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70 results for “Hyperparasitism”
FIGURE 8. A in Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Entoniscidae) infesting Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) from Nha Trang Bay, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, with remarks on larval stages of entoniscids and description of a new family, genus and two new species of hyperparasites
FIGURE 8. A, Cancrion khanhensis sp. nov. mature ovigerous female; B, C. khanhensis sp. nov. mature female showing dorsolateral ovarian processes (arrows); C, C. khanhensis sp. nov, immature female (stage 8); D, C. khanhensis sp. nov. mature female infested by Stellatoniscus tentaculus gen. nov., sp. nov. mature female; E, S. tentaculus gen. nov., sp. nov. immature females (stage III); F, S. tentaculus gen. nov., sp. nov. mature female (stage IV). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Temporal dynamics and biocontrol potential of a hyperparasite on coffee leaf rust across a landscape in Arabica coffee's native range
<p>Agroforestry systems can provide habitats for rich biodiversity including multitrophic interactions, which presents opportunities to develop natural pest control. Shade coffee systems in several coffee-growing areas of the world host such unique habitats where pests and their natural enemies interact. One of the major global challenges for coffee production, coffee leaf rust caused by the fungal pathogen <i>Hemileia vastatrix</i> is attacked by the fungal hyperparasite, <i>Lecanicillium lecanii</i>. However, we lack insights in the dynamics and biocontrol potential of the hyperparasite on coffee leaf rust from landscapes in Arabica coffee's native range. To understand the temporal dynamics across landscapes and environmental drivers of the rust and hyperparasite, and the potential for biocontrol of the rust by the hyperparasite, we studied the rust and hyperparasite during the dry and wet seasons for three consecutive years at 60 sites across a gradient of coffee management in southwestern Ethiopia. We found that coffee leaf rust was more severe during the dry season, whereas the hyperparasite was more severe during the wet season in two out of three years. The rust growth rate from the wet to the dry season transition was negatively related to the hyperparasite index during the wet season, implying a potential top-down control. Coffee leaf rust was generally more severe at lower altitudes in the dry season, whereas the hyperparasite was more severe at high altitude. The rust incidence increased with management intensity, while the hyperparasite was more common under less intensive management. This study could be interesting in that it represents a landscape where Arabica coffee originated and the rust and hyperparasite might have a long co-evolutionary history. Our findings highlight the potential of the hyperparasite to suppress the rust's growth rate from the wet to dry season transition when the rust severity could otherwise be at its peak. We show that less intensively managed landscapes with dense shade levels are likely to increase hyperparasite abundance and result in an improved top-down control of the rust. However, more detailed knowledge is needed on the interaction of these species to assess its importance for reducing rust induced yield losses or the risk of rust outbreaks.</p>
Data from: A hyperparasite affects the population dynamics of a wild plant pathogen
Assessing the impact of natural enemies of plant and animal pathogens on their host's population dynamics is needed to determine the role of hyperparasites in affecting disease dynamics, and their potential for use in efficient control strategies of pathogens. Here we focus on the long-term study describing metapopulation dynamics of an obligate pathogen, the powdery mildew (Podosphaera plantaginis) naturally infecting its wild host plant (Plantago lanceolata) in the fragmented landscape of the Åland archipelago (southwest Finland). Regionally, the pathogen persists through a balance of extinctions and colonizations, yet factors affecting extinction rates remain poorly understood. Mycoparasites of the genus Ampelomyces appear as good candidates for testing the role of a hyperparasite, i.e. a parasite of other parasites, in the regulation of their fungal hosts' population dynamics. For this purpose, we first designed a quantitative PCR assay for detection of Ampelomyces spp. in field-collected samples. This newly developed molecular test was then applied to a large-scale sampling within the Åland archipelago, revealing that Ampelomyces is a widespread hyperparasite in this system, with high variability in prevalence among populations. We found that the hyperparasite was more common on leaves where multiple powdery mildew strains coexist, a pattern that may be attributed to differential exposure. Moreover, the prevalence of Ampelomyces at the plant level negatively affected the overwinter survival of its fungal host. We conclude that this hyperparasite may likely impact on its host population dynamics and argue for increased focus on the role of hyperparasites in disease dynamics.
Data from: Wolbachia increases the susceptibility of a parasitoid wasp to hyperparasitism
The success of maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria, such as Wolbachia, is directly linked to their host reproduction but in direct conflict with other parasites that kill the host before it reaches reproductive maturity. Therefore, symbionts that have evolved strategies to increase their host's ability to evade lethal parasites may have high penetrance, while detrimental symbionts would be selected against, leading to lower penetrance or extinction from the host population. In a natural population of the parasitoid wasp Hyposoter horticola in the Åland Islands (Finland), the Wolbachia strain wHho persists at an intermediate prevalence (∼50%). Additionally, there is a negative correlation between the prevalence of Wolbachia and a hyperparasitoid wasp, Mesochorus cf. stigmaticus, in the landscape. Using a manipulative field experiment, we addressed the persistence of Wolbachia at this intermediate level, and tested whether the observed negative correlation could be due to Wolbachia inducing either susceptibility or resistance to parasitism. We show that infection with Wolbachia does not influence the ability of the wasp to parasitize its butterfly host, Melitaea cinxia, but that hyperparasitism of the wasp increases in the presence of wHho. Consequently, the symbiont is detrimental, and in order to persist in the host population, must also have a positive effect on fitness that outweighs the costly burden of susceptibility to widespread parasitism.
Supplementary material 1 from: Bermúdez-Cova MA, Hofmann TA, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2024) Systematic revision of species of Atractilina and Spiropes hyperparasitic on Meliolales (Ascomycota) in the tropics. MycoKeys 103: 167-213. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.115799
Alignments and tree generated during the analysis of the DNA sequences of Atractilina parasitica, Malacaria meliolicola and other members of the Dothideomycetes
Figure 2 in Hyperparasitism among larval stages of Digenea in snail hosts: sophisticated life strategy or pure randomness? The scenario of Cotylurus sp.
Figure 2. The mean intensity of tetracotyle metacercariae in snail hosts infected or not infected with sporocysts/rediae.
Figure 3 in Hyperparasitism among larval stages of Digenea in snail hosts: sophisticated life strategy or pure randomness? The scenario of Cotylurus sp.
Figure 3. The mean intensity of tetracotyle metacercariae in relationship to presence or absence of hyperparasitism in the snail host.
Data from: Wolbachia increases the susceptibility of a parasitoid wasp to hyperparasitism
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Data from: A hyperparasite affects the population dynamics of a wild plant pathogen
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Temporal dynamics and biocontrol potential of a hyperparasite on coffee leaf rust across a landscape in Arabica coffee’s native range
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Figure 3 in Is Geckobiella stamii (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) a hyperparasite or phoretic on Amblyomma dissimile (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with Iguana iguana from Panama?
Figure 3 Geckobiella stamii, adult (white arrow) and egg covers, attached to ventral surface of Amblyomma dissimile.
Data from: Pathogen dynamics under both bottom-up host resistance and top-down hyperparasite attack
1. The relative importance of bottom-up versus top-down control of population dynamics has been the focus of much debate. In infectious disease biology, research is typically focused on the bottom-up process of host resistance, wherein the direction of control flows from the lower to the higher trophic level to impact on pathogen population size and epidemiology. However, the importance of top-down control by a pathogen's natural enemies has been mostly overlooked. 2. Here, we explore the effects of, and interaction between, host genotype (i.e. genetic susceptibility to pathogen infection) and infection by a hyperparasitic fungus, (Ampelomyces spp.) on the establishment and early-epidemic growth and transmission of a powdery mildew plant pathogen (Podosphaera plantaginis). We used a semi-natural field experiment to contrast the impacts of hyperparasite infection, host-plant resistance and spatial structure to reveal the key factors that determine pathogen spread. We then used a laboratory-based inoculation approach to test whether the field experiment results hold across multiple pathogen-host genetic combinations, and to explore hyperparasite effects on the pathogen's later life-history stages. 3. We found that hyperparasite infection had a negligible effect on within-host infection development and between-host spread of the pathogen during the onset of epidemics. In contrast, host-plant resistance was the major determinant of whether plants became infected, and host genotype and proximity to an infection source determined infection severity. 4. Our laboratory study showed that, while the interaction between host and pathogen genotypes was the key determinant of infection outcome, hyperparasitism did, on average, reduce the severity of infection. Moreover, hyperparasite infection negatively influenced the production of the pathogen's overwintering structures. 5. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggest that while host resistance affects pathogen spread, efficient top-down control of powdery mildew pathogens is dependent on which pathogen life history stage is targeted. Further, while hyperparasitism in this system can reduce early pathogen growth under stable laboratory conditions, this effect is not detectable in a semi-natural environment. Considering the effects of hyperparasites at multiple points in pathogen's life history will be important when considering hyperparasite-derived biocontrol measures in other natural and agricultural systems.
Data from: Local adaptation at higher trophic levels: contrasting hyperparasite-pathogen infection dynamics in the field and laboratory
Predicting and controlling infectious disease epidemics is a major challenge facing the management of agriculture, human and wildlife health. Coevolutionarily derived patterns of local adaptation among pathogen populations have the potential to generate variation in disease epidemiology, however studies of local adaptation in disease systems have mostly focused on interactions between competing pathogens or pathogens and their hosts. In nature, parasites and pathogens are also subject to attack by hyperparasitic natural enemies that can severely impact upon their infection dynamics. However, few studies have investigated if this interaction varies across combinations of pathogen-hyperparasite strains, and if this influences hyperparasite incidence in natural pathogen populations. Here, we test if the association between a hyperparasitic fungus, Ampelomyces quisqualis, and a single powdery mildew host, Podosphaera plantaginis, varies among genotype combinations, and whether this drives hyperparasite incidence in nature. Laboratory inoculation studies reveal that genotype, genotype x genotype interactions, and local adaptation affect hyperparasite infection. However, observations of a natural pathogen metapopulation reveal that spatial rather than genetic factors predict the risk of hyperparasite presence. Our results highlight how sensitive the outcome of biocontrol using hyperparasites is to selection of hyperparasite strains.
Figure 5 from: Bermúdez-Cova MA, Hofmann TA, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2024) Systematic revision of species of Atractilina and Spiropes hyperparasitic on Meliolales (Ascomycota) in the tropics. MycoKeys 103: 167-213. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.115799
Figure 5 Spiropes caribensis (PRM 8311531) a conidia shown in optical section b, c as seen by SEMb conidium c basis of a conidium with a flat scar. Scale bars: 10 μm (a); 9 μm (b); 4 μm (c).
Figure 7 from: Bermúdez-Cova MA, Hofmann TA, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2024) Systematic revision of species of Atractilina and Spiropes hyperparasitic on Meliolales (Ascomycota) in the tropics. MycoKeys 103: 167-213. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.115799
Figure 7 Spiropes clavatus (IMI 102772) a conidiophores with scars b conidia shown in optical section c, d as seen by SEMc conidiophore with scars d conidium. Scale bars: 5 μm (a); 2.5 μm (b); 1 μm (c); 5 μm (d).
Figure 9 from: Bermúdez-Cova MA, Hofmann TA, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2024) Systematic revision of species of Atractilina and Spiropes hyperparasitic on Meliolales (Ascomycota) in the tropics. MycoKeys 103: 167-213. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.115799
Figure 9 Spiropes deightonii (IMI48956a) a conidiophores b conidia, as seen by LM (two upper spores; the thickness of the wall is indicated only in the drawing on the left-hand side) and by SEM (bottom spore) c, d as seen by SEMc conidiophore d conidia. Scale bars: 5 μm (a, b); 8 μm (c); 5 μm (d).
Figure 8 from: Bermúdez-Cova MA, Hofmann TA, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2024) Systematic revision of species of Atractilina and Spiropes hyperparasitic on Meliolales (Ascomycota) in the tropics. MycoKeys 103: 167-213. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.115799
Figure 8 Spiropes croissantiformis (MB 110) a synnemata (indicated by white arrows) growing on colonies of Meliola cf. xylopiaeb synnema (indicated by a black arrow) c conidiophores with scars and young conidia, shown in optical section d conidia shown in optical section. The thickness of the wall is only shown for the first spore from the left e, f as seen by SEMe part of a conidiophore with scars f conidia. Scale bars: 160 μm (a); 400 μm (b); 5 μm (c, d); 5 μm (e); 10 μm (f).
Figure 6 from: Bermúdez-Cova MA, Hofmann TA, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2024) Systematic revision of species of Atractilina and Spiropes hyperparasitic on Meliolales (Ascomycota) in the tropics. MycoKeys 103: 167-213. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.115799
Figure 6 Spiropes carpolobiae (MB 166) a conidiophores growing intermingled with hyphae of Meliola sp. on a leaf of Carpolobia luteab conidiophore with scars c Conidia shown in optical section. The thickness of the wall is shown in the left-hand drawing d, e as seen by SEMd conidiophore with scar e conidium. Scale bars: 0.3 mm (a); 5 μm (b, c); 5 μm (d); 3 μm (e).
Figure 18 from: Bermúdez-Cova MA, Hofmann TA, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2024) Systematic revision of species of Atractilina and Spiropes hyperparasitic on Meliolales (Ascomycota) in the tropics. MycoKeys 103: 167-213. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.115799
Figure 18 Spiropes melanoplaca (MB81, MB119, IMI189570a) a, b synnemata growing on hyphae of Meliola mangiferae on living leaves of Mangifera indicac conidiophores with scars and young conidia shown in optical section. The thickness of the wall is only shown in the first conidiophore, from left to right d conidia, shown in optical section (left-hand drawing) and as seen by SEM (right-hand drawing) e, f as seen by SEMe parts of conidiophores with scars f conidium. Scale bars: 1.5 mm (a); b); 0.9 mm (c); 8 μm (d); 7 μm (e); 8 μm (f).
Figure 14 from: Bermúdez-Cova MA, Hofmann TA, Yorou NS, Piepenbring M (2024) Systematic revision of species of Atractilina and Spiropes hyperparasitic on Meliolales (Ascomycota) in the tropics. MycoKeys 103: 167-213. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.103.115799
Figure 14 Spiropes intricatus (IMI 106645b-c) a conidiophores, growing on a hypha of Irenopsis sp., shown in optical section b conidia shown in optical section (the thickness of the wall is indicated only in the drawings on the upper row) and as seen by SEM (second row right) c, d as seen by SEMc conidiophore with scars d conidium. Scale bars: 5 μm (a); 3 μm (b); 7 μm (c); 8 μm (c).
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