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256 results for “Interactions: predation”
Fig. 8 in Host selection and potential predation in the host-parasite interaction between the isopod Tachaea chinensis and freshwater host species
Fig. 8. Number of Tachaea chinensis predated by; Palaemon paucidens, Macrobrachium nipponense and Procambarus clarkii. A total of 20 T. chinensis isopods (two isopods per trials, 10 replications) were used in each treatment.
The Meadow Viper's perspective on the diet and predator-prey interactions of the reptile specialist Smooth Snake
<p>Despite its wide distribution, ecological data on the Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca) remains limited. Previous dietary analyses report that it mainly consumes lizards, but it also eats mammals and snakes. Little information is available on the habitat choice of the species, but vegetation structure and microtopography are considered the main factors determining occupancy of these snakes. As there is limited data on the diet of this species from Central Europe and it was considered a potential predator of the endangered Vipera ursinii rakosiensis (Hungarian Meadow Viper), we conducted a study concerning the diet of C. austriaca in one of the largest habitats of V. ursinii in Hungary. As there is no data on the occupancy of C. austriaca, we tested if the availability of certain prey species affects its occupancy C. austriaca individuals were captured to collect faecal samples, in which the remains were identified. In the obtained samples (n=53) we found remains of lizards (65%), mammals (20%), insects (12.5%) and Smooth Snake (2.5%). The consumed lizard species were Lacerta viridis, Podarcis tauricus and Lacerta agilis. We found no remains of V. ursinii in the faecal samples. We used dynamic two-species occupancy modeling to test if the occupancy of C. austriaca is linked to the presence of its prey species in the area. We found an interaction between C. austriaca and its lizard prey, as occupancy of C. austriaca had a higher probability when these species were present. We found no interaction between C. austriaca and V. ursinii. Our results support that C. austriaca mainly preys on lizards and its site occupancy depends on prey availability. Importantly, we found no evidence that C. austriaca consumes V. ursinii, which is further supported by the lack of interaction between the occupancy of C. austriaca and that of V. ursinii.</p>
Figure 3 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids
Figure 3 Time spent by Hippodamia convergens (Coccinellidae) in each behavioral category evaluated in the presence and absence of prey and another predator (Chrysoperla externa – Chrysopidae), during 60 minutes. Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase. Average time (%) followed by the same letters do not differ from each other by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Test p<0.05.
Figure 2 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids
Figure 2 Time spent by Chrysoperla externa (Chrysopidae) in each behavioral category evaluated in the presence and absence of prey and another predator (Hippodamia convergens– Coccinellidae),during 60 minutes.Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase. Average time (%) followed by the same letters do not differ from each other by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Test p<0.05
Figure 1 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids
Figure 1 Survival rate of predators Chrysoperla externa (Chrysopidae) andHippodamia convergens (Coccinellidae) in the presence and absence of Rhodobium posorum and Macrosiphum rosae (Aphididae). Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase.
Figure 2 in Terrestrial and communal nesting in Eupemphix nattereri (Anura, Leiuperidae): interactions with predators and pond structure
Figure 2. Several aspects of the predation of Eupemphix nattereri by the whistling heron (Syrigna sibilatrix). Above: a couple of herons, each one with an adult E. nattereri in the beak. Middle: a male heron with an amplectant pair of E. nattereri in his beak (the male frog did not release the female and both escaped predation). Below: a female heron washing an adult E. nattereri prior to consumption; note the foam released by the frog while being washed. Note also in the above and middle pictures, the communal foam nests at the pond's margin. More illustrations on several aspects of the natural history of the species are at the Amphibiaweb (http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu).
Figure 1 in Terrestrial and communal nesting in Eupemphix nattereri (Anura, Leiuperidae): interactions with predators and pond structure
Figure 1. Above: foam nest anchoring in Eupemphix nattereri. Note that the foam nest (, 40 h old) is on a platform excavated in the soil and far from the water level (thin arrow). There are also platforms (thick arrow) to the left that are unoccupied. Bar,9 cm. Below: a nearly 40-h-old collapsing foam nest. Note the wet mucous string through which the early tadpoles moved towards the water. Scale bar, 6 cm.
Can predators stabilize host-parasite interactions? Changes in aquatic predator identity alters amphibian responses and parasite abundance across life stages
<p><span><span>The role of parasites can change depending on the food web community. Predators, for instance, can amplify or dilute parasite </span><span>effects on their hosts. Likewise, exposure to parasites or predators at one life stage can have long-term consequences on individual performance and survival, which can influence population and disease dynamics. To understand how predators affect amphibian parasite infections across life stages, we manipulated exposure of northern leopard frog (<em>Rana pipiens</em>) tadpoles to three predators (crayfish [<em>Orconectes rusticus</em>], bluegill [<em>Lepomis macrochirus</em>], or mosquitofish [<em>Gambusia affinis</em>]) and to trematode parasites (<em>Echinostoma</em> spp.) in mesocosms and followed juveniles in outdoor terrestrial enclosures through overwintering. Parasites and predators both had strong impacts on metamorphosis with bluegill and parasites individually reducing metamorph survival. However, when fish were present, the negative effects of parasites on survival were not apparent, likely because fish altered community composition via increased algal food resources. Bluegill also reduced snail abundance, which could explain the reduced abundance of parasites in surviving metamorphs. Bluegill and parasite exposure increased mass at metamorphosis, which increased metamorph jumping, swimming, and feeding performance, suggesting larger frogs would experience better terrestrial survival. Effects on size at metamorphosis persisted in the terrestrial environment but did not influence overwintering survival. Based on our results, we constructed stage-structured population models to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects of bluegill and parasites on population dynamics. Our models suggested that the positive effects of bluegill and parasites on body size may have greater effects on population growth than the direct effects of mortality.</span> <span>This study illustrates how predators can alter the outcome of parasitic infections and highlights the need for long-term experiments that investigate how changes in host-parasite systems alter population dynamics. We show some predators reduce parasite effects and have indirect positive effects on surviving individuals potentially increasing host population persistence. </span></span></p>
Temperature and turbidity interact synergistically to alter anti-predator behaviour in the Trinidadian guppy
<p>Due to climate change, freshwater habitats are facing increasing temperatures and more extreme weather that disrupts water flow. Together with eutrophication and sedimentation from farming, quarrying and urbanisation, freshwaters are becoming more turbid as well as warmer. Predators and prey need to be able to respond to one another adaptively, yet how changes in temperature and turbidity interact to affect predator-prey behaviour remains unexplored. Using a fully factorial design, we tested the combined effects of increased temperature and turbidity on the behaviour of guppy shoals (<em>Poecilia</em> <em>reticulata</em>) in the presence of one of their natural cichlid predators, the blue acara (<em>Andinoacara</em> <em>pulcher</em>). Our results demonstrate that the prey and predator were in closest proximity in warmer, turbid water, with an interaction between these stressors showing a greater than additive effect. There was also an interaction between the stressors in the inter-individual distances between the prey, where shoal cohesion increased with temperature in clear water, but decreased when temperature increased in turbid water. The closer proximity to predators and reduction in shoaling in turbid, warmer water may increase the risk of predation for the guppy, suggesting that the combined effects of elevated temperature and turbidity may favour predators rather than prey.</p>
Numerical response of predator to prey: Dynamic interactions and population cycles in Eurasian lynx and roe deer
<p>The dynamic interactions between predators and their prey have two fundamental processes; numerical and functional responses. Numerical response is defined as predator growth rate as a function of prey density or both prey and predator densities [dP/dt = f(N, P)]. Functional response is defined as the kill rate by an individual predator being a function of prey density or prey and predator densities combined. Although there are relatively many studies on the functional response in mammalian predators, numerical response remains poorly documented. We studied numerical response of Eurasian lynx (<em>Lynx lynx</em>) to various densities of its primary prey species, roe deer (<em>Capreolus</em> <em>capreolus</em>), and to itself (lynx). We exploited an unusual natural situation, spanning three decades where lynx, after a period of absence in central and southern Sweden, during which roe deer populations had grown to high densities, subsequently recolonized region after region, from north to south. We divided the study area into seven regions, with increasing productivity from north to south. We found strong effects of both roe deer density and lynx density on lynx numerical response. Thus, both resources and intraspecific competition for these resources are important to understand the lynx population dynamic. We built a series of deterministic lynx–roe deer models and applied them to the seven regions. We found a very good fit between these Lotka-Volterra-type models and the data. The deterministic models produced almost cyclic dynamics or dampened cycles in five of the seven regions. Thus, we documented population cycles in this large-predator-large-herbivore system, which is rarely done. The amplitudes in the dampened cycles decreased towards the south. Thus, the dynamics between lynx and roe deer became more stable with increasing carrying capacity for roe deer, which is related to higher productivity in the environment. This increased stability could be explained by variation in predation risk, where human presence can act as prey refugia, and by a more diverse prey guild that will weaken the direct interaction between lynx and roe deer.</p>
Predator home range size mediates indirect interactions between prey species in an arctic vertebrate community
<ol> <li>Indirect interactions are widespread among prey species that share a common predator, but the underlying mechanisms driving these interactions are often unclear, and our ability to predict their outcome is limited. </li> <li>Changes in behavioural traits that impact predator space use could be a key proximal mechanism mediating indirect interactions, but there is little empirical evidence of the causes and consequences of such behavioural-numerical response in multi-species systems. </li> <li>Here, we investigate the complex ecological relationships between seven prey species sharing a common predator. We used a path analysis approach on a comprehensive 9-year dataset simultaneously tracking predator space use, prey densities, and prey mortality rate on key species of a simplified Arctic food-web. </li> <li>We show that high availability of a clumped and spatially predictable prey (goose eggs) leads to a two-fold reduction in predator (arctic fox) home range size, which increases local predator density and strongly decreases nest survival of an incidental prey (American golden plover). On the other hand, a scattered cyclic prey with potentially lower spatial predictability (lemming) had a weaker effect on fox space use and an overall positive impact on the survival of incidental prey.</li> <li>These contrasting effects underline the importance of studying behavioural responses of predators in multi-prey systems and to explicitly integrate behavioural-numerical responses in multi-species predator-prey models.</li> </ol>
Data from: Predator-prey Interactions of Terrestrial Invertebrates are Determined by Predator Body Size and Species Identity
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Data for: Interactions between temperature and predation impact insect emergence in alpine lakes
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Evolution in interacting species alters predator life history traits, behavior and morphology in experimental microbial communities
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Can predators stabilize host-parasite interactions? Changes in aquatic predator identity alters amphibian responses and parasite abundance across life stages
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Temperature and turbidity interact synergistically to alter anti-predator behaviour in the Trinidadian guppy
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Seasonal role of a specialist predator in rodent cycles: Ermine-lemming interactions in the High Arctic
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Numerical response of predator to prey: Dynamic interactions and population cycles in Eurasian lynx and roe deer
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Predator home range size mediates indirect interactions between prey species in an arctic vertebrate community
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The past, present, and future of predator-prey interactions in a warming world: using species distribution modeling to forecast ectotherm-endotherm niche overlap
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