (A) and gold (B). in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 4. НаружнаЯ микроскульптура глохидиев при раЗных условиЯх очистки раковин (Inversiunio yanagawensis, р. Гион, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ) в растворе Щелочи. А. НеповрежденнаЯ микроскульптура. B. ПоврежденнаЯ при передержке в растворе Щелочи. МасШтаб 2 мкм. Микроскопы Zeiss MERLIN (А), Zeiss EVO 40 (В), напыление хромом (А), Золотом (В). FIG. 4. Exterior valve microsculpture under different conditions of cleaning in alkali (Inversiunio yanagawensis, Gion River, Honshu Island, Japan). A. Undamaged microsculpture. B. Damaged microsculpture by excessive treatment in alkali. Scale bars 2 μm. Zeiss MERLIN (A) and Zeiss EVO 40 (B) microscopes, sputter coating with chromium (A) and gold (B).

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РИС. 8. Примеры проблем с иЗображением при работе на СЭМ. А, В. Засветка раЗличных частей раковин глохидиев (А. Anodonta anatina (=Colletopterum), оЗ. Красное, ХакасиЯ. В. Inversiunio reinianus, оЗ. Бива, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ). C. РаЗнаЯ скорость сканированиЯ (слева – очень быстраЯ, справа – медленнаЯ) наружной поверхности глохидиЯ (Anodonta cygnea, р. Ялма, МосковскаЯ обл.). D. Артефакты в виде гориЗонтальных полос вследствие накоплениЯ отрицательного ЗарЯда при недостаточном напылении внутренней поверхности глохидиЯ (Nodularia douglasiae, ПетровскаЯ протока, бассейн р. Амур, Хабаровский кр.). МасШтаб 50 мкм (А, В), 2 мкм (С), 5 мкм (D). Микроскопы Zeiss EVO 40 (А, С, D), Zeiss MERLIN (В), напыление углеродом (А, С), хромом (В, D). FIG. 8. Illustration of different problems with SEM images. A, B. Overall illumination of some glochidia shells parts (A. Anodonta anatina (= Colletopterum), Krasnoe Lake, Khakassia. B. Inversiunio reinianus, Biwa Lake, Honshu Island, Japan). C. Different scanning speed (faster on the left and slower on the right) of the exterior glochidia valve (Anodonta cygnea, Yalma River, Moscow Oblast). D. Artifacts as horizontal stripes because of additional accumulation of a negative charge due to insufficient coating of the interior glochidia valve (Nodularia douglasiae, Petrovskaya channel, Amur River basin, Khabarovsk Krai). Scale bars 50 μm (A, B), 2 μm (C), 5 μm (D). Zeiss EVO 40 (A, C, D) and Zeiss MERLIN (B) microscopes, sputter coating with carbon (A, C) and chromium (B, D). in Методика подготовки раковин глохидиев (Bivalvia, Unionidae) длЯ работы на сканируюЩем Электронном микроскопе

РИС. 8. Примеры проблем с иЗображением при работе на СЭМ. А, В. Засветка раЗличных частей раковин глохидиев (А. Anodonta anatina (=Colletopterum), оЗ. Красное, ХакасиЯ. В. Inversiunio reinianus, оЗ. Бива, о-в Хонсю, ЯпониЯ). C. РаЗнаЯ скорость сканированиЯ (слева – очень быстраЯ, справа – медленнаЯ) наружной поверхности глохидиЯ (Anodonta cygnea, р. Ялма, МосковскаЯ обл.). D. Артефакты в виде гориЗонтальных полос вследствие накоплениЯ отрицательного ЗарЯда при недостаточном напылении внутренней поверхности глохидиЯ (Nodularia douglasiae, ПетровскаЯ протока, бассейн р. Амур, Хабаровский кр.). МасШтаб 50 мкм (А, В), 2 мкм (С), 5 мкм (D). Микроскопы Zeiss EVO 40 (А, С, D), Zeiss MERLIN (В), напыление углеродом (А, С), хромом (В, D). FIG. 8. Illustration of different problems with SEM images. A, B. Overall illumination of some glochidia shells parts (A. Anodonta anatina (= Colletopterum), Krasnoe Lake, Khakassia. B. Inversiunio reinianus, Biwa Lake, Honshu Island, Japan). C. Different scanning speed (faster on the left and slower on the right) of the exterior glochidia valve (Anodonta cygnea, Yalma River, Moscow Oblast). D. Artifacts as horizontal stripes because of additional accumulation of a negative charge due to insufficient coating of the interior glochidia valve (Nodularia douglasiae, Petrovskaya channel, Amur River basin, Khabarovsk Krai). Scale bars 50 μm (A, B), 2 μm (C), 5 μm (D). Zeiss EVO 40 (A, C, D) and Zeiss MERLIN (B) microscopes, sputter coating with carbon (A, C) and chromium (B, D).

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Рис. 4. Микроскульптура наружной поверхности глохидиальных створок перловиц Nodularia biwae (A, D – увеличенный фрагмент) и Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – увеличенный фрагмент) иЗ Японии, о-в Хонсю. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 1 мкм (А, В) и 2 мкм (C, D). Fig. 4. Microsculpture of external surface of glochidia of mussels Nodularia biwae (A, D – fragment) and Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – fragment) from Honshu Is., Japan. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar 1µm (А, В) and 2 µm (C, D). in Morphology of glochidia of the freshwater mussels Nodularia amurensis and Middendorffinaia sujfunensis (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Nodulariinae) from the Russian Far East

Рис. 4. Микроскульптура наружной поверхности глохидиальных створок перловиц Nodularia biwae (A, D – увеличенный фрагмент) и Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – увеличенный фрагмент) иЗ Японии, о-в Хонсю. СканируюЩаЯ ЭлектроннаЯ микроскопиЯ. МасШтаб 1 мкм (А, В) и 2 мкм (C, D). Fig. 4. Microsculpture of external surface of glochidia of mussels Nodularia biwae (A, D – fragment) and Lanceolaria grayana (B, C – fragment) from Honshu Is., Japan. Scanning electron microscopy. Scale bar 1µm (А, В) and 2 µm (C, D).

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Fig. 2 in Larva and Life History of Togashia horii (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) Feeding on Cornus controversa (Cornaceae) in Honshu, Japan

Fig. 2. Togashia horii, female adult (A), host leaf with eggs deposited inside (B–E) host leaf with larval exit holes (F) and early instar larvae (G–I). A, June 12; B, upper surface, arrows showing rows of eggs inside, June 14; C, same leaf, underside, June 14; D, same leaf, upper surface, showing inflated eggs inside, June 18; E, same leaf, underside, June 18; F–H, June 26; I, June 28. All photographed indoors in Nagano by Kojima in 2023.

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Fig. 1 in Larva and Life History of Togashia horii (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) Feeding on Cornus controversa (Cornaceae) in Honshu, Japan

Fig. 1. Togashia horii, late instar larvae (A–C), damage of host leaves (D), eaten leaf with larval exuviae (E) and mature larvae entering dead branch (F). A, B, D, E, Tsugaike, September 14, 2014; C, Sasagamine, August 31, 2022; F, Nagano, September 9, 2022. Photographed by Shinohara (A, B, D, E) and Kojima (C, F).

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Fig. 2 in Testate Amoeba Diversity of a Poor Fen on Mineral Soil in the Hilly Area of Central Honshu, Japan

Fig. 2. Sample-based testate amoeba species accumulation curve for all three samples collected in the sampling site of the poor fen on mineral soil. The bars are standard deviations.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomic Re-examination of the Yamato Salamander Hynobius vandenburghi: Description of a New Species from Central Honshu, Japan

Fig. 5. (A) Live holotype of Hynobius owariensis sp. nov. (TMNH-AM-78), and the (B) larva, (C) banana-shaped egg sacs, and (D) type locality of the new species.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic Re-examination of the Yamato Salamander Hynobius vandenburghi: Description of a New Species from Central Honshu, Japan

Fig. 4. Holotype of Hynobius owariensis sp. nov. (TMNH- AM-78, adult male, 58.2 mm SVL): (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic Re-examination of the Yamato Salamander Hynobius vandenburghi: Description of a New Species from Central Honshu, Japan

Fig. 3. Results of discriminant analyses of two species for (A) males and (B) females. The x axis indicates"discriminant score 1"(DS1).

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic Re-examination of the Yamato Salamander Hynobius vandenburghi: Description of a New Species from Central Honshu, Japan

Fig. 1. Localities for populations of two species of Hynobius sampled in their distribution areas. Population numbers match those used for molecular analyses (see Table 1 and Fig. 2). The left and right enlarged areas include the central part of Kinki and central part of Tokai, respectively. The closed symbols correspond to each of three species sequenced in this study. The open symbols correspond to each of three species cited from other studies. For the morphological comparisons, individuals of the two species were sampled from the localities that are underlined: Pops. 1 (type locality of H. owariensis sp. nov.: 2 males and 1 female), 3 (18 males and 6 females), and 8 (2 males and 3 females) for H. owariensis sp. nov.; Pops. 19 (6 males and 3 females), 20 (7 males), 25 (3 females), and 28 (4 males) for H. vandenburghi.

Fig. 12 in Description of a new species of the genus Chrysolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Honshu, and notes on records of Chrysolina aeruginosa in Japan

Fig. 12. Habitus and external parts of 1st instar larva (A, B) and last instar larva (C–I) of Chrysolina orochi sp. nov.: A – habitus in lateral view; B – tibia and tarsungulus; C – habitus in lateral view; D – tibia and tarsungulus; E – head; F – mouthparts; G – mandible; H – labrum; I – tubercles and spiracle of 1st abdominal segment.

Fig. 14 in Description of a new species of the genus Chrysolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Honshu, and notes on records of Chrysolina aeruginosa in Japan

Fig. 14. Chrysolina orochi sp. nov., schematic presentation of tubercular pattern (top: prothorax, middle: mesothorax, bottom: 2nd abdominal segment). A – first instar larva; B – last instar larva.

Fig. 11 in Description of a new species of the genus Chrysolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Honshu, and notes on records of Chrysolina aeruginosa in Japan

Fig. 11. Genitalia of Chrysolina orochi sp. nov.: A–F – TT0000010; G–H – TT0000014. A – male 8th sternite; B–D – median lobe: B – apical portion in dorsal view; C – dorsal view; D – lateral view; E – spicule; F – tegmen; G – female 8th sternite; H – spermathecal organ.

Fig. 10 in Description of a new species of the genus Chrysolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Honshu, and notes on records of Chrysolina aeruginosa in Japan

Fig. 10. Other external characters: A–E – Chrysolina orochi sp. nov.: A – right mandible; B – antenna; C – right hind wing; D–E – left maxillary palp (D – male, E – female). F – Ch. aeruginosa aeruginosa (Faldermann, 1835), right hind wing.

Fig. 9 in Description of a new species of the genus Chrysolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Honshu, and notes on records of Chrysolina aeruginosa in Japan

Fig. 9. Male (TT-0000022) and female (TT-0000015) posterior margin of 7th sternite and all tarsi of Chrysolina orochi sp. nov.: A–B – posterior margin of 7th sternite (A – male, B – female); C, F – protarsus (C – male, F – female); D, G – mesotarsus (D – male, G – female); E, H – metatarsus (E – male, H – female).

Fig. 13 in Description of a new species of the genus Chrysolina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Honshu, and notes on records of Chrysolina aeruginosa in Japan

Fig. 13. External parts of larvae of Chrysolina orochi sp. nov.: A–B – setae of dorsum (A – 1st instar larva, B – last instar larva); C – apex of setae of 1st instar larva; D–E – tibia and tarsungulus (D – 1st instar larva, E – last instar larva).