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448 results for “Infection risk”
Data from: Social living simultaneously increases infection risk and decreases the cost of infection
Elevated parasite infection risk is considered to be a near universal cost of social living. However, living in groups may also provide benefits that reduce the negative impacts of infection. These potential 'tolerance' benefits of living socially are theoretically possible, but have rarely been described. In this study, we used an anthelmintic treatment experiment in wild Grant's gazelles (Nanger granti), who are commonly infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), to show that social living confers both costs and benefits related to GIN parasitism. We show that although larger group size increases GIN infection risk, a key cost of GIN infection – the suppression of food intake − is simultaneously moderated by living in larger groups. Our findings help illuminate the complex role parasites play in the evolution of host social behavior.
Data from: Immune stability predicts tuberculosis infection risk in a wild mammal
Immunity is one of the most variable phenotypic traits in animals; however, some individuals may show less fluctuation in immune traits, resulting in stable patterns of immune variation over time. It is currently unknown whether immune variation has consequences for infectious disease risk. In this study, we identified moderately stable immune traits in wild African buffalo and asked whether the stability of these traits affected bovine tuberculosis (TB) infection risk. We found that adaptive immune traits such as the level of IFN-γ released after white blood cell stimulation, the number of circulating lymphocytes, and the level of antibodies against bovine adenovirus-3 were moderately repeatable (i.e. stable) over time, whereas parameters related to innate immunity either had low repeatability (circulating eosinophil numbers) or were not repeatable (e.g. neutrophil numbers, plasma bacteria killing capacity). Intriguingly, individuals with more repeatable IFN-γ and lymphocyte levels were at a significantly higher risk of acquiring TB infection. In stark contrast, average IFN-γ and lymphocyte levels were poor predictors of TB risk, indicating that immune variability rather than absolute response level better captured variation in disease susceptibility. This work highlights the important and under-appreciated role of immune variability as a predictor of infection risk.
Data from: Risk alleles for tuberculosis infection associate with reduced immune reactivity in a wild mammalian host
Integrating biological processes across scales remains a central challenge in disease ecology. Genetic variation drives differences in host immune responses, which, along with environmental factors, generates temporal and spatial infection patterns in natural populations that epidemiologists seek to predict and control. However, genetics and immunology are typically studied in model systems, whereas population-level patterns of infection status and susceptibility are uniquely observable in nature. Despite obvious causal connections, organizational scales from genes to host outcomes to population patterns are rarely linked explicitly. Here we identify two loci near genes involved in macrophage (phagocyte) activation and pathogen degradation that additively increase risk of bovine tuberculosis infection by up to 9-fold in wild African buffalo. Furthermore, we observe genotype-specific variation in IL-12 production indicative of variation in macrophage activation. Here we provide measurable differences in infection resistance at multiple scales by characterizing the genetic and inflammatory variation driving patterns of infection in a wild mammal.
Risk factors of typhoid infection in the Indonesian archipelago
<p>Datasets and accompanying questionnaires for the epidemiological study on risk factors for typhoid infection conducted between June 2010 and June 2011 from 14 selected hospitals and health centres in three Indonesian islands: in and around Makassar in South Sulawesi (Sulawesi); Jayapura (Papua); Samarinda in East-Kalimantan (Kalimantan).</p> <p>The mansucript describing methods and results has been accepted for publication in PLOS ONE "Risk factors of typhoid infection in the Indonesian archipelago" by Sandra Alba, Mirjam I Bakker, Mochammad Hatta, Pauline FD Scheelbeek, Ressy Dwiyanti<sup> </sup>, Romi Usman, Andi R Sultan, Muhammad Sabir, Nataniel Tandirogan, Masyhudi Amir, Yadi Yasir, Rob Pastoor, Stella van Beers,Henk L Smits</p>
Pathogen group-specific risk factors for intra-mammary infection in water buffalo
<p>A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of intra-mammary infection (IMI) associated bacteria and to identify risk factors for pathogen group-specific IMI in water buffalo in Bangladesh. A California Mastitis Test (CMT) and bacteriological cultures were performed on 1,374 quarter milk samples collected from 763 water buffalo from 244 buffalo farms in nine districts in Bangladesh. Quarter, buffalo, and farm-related data were obtained through questionnaires and visual observations. A total of 618 quarter samples were found to be culture-positive. Non-<em>aureus</em> staphylococci were the predominant IMI-associated bacterial species, and <em>Staphylococcus </em>(<em>S.</em>)<em> chromogenes</em>, <em>S. hyicus</em>, and <em>S. epidermidis </em>were the most common bacteria found. The proportion of non-aureus staphylococci or <em>Mammaliicoccus sciuri</em> (NASM), <em>S. aureus</em>, and other bacterial species identified in the buffalo quarter samples varied between buffalo farms. Therefore, different management practices, buffalo breeding factors, and nutrition were considered and further analyzed when estimating the IMI odds ratio (OR). The odds of IMI by any pathogen (OR: 1.8) or by NASM (OR: 2.2) were high in buffalo herds with poor milking hygiene. Poor cleanliness of the hind quarters had a high odds of IMI caused by any pathogen (OR: 2.0) or NASM (OR: 1.9). Twice daily milking (OR: 3.1) and farms with buffalo purchased from another herd (OR: 2.0) were associated with IMI by any pathogen. Asymmetrical udders were associated with IMI-caused by any bacteria (OR: 1.7). A poor body condition score showed higher odds of IMI by any pathogen (OR: 1.4) or by NASM (OR: 1.7). This study shows that the prevalence of IMI in water buffalo was high and varied between farms. In accordance with the literature, our data highlight that IMI can be partly controlled through better farm management, primarily by improving hygiene, milking management, breeding, and nutrition.</p>
Synthesis of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in South America: amphibian species under risk and areas to focus research and disease mitigation
<p>Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been recognized as the infectious disease causing the most catastrophic loss of biodiversity known to science, with South America being the most impacted region. We tested whether Bd prevalence is distributed among host taxonomy, ecoregion, conservation status and habitat preference in South America. Here we provide a synthesis on the extent of Bd infection across South America based on 21,648 molecular diagnostic assays, roles of certain species in the epidemiology of Bd and explore its association with the reported amphibian catastrophic declines in the region. We show that Bd is widespread, with a continental prevalence of 23.2%. Its occurrence in the region shows a phylogenetic signal and the probability of infection is determined by ecoregion, preferred habitat, and extinction risk hosts' traits. The taxa exhibiting highest Bd occurrence, were mostly aquatic amphibians, including Ranidae, Telmatobiidae, Hylodidae, Calyptocephalellidae and Pipidae. Surprisingly, families exhibiting unusually low Bd prevalence included species in which lethal chytridiomycosis and population declines have been described (genus Atelopus, Rhinoderma and Eleutherodactylus). Higher than expected prevalence of Bd occurred mainly in amphibians living associated with mountain environments in the Andes and Atlantic forests, reflecting highly favourable Bd habitats in these areas. Invasive amphibian species (e.g. Lithobates catesbeianus and Xenopus laevis) exhibited high Bd prevalence, as thus we suggest using these as sentinels to understand their potential role as reservoirs, vectors or spreaders of Bd that can be subjected to management. Our results guide on the prioritization of conservation actions to prevent further biodiversity loss due to chytridiomycosis in the world's most amphibian diverse region.</p>
Predictive scoring for risk of complications in pediatric dengue infection
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Background: </span></strong><span>Dengue infection has been a worrisome cause of mortality and morbidity in children. Though numerous scoring systems have been developed, they are in the adult population or are too complicated for use in children. Pediatric dengue infection has a wide spectrum from a mild illness to severe complications and an unpredictable course. Hence the need for a predictive scoring system where the possibility of complications can be identified which can contribute to reduction in mortality and morbidity of dengue by prompt referrals and anticipatory management. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Methodology:</strong> Prospective case cohort study of children with confirmed dengue. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Results</strong>: 303 children were included and divided into two groups – the dengue fever group and the complicated dengue group based on the WHO clinical classification. The clinical and laboratory parameters were analysed individually, cut offs identified by ROC curves and compared for significance between the two groups. The parameters that emerged were hypotension, PCV ≥ 42%, platelet count ≤ 75000 cells/cumm, WBC ≥ 7000 cells/cumm, and ALT ≥ 70U/L.</span> <span>Using the adjusted odd's Ratio, and coefficient, individual predictive scores were tabulated ranging from 0 to 3, with a total score of 0 to 7. A cut-off score of 2 was then identified based upon the sensitivity(84.13%) and specificity(72.50%) as the ideal score to predict complicated dengue. Internal validation of the score was done where the area under the curve for predicting complicated dengue was 0.86(95% CI 0.8-0.92) with a P value of <0.001.</span><strong><span> </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Conclusion</span></strong><span>: </span><span>Our dengue predictive scoring system has been developed using five indicators, with a score of 2 and above out of 7, suggesting increased risk of developing complications. This has been validated internally and can be used to predict complicated dengue among children.</span></p>
Data and code from: Mixed infection, risk projection and misdirection: Interactions among pathogens alter links between host resources and disease
<p>A growing body of literature links resources of hosts to their risk of infectious disease. Yet most hosts encounter multiple pathogens, and projections of disease risk based on resource availability could be fundamentally wrong if they do not account for interactions among pathogens within hosts. Here, we measured infection risk of grass hosts (<i>Avena sativa</i>) exposed to three naturally-co-occurring viruses either singly or jointly (barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses [B/CYDVs]: CYDV-RPV, BYDV-PAV, and BYDV-SGV) along experimental gradients of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. We asked whether disease risk (i.e., infection prevalence) differed in single versus co-inoculations, and whether these differences varied with rates and ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. In single inoculations, the viruses did not respond strongly to nitrogen or phosphorus. However, in co-inoculations, we detected illustrative cases of 1) resource-dependent antagonism (RPV with increasing N; possibly due to competition), 2) resource-dependent facilitation (SGV with decreasing N:P; possibly due to immunosuppression), and 3) weak or no interactions within hosts (for PAV). Together, these within-host interactions created emergent patterns for co-inoculated hosts, with both infection prevalence and viral richness increasing with the combination of low nitrogen and high phosphorus supply. We demonstrate that knowledge of multiple pathogens is essential for predicting disease risk from host resources, and that projections of risk that fail to acknowledge resource-dependent interactions within hosts could be qualitatively wrong. Expansions of theory from community ecology theory may help anticipate such relationships linking host resources to diverse pathogen communities.</p>
COVID-19 Plane Infection Risks
<p>Cross-sectional survey results from a COVID19 plane infection risk survey conducted between the 22<sup>nd</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup> October, 2020. Participants (<em>n</em> = 2103) were aged 18 years or older, were living in the UK and had undertaken foreign air travel. The survey consisted of 18 closed-ended questions, with seventeen of the questions addressing issues associated with travelling by air and 11 questions addressing specific demographic topics. The questionnaire was designed by the research team, consisting of environmental microbiologists, public health specialists and social scientists, based on the study objectives and incorporating information from previous studies on same topic. The draft questionnaire was then tested on an expert panel, a panel of non-experts, a local ethics committee. First, perceived risks, concerns, and subjective knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms were measured using 16 options that included 14 actual symptoms and 2 which were not. Other questions about perception and risk were measured by statements with a 5-point Likert scale (e.g. strongly disagree to strongly agree).</p>
On modelling airborne infection risk
<div> <div> <div> <p>Airborne infection risk analysis is usually performed for enclosed spaces where susceptible indi- viduals are exposed to infectious airborne respiratory droplets by inhalation. It is usually based on exponential, dose-response models of which a widely used variant is the Wells-Riley (WR) model. We revisit this infection-risk estimate and extend it to the population level. We use an epidemiolog- ical model where the mode of pathogen transmission, airborne or contact, is explicitly considered. We illustrate the link between epidemiological models and the WR and the Gammaitoni and Nucci models. We argue that airborne infection quanta are, up to an overall density, airborne infectious respiratory droplets modified by a parameter that depends on biological properties of the pathogen, physical properties of the droplet, and behavioural parameters of the individual. We calculate the time-dependent risk to be infected for two scenarios. We show how the epidemic infection risk de- pends on the viral latent period and the event time, the time infection occurs. Infection risk follows the dynamics of the infected population. As the latency period decreases, infection risk increases. The longer a susceptible is present in the epidemic, the higher its risk of infection for equal exposure time to the mode of transmission is.</p> </div> </div> </div>
Haemoparasite Infection Risk in Multi-Host Avian System: An Integrated Analysis
<p><strong>Data used in the study: Haemoparasite Infection Risk in Multi-Host Avian System: An Integrated Analysis</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Podmokła et al. 2024_data.csv</strong> - This file contains the processed data used in the analysis.</li> <li><strong>Podmokła et al. 2024_raw data_landscape and population variables.csv</strong> - This file includes raw data on landscape and population variables. <ul> <li><strong>Population Metrics</strong>: Density of the same species and all species combined in the study area.</li> <li><strong>Landscape Variables</strong>: High-resolution satellite remote-sensing data reflecting vegetation cover (NDVI), moisture levels (NDMI), and distances to key landscape features such as forest edges, coastlines, pastures, and fields.<br><br></li> </ul> </li> <li><strong>Podmokła et al. 2024_raw data_parasites.csv</strong> - This file contains raw data on <em>Haemoproteus</em>, <em>Plasmodium</em>, and <em>Trypanosoma</em> infection status</li> </ul>
Data for: The impact of wildlife and environmental factors on hantavirus infection in host and its translation into human risk
<p><span>Identifying factors that drive infection dynamics in reservoir host populations is essential in understanding human risk from wildlife-originated zoonoses. We studied zoonotic <em>Puumala</em> <em>orthohantavirus</em> (PUUV) in the host, the bank vole (<em>Myodes</em> <em>glareolus</em>), populations in relation to the host population, rodent and predator community and environment-related factors and whether these processes are translated into human infection incidence. We used 5-year rodent trapping and bank vole PUUV serology data collected from 30 sites located in 24 municipalities in Finland. We found that PUUV seroprevalence was negatively associated with the abundance of red foxes, but this process did not translate into human disease incidence, which showed no association with PUUV seroprevalence. The abundance of weasels, the proportion of juvenile bank voles in the host populations and rodent species diversity were negatively associated with the abundance index of PUUV-positive bank voles, which, in turn, showed a positive association with human disease incidence. Our results suggest certain predators, high proportion of young bank vole individuals and a diverse rodent community, may reduce PUUV risk for humans through their negative impacts on the abundance of infected bank voles.</span></p>
Oral Islatravir (MK-8591) Once-Monthly as Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in Men and Transgender Women Who Are at High Risk for HIV-1 Infection (MK-8591-024)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04652700. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 7. Publications: 0.
Reducing the Risk of P. Vivax After Falciparum Infections in Co-endemic Areas
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03916003. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 3. Publications: 2.
Brief Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for HIV-infected At-risk Drinkers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03974061. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Convalescent Plasma in the Early Treatment of High-Risk Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04513158. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 38.
Drug Treatment Combined With Drug and Risk Reduction Counseling to Prevent of HIV Infection and Death Among Injection Drug Users
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00270257. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 2. Publications: 7.
A Prospective, Epidemiological Study to Assess the Disease Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Associated, Suspected Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Newborns, From 0 to 2 Years of Age and Risk
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01995175. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 8. Publications: 3.
Local Antibiotic Therapy to Reduce Infection After Operative Treatment of Fractures at High Risk of Infection: A Multicenter Randomized, Controlled Trial (VANCO)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02227446. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Trial of Vitamin D to Reduce Risk and Severity of COVID-19 and Other Acute Respiratory Infections
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04579640. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.