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99 results for “Host shift”
Systematic shifts in the variation among host individuals must be considered in climate-disease theory
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Data from: Evolutionary constraints in host shifts: limited adaptation of <em>Plutella xylostella</em> to cardenolide-defended <em>Erysimum cheiranthoides</em>
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Data for: Host shift promotes divergent evolution between closely related holoparasitic species
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Tolerance of novel toxins through generalized mechanisms: simulating gradual host shifts of butterflies
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Parasitic trophic mode of plant host affects the extent of colonization, but does not induce systematic shifts in the composition of foliar endophytic assemblages in temperate meadow ecosystems
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Data from: A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent coadaptation in intimate mutualisms
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Data from: Detecting ancient co-dispersals and host shifts by double dating of host and parasite phylogenies: application in proctophyllodid feather mites associated with passerine birds
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Data from: Convergent shifts in host-associated microbial communities across environmentally elicited phenotypes
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Ecological speciation by sympatric host shifts in a clade of herbivorous sea slugs, with introgression and localized mitochondrial capture between species
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Rapid brain development and reduced neuromodulator titres correlate with host shifts in Rhagoletis pomonella
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Shifts in host-parasitoid networks across community garden management and urban landscape gradients
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FIGURES 1–5 in Host-shifts at family level in the Australian Acacia-thrips lineage (Thysanoptera Phlaeothripinae) with two new species
FIGURES 1–5. Brakothrips eucalypti sp. n. (1) head, pronotum and fore legs (arrow to po seta); (2) head; (3) antenna; (4) meso and metanotum, pelta and tergite II; (5) tergites V–VI.
Data from: Divergence before the host shift? Prezygotic reproductive isolation among three varieties of a specialist fly on a single host plant
1. Although divergence via host-plant shifting is a common theme in the speciation of some phytophagous insects, it is not clear whether host shifts are typically initiators of speciation or if they instead contribute to divergence events already in progress. While host shifts appear to be generally associated with speciation events for flies in the genus Strauzia, three sympatric varieties of the sunflower fly [Strauzia longipennis (Wiedemann)] co-occur on the same host plant in the Midwestern United States and may have evolved reproductive barriers without a host shift. 2. The strength of two prezygotic reproductive barriers was compared among the three S. longipennis varieties: one barrier that is often associated with divergent ecological selection (allochronic isolation), and another that is more likely to be independent of ecological selection (pre-copulatory sexual isolation). The presence and relative strength of each barrier between fly varieties were evaluated using microsatellites, no choice mating experiments, studies of allochronic isolation, and field collection data. 3. Evidence for both allochronic isolation and pre-copulatory sexual isolation was detected between the three varieties of S. longipennis. The measure of isolation calculated for each barrier between the three varieties was lower than measures calculated between different species of Strauzia found on different hosts, suggesting that subsequent host shifts may increase the degree of reproductive isolation. For Strauzia and other specialist insects, some reproductive isolation may evolve prior to, and indeed may facilitate, host shifts.
Data from: Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens
The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events, and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite co-phylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events, and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.
Angiosperm to Gymnosperm host-plant switch entails shifts in microbiota of the Welwitschia bug, Probergrothius angolensis (Distant, 1902)
<p>Adaptation of herbivorous insects to new host plants is key to their evolutionary success in diverse environments. Many insects are associated with mutualistic gut bacteria that contribute to the host's nutrition and can thereby facilitate dietary switching in polyphagous insects. However, how gut microbial communities differ between populations of the same species that feed on different host plants remains poorly understood. Most species of Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are specialist seed-feeders on plants in the family Malvaceae, however populations of one species, <i>Probergrothius angolensis</i>, has switched to the very distantly related <i>Welwitschia mirabilis </i>plant in the Namib Desert. We first compared development and survival of laboratory populations of <i>Pr. angolensis</i> with two other pyrrhocorids on seeds of <i>Welwitschia</i> and found only <i>Pr. angolensis</i> capable of successfully completing its development. We then collected <i>Pr. angolensis</i> in Namibia<i> </i>from Malvaceae and <i>Welwitschia</i> host plants, respectively, to assess their bacterial and fungal community profiles using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Comparison with long-term lab reared insects indicated stable associations of <i>Pr. angolensis</i> with core bacteria (<i>Commensalibacter, Enterococcus, Bartonella, </i>and <i>Klebsiella</i>), but not fungi or yeasts. Phylogenetic analyses of core bacteria revealed relationships to other insect-associated bacteria, but also found new taxa indicating potential host-specialized nutritional roles. Importantly, the microbial community profiles of bugs feeding on <i>Welwitschia</i> vs. Malvaceae revealed stark and consistent differences in the relative abundance of core bacterial taxa that correlate with the host-plant switch; a result we were able to recreate through feeding experiments. Thus, a dynamic gut microbiota may provide a means for insect adaptation to new host plants in new environments when food plants are extremely divergent.</p>
Data from: The predictability of genomic changes underlying a recent host shift in Melissa blue butterflies
Despite accumulating evidence that evolution can be predictable, studies quantifying the predictability of evolution remain rare. Here, we measured the predictability of genome-wide evolutionary changes associated with a recent host shift in the Melissa blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa). We asked whether and to what extent genome-wide patterns of evolutionary change in nature could be predicted (1) by comparisons among instances of repeated evolution, and (2) from SNP $\times$ performance associations in a lab experiment. We delineated the genetic loci (SNPs) most strongly associated with host use in two L. melissa lineages that colonized alfalfa. Whereas most SNPs were strongly associated with host use in none or one of these lineages, we detected a ~two-fold excess of SNPs associated with host use in both lineages. Similarly, we found that host-associated SNPs in nature could also be partially predicted from SNP $\times$ performance (survival and weight) associations in a lab rearing experiment. But the extent of overlap, and thus degree of predictability, was somewhat reduced. Although we were able to predict (to a modest extent) the SNPs most strongly associated with host use in nature (in terms of parallelism and from the experiment), we had little to no ability to predict the direction of evolutionary change during the colonization of alfalfa. Our results show that different aspects of evolution associated with recent adaptation can be more or less predictable, and highlight how stochastic and deterministic processes interact to drive patterns of genome-wide evolutionary change
Data from: Transcriptome modulation during host shift is driven by secondary metabolites in desert Drosophila
High-throughput transcriptome studies are breaking new ground to investigate the responses that organisms deploy in alternative environments. Nevertheless, much remains to be understood about the genetic basis of host plant adaptation. Here, we investigate genome-wide expression in the fly Drosophila buzzatii raised in different conditions. This species uses decaying tissues of cactus of the genus Opuntia as primary rearing substrate and secondarily, the necrotic tissues of the columnar cactus Trichocereus terscheckii. The latter constitutes a harmful host, rich in mescaline and other related phenylethylamine alkaloids. We assessed the transcriptomic responses of larvae reared in Opuntia sulphurea and T. terscheckii, with and without the addition of alkaloids extracted from the latter. Whole-genome expression profiles were massively modulated by the rearing environment, mainly by the presence of T. terscheckii alkaloids. Differentially expressed genes were mainly related to detoxification, oxidation–reduction and stress response; however, we also found genes involved in development and neurobiological processes. In conclusion, our study contributes new data onto the role of transcriptional plasticity in response to alternative rearing environments.
Data from: Collective defence portfolios of ant hosts shift with social parasite pressure
Host defences become increasingly costly as parasites breach successive lines of defence. Because selection favours hosts that successfully resist parasitism at the lowest possible cost, escalating coevolutionary arms races are likely to drive host defence portfolios towards ever more expensive strategies. We investigated the interplay between host defence portfolios and social parasite pressure by comparing 17 populations of two Temnothorax ant species. When successful, collective aggression not only prevents parasitation but also spares host colonies the cost of searching for and moving to a new nest site. However, once parasites breach the host's nest defence, host colonies should resort to flight as the more beneficial resistance strategy. We show that under low parasite pressure, host colonies more likely responded to an intruding Protomognathus americanus slavemaker with collective aggression, which prevented the slavemaker from escaping and potentially recruiting nest-mates. However, as parasite pressure increased, ant colonies of both host species became more likely to flee rather than to fight. We conclude that host defence portfolios shift consistently with social parasite pressure, which is in accordance with the degeneration of frontline defences and the evolution of subsequent anti-parasite strategies often invoked in hosts of brood parasites.
FIGURES 38–68. 38–46 in Host plant shifts and transitions into new adaptive zones in leafhoppers: the example of Macropsinae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) of Russia and adjacent countries
FIGURES 38–68. 38–46—pygofer processes of Macropsidius spp., 47–51—same, Hephathus spp., 52–61—penis of Macropsidius spp. (52, 54, 56, 58, and 60—dorsal view, 53, 55, 57, 59, and 61—lateral view), 62–68—Macropsidius spp., dorsal view of a body. 38–40—M. involutus Dlab., 41–42—M. compactus Mit., 43–44 and 54–55—M. abrotani Em., 45–46 and 67–68—M. niger (Mats.), 47–48—H. nanus (H.-S.), 49–51—H. freyi (Fieb.), 52–53 and 62—M. duuschulus Dlab., 56– 57—M. kalbensis Mit., 58–59—M. maculatus Mit., 60–61—M. mitjaevi Tish., 63–64—M. valiturus Dlab., 65–66—M. kopetdagicus Tish.
FIGURES 2–37 in Host plant shifts and transitions into new adaptive zones in leafhoppers: the example of Macropsinae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) of Russia and adjacent countries
FIGURES 2–37. Different species-groups of the genus Macropsis. 2–7—oak-feeding species, group 1 (2–3—dorsal view of a body, 4—male 8 th sternite, 5–6—male pygofer processes, 7—penis, lateral view); 8–18—species feeding on Salicaceae, group 2 (8–9—dorsal view of a body, 10—male pygofer process, 11–12—penis, lateral view, 13–18—male 2 nd tergal apodemes); 19– 21—species feeding on Ulmus, group 3 (19–20—male 2 nd tergal apodemes, 21—penis, lateral view); 22–24—species feeding on Spiraea, group 4 (22–23—male 2 nd tergal apodemes, 24—end of style); 25–32—species feeding on Rosa, Berberis, Elaeagnus and Populus from the subgenus Turanga, groups 6, 7, 9, and 10 (25, 27, 29, and 31—penis, lateral view, 26, 28, 30, and 32—end of style); 33–35—species feeding on Berberis, group 7 (33–34—male 2 nd tergal apodemes, 35—lateral view of a body); 36–37—species feeding on Populus from the subgenus Turanga, group 10 (male 2 nd tergal apodemes). 2, 6, and 7—M. irenae Virakt., 3–5—M. matsumurana China, 8—M. leporina Tish., 9–11 and 15—M. viridobrunnea Dlab., 12 and 18—M. ocellata Prov., 13—M. vicina (Horv.), 14—M. validiuscula Dub., 16—M. impura (Boh.), 17—M. iliensis Mit., 19 and 21—M. illota (Horv.), 20—M. glandacea (Fieb.), 22 and 24—M. sibirica Kuzn., 23—M. brunnescens Vilb., 25–26—M. formosa Dub., 27–28, 33, and 35—M. berberidicola Dub., 29–30—M. elaeagni Em., 31–32 and 36–37—M. scabrosa Kor., 34—M. berberidis Dub.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.