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Figure 3 in Development of predictive models for determining fetal age-at-length in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and their application toward in situ and ex situ population management
Figure 3. Individual growth rate data from three animals (Animal 1, 2, 3). Regression line slopes during the first two-thirds of pregnancy (top graph) were similar (F = 0.48, P = 0.62, df1 = 2, df2 =18), while regression slopes where different (F = 15.13, P = 0.03, df1 = 2, df2 =3) from the second half to term. Animal 1 (▲) did not have any TL data beyond the first half of gestation so TL length data were used from the farthest in gestation and then again at term. Note that while growth rates were similar during the first two-thirds of pregnancy, fetuses were already different in size when initially detected.
Figure 2 in Development of predictive models for determining fetal age-at-length in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and their application toward in situ and ex situ population management
Figure 2. Fetal growth curve comparison illustrating different growth rates resulting in wide range in estimated gestation length as compared to known gestation length determined in this study. Data from Heide-Jørgensen and Teilmann (1994; dotted line) predicts a gestation length of 310 d for a 150 cm calf and similar to our study used a 2nd order polynomial regression to describe their data. Kleinenberg et al. ([1964] 1969: dashed line) developed a curve of the average monthly embryo/fetal growth. They did not provide the curve, only the predicted age at TL, which we then used to fit to a growth curve, which predicts 150 cm calf as 338 d.
Figure 1 in Development of predictive models for determining fetal age-at-length in belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and their application toward in situ and ex situ population management
Figure 1. Ultrasonographic images of beluga fetuses. All images have yellow caliper lines used to measure dimensions. Biparietal diameter (A, B) at two different stages of gestation show the ovoid shaped skull and echo produced from falx (arrows) located midline between the parietal bones (arrowheads). The thoracic diameter (C) as measured between the yellow caliper marks (arrowheads) on the lateral side of the fetal thorax (d1 = 6.66 cm) at the level of the heart (white arrow) and thoracic circumference (c = 24.04 cm) determined by using the elliptical measurement caliper function to include the dorsal to ventral diameter (d2 = 8.67 cm). The total length of a fetus (D) which is bent in utero, thus requiring the addition of two separate measurements (arrowheads), 1) 8.38 cm from the cranial most aspect of the skull to mid abdomen and 2) 6.91 cm from mid abdomen to distal most portion of the peduncle for a total length of 15.29 cm.
Figure 2 in Diet of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, and the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in the eastern Pacific Ocean
Figure 2. Trophic spectrum of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, and tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in Ecuadorian waters.
Figure 1 in Diet of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, and the tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, in the eastern Pacific Ocean
Figure 1. Landing port of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, and tiger shark, Galeocerdo cuvier, caught in Ecuadorian waters.
Figure 2 in First inland record of Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Celebes, Indonesia
Figure 2. The side view of C.leucas caught on the Pangkajene River, Pangkajene District, South Celebes Province, Indonesia. Photo Q. A. Mubaraq.
Figure 1 in First inland record of Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Celebes, Indonesia
Figure 1. Location of known C. leucas collected in inland Indonesia. Green, blue, and yellow shows the previous record from Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua respectively; and red show recent record from Celebes.
Figure 3 in First inland record of Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas (Müller & Henle, 1839) (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) in Celebes, Indonesia
Figure 3. The dorsal view of C.leucas caught on the Pangkajene River, Pangkajene District, South Celebes Province, Indonesia. Photo Q. A. Mubaraq.
FIGURE 4 in Bathyal ostracods from the Santa Maria di Leuca deep-water coral province (northern Ionian Sea)
FIGURE 4. Species distribution in dead assemblages "f", dead assemblages "w", and biocoenoses, per sample.
FIGURE 5 in Bathyal ostracods from the Santa Maria di Leuca deep-water coral province (northern Ionian Sea)
FIGURE 5. Specimens and species abundance per facies. (FC=Framework Coral; CR=Coral Rubble; SC/HG=Solitary Coral; GI=Gryphus and Isidella; MM=Mollusc Mud; FM=Foraminifer Mud; see also Table 1).
FIGURE 1 in Bathyal ostracods from the Santa Maria di Leuca deep-water coral province (northern Ionian Sea)
FIGURE 1. Location of the study area and Geological setting of the Apulian swell (after Savini and Corselli, 2010, modified).
FIGURE 2 in Bathyal ostracods from the Santa Maria di Leuca deep-water coral province (northern Ionian Sea)
FIGURE 2. Scheme of facies distribution in the Coral mounds (FC=Framework Coral; CR=Coral Rubble; SC=Solitary Corals; GI=Gryphus and Isidella elongata; MM=Mollusc Mud; FM=Foraminifer Mud; see also Table 1; after Rosso et al., 2010, modified).
FIGURE 6. 1 in Bathyal ostracods from the Santa Maria di Leuca deep-water coral province (northern Ionian Sea)
FIGURE 6. 1, Bairdoppilata conformis (Terquem, 1878). PMC. O FS 16. RV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 500 µm); 2, Bythocypris obtusata (Sars, 1866). PMC. O FS 17. LV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 500 µm); 3, Anchistrocheles tenera (Breman, 1975). PMC. O FS 18. LV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 200 µm); 4, Macropyxis adriatica (Breman, 1975). PMC. O FS 19. LV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 500 µm); 5, Argilloecia acuminata Müller, 1894. PMC. O FS 20. RV, internal lateral view (scale bar equals 100 µm); 6, Krithe monosteracensis (Seguenza, 1880). PMC. O FS 21. RV, internal lateral view (trasparency, scale bar equals 250 µm); 7, Echinocythereis echinata Sars, 1866. PMC. O FS 22. RV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 500 µm); 8, Henryhowella ex H. hirta (Costa, 1853) group. PMC. O FS 23. LV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 200 µm); 9, Bathycythere vanstraateni Sissingh, 1971. PMC. O FS 24. RV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 200 µm); 10, Cytheropteron hadriaricum Bonaduce et al., 1975. PMC. O FS 25. RV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 100 µm); 11, Cytheropteron testudo Sars, 1869. PMC. O FS 26. RV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 200 µm); 12, Pseudocythere caudata Sars, 1866. PMC. O FS 27. LV, external lateral view (scale bar equals 200 µm); 13, Monoceratina mediterranea Sissingh, 1971. PMC. O FS 28. RV, external lateral view (scale equals bar 200 µm); 14, Paradoxostoma simile Müller, 1894. PMC. O FS 29. LV, internal lateral view (trasparency, scale bar equals 200 µm). (PMC. O FS 16–29 = Paleontological Museum Catania. Ostracoda Figured Specimens number 16 to 29. RV = right valve; LV = left valve).
Data from: Population structure, connectivity and demographic history of an apex marine predator, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas
Knowledge of population structure, connectivity and effective population size remains limited for many marine apex predators, including the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. This large-bodied coastal shark is distributed worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and uses estuaries and rivers as nurseries. As an apex predator, the bull shark likely plays a vital ecological role within marine food webs, but is at risk due to inshore habitat degradation and various fishing pressures. We investigated the bull shark's global population structure and demographic history by analysing the genetic diversity of 370 individuals from 11 different locations using 25 microsatellite loci and three mitochondrial genes (CR, nd4, cytb). Both types of markers revealed clustering between sharks from the Western Atlantic and those from the Western Pacific and the Western Indian Ocean, with no contemporary gene flow. Microsatellite data suggested low differentiation between the Western Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, but substantial differentiation was found using mitochondrial DN A. Integrating information from both types of markers and using Bayesian computation with a random forest procedure (ABC-RF), this discordance was found to be due to a complete lack of contemporary gene flow. High genetic connectivity was found both within the Western Indian Ocean and within the Western Pacific. In conclusion, these results suggest important structuring of bull shark populations globally with important gene flow occurring along coastlines , highlighting the need for management and conservation plans on regional scales rather than oceanic basin scale.
FIGURE 3 in Bathyal ostracods from the Santa Maria di Leuca deep-water coral province (northern Ionian Sea)
FIGURE 3. Ostracod distribution per samples.
Possible niche compression and individual specialization in Pacific Arctic beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) from the 19th to 20th century
<p><span>Cetaceans have shown potential to be used as sentinel species for tracking environmental change in marine ecosystems, yet our assessment of change is typically limited to recent decades and lacks ecological baselines. Using historical museum specimens, we compared community niche metrics and degree of individual dietary specialization in groups of Pacific Arctic beluga (<em>Delphinapterus</em> <em>leucas</em>) from the 1800s (n = 5) to 1900s (n = 10) using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes drilled from teeth. Beluga occupied a broader trophic niche and demonstrated a higher degree of individual specialization in the 1800s than in the 1900s. The cause of this shift is difficult to confirm given long timescales and constraints of specimen-based research but could indicate changes in the prey base or competition. The scale and nature of this detected shift provide perspective for continued research on these climate-vulnerable species.</span></p>
Possible niche compression and individual specialization in Pacific Arctic beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) from the 19th to 20th century
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Data from: Population structure, connectivity and demographic history of an apex marine predator, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas
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Data from: Groups of related belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) travel together during their seasonal migrations in and around Hudson Bay
Social structure involving long-term associations with relatives should facilitate the learning of complex behaviours such as long-distance migration. In and around Hudson Bay (Canada), three stocks of beluga whales form a panmictic unit, but have different migratory behaviours associated with different summering areas. We analysed genetic variation at 13 microsatellite loci among 1524 belugas, to test hypotheses about social structure in belugas. We found significant proportions of mother–offspring pairs throughout the migratory cycle, but average relatedness extended beyond close kinship only during migration. Average relatedness was significantly above random expectations for pairs caught at the same site but on different days or months of a year, suggesting that belugas maintain associations with a network of relatives during migration. Pairs involving a female (female–female or male–female) were on average more related than pairs of males, and males seemed to disperse from their matrilineal group to associate with other mature males. Altogether, our results indicate that relatives other than strictly parents, and especially females, play a role in maintaining a social structure that could facilitate the learning of migration routes. Cultural conservatism may limit contributions from nearby summer stocks to endangered stocks such as the Eastern Hudson Bay beluga.
FIGURE 18. a–c in Bathyal Mollusca from the cold-water coral biotope of Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulian margin, southern Italy)
FIGURE 18. a–c: Turbonilla micans (Monterosato, 1875), sample BC51, scale bars: 0.5 mm (a), 0.2 mm (b–c, protoconch); d– f: Graphis gracilis (Monterosato, 1874), sample BC72, scale bars: 0.5 mm (d), 0.2 mm (e–f, protoconch); g–i: Crenilabium exile (Jeffreys, 1870), samples BC67 (g) and BC04 (h–i), scale bars: 2 mm (g), 0.2 mm (h–i, protoconch); j–l: Japonacteon pusillus (MacGillivray, 1843), sample BC72, scale bars: 2 mm (j), 0.2 mm (k–l, protoconch); m–o: Callostracon thyrrenicum (Smriglio & Mariottini, 1996), sample BC71, scale bars: 1 mm (m), 0.2 mm (n–o, protoconch).
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