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Fig. 8 in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 8 Mitochondrial genome map of Veneriserva pygoclava. The inner ring presents the GC content graph. The complete, fully annotated mitochondrial genome is accessible via the NCBI GenBank database under the accession number: OR449961

Fig. 7 in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 7 Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of Dorvilleidae. The tree depicts the phylogenetic relationships within Dorvilleidae inferred through concatenated 16S, COI, Cytb, 18S, and H3 sequences. Bootstrap support values are provided for each node. Nodes with complete support are indicated with an asterisk (*); values below 50% are not shown. Branches of parasitic/symbiotic species highlighted in blue. Haplotype network for 5 Veneriserva pygoclava specimens is shown next to the tree

Fig. 6 in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 6 Epidermal ultrastructure of Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D TEM images of the epidermis revealing the presence of dense, modified microvilli (mv) that cover the body surface. A mucosecretory gland cell (gl) is discernable in A. D shows details of a multi-ciliated epidermal cell. B depicts the microvilli (mv) covering the cuticle (cu). Note the inflated tips of the microvilli and the electron-dense droplets. E Apically the epidermal cells display an abundance of transport vesicles (v). Arrowheads mark the branching microvilli piercing through the cuticle in all images. Abbreviations—ci cilia, m mitochondria, nc nucleus

Fig. 3 in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 3 µCT visualization of parasites within Aphrodita longipalpa. A 3D rendering of parasites shown within the projection of the host body. B–D Virtual dissections of surface renderings, showing crosssections of the host across three consecutive body regions, from anterior to posterior. Raw image data from the micro-CT stack, illustrating a horizontal section through the host (E) and a sagittal section (F). Head of the juvenile parasite is magnified to display the prominent jaws in white. Abbreviations—ja jaws, ne nephridia, pha pharynx. Female Veneriserva pygoclava is shown in yellow or with yellow arrowheads and the juvenile V. pygoclava in blue or with blue arrowheads

Fig. 4 AZAN-stained paraffin histology. A in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 4 AZAN-stained paraffin histology. A Histological cross-section of a juvenile Aphrodita longipalpa featuring an endoparasitic immature Veneriserva pygoclava (denoted by a star). B Longitudinal section of V. pygoclava, highlighting the absence of a through gut, and continuous uninterrupted mesenteries. C–H Cross-sections through the anterior region of V. pygoclava, showing the muscularized pharynx with jaws culminating in blind termination at section G. Abbreviations—ac acicula, br brain, df dorsal felt, el elytra, ja jaws, mo mouth, ne nephridium, pha pharynx, vnc ventral nerve cord

Fig. 2 Parasite abundance and distribution statistics. A in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 2 Parasite abundance and distribution statistics. A total of 58 Aphrodita longipalpa were dissected and examined for parasite presence. The upper horizontal bars graphically depict the proportional parasitism rates and the corresponding distribution among male, female, and juvenile parasites, along with various cohabitation configurations. The box plots show the relationship between host size and the occurrence of parasites, presented collectively and then individually for female, male, and juvenile parasites

◂Fig. 5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

◂Fig. 5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord

Figure 26. The A-6 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 26. The A-6 instar furcal rami of Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. and five representative species of the superfamilies Bairdioidea, Cypridoidea, Cytheroidea, Darwinuloidea and Cytherelloidea. Neonesidea oligodentata taken from Smith & Kamiya (2002), Loxoconcha japonica taken from Smith & Kamiya (2003), Eucypris virens taken from Smith & Martens (2000), Uncinocythere occidentalis taken from Smith & Kamiya (2004), Darwinula stevensoni original, Keijcyoidea sp. taken from Okada (2001).

Figure 25. The A-7 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 25. The A-7 instar furcal rami of Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. and five representative species of the superfamilies Bairdioidea, Cypridoidea, Cytheroidea, Darwinuloidea and Cytherelloidea. Neonesidea oligodentata taken from Smith & Kamiya (2002), Loxoconcha japonica taken from Smith & Kamiya (2003), Eucypris virens taken from Smith & Martens (2000), Darwinula stevensoni original, Keijcyoidea sp. taken from Okada (2001).

Figure 20 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 20. Summary of the appearance of limbs during ontogeny of Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. and three representative species of the superfamilies Bairdioidea, Cypridoidea and Cytheroidea. Neonesidea oligodentata taken from Smith & Kamiya (2002), Loxoconcha japonica taken from Smith & Kamiya (2003), Eucypris virens taken from Smith & Martens (2000).

Figure 19 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 19. Locomotion in Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. Only An2, L6 and L7 drawn for clarity.

Figure 16 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 16. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-1 instar. An1 (2003.1048), An2 (2003.1048), Md (2003.1048), Mx (2003.1048).

Figure 24 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 24. Tentative phylogram for the extant superfamilies of the Ostracoda, Podocopa. (1) Antennal exopodite with two podomeres, maxillular endopodite leg-like, eighth limb present in both sexes (= hypothetical Palaeozoic palaeocopid). (2) Reduction of antennal exopodite to a single elongate podomere. (3) Mandible palp bearing a filter comb with at least eight setae; maxillular endopodite a palp; loss of eighth limb (possibly represented by male copulatory appendage only). (4) Further development of filter combs on mandible and maxillula; loss of seventh limb. (5) Reduction of antennal exopodite to a short podomere or scale bearing setae. (6) Antennal exopodite bearing at least seven long setae. (7) Antennal exopodite bearing three setae. (8) Reduction of filter comb on mandible palp to four or fewer setae. (9) Development of antennal exopodite into a spinneret seta. (10) Development of a Zenker's Organ. According to this hypothesis, the orders Podocopida and Platycopida had as a common ancestor a filter-feeding palaeocopid with an antennal exopodite with two podomeres, a mandible palp bearing a filter comb with at least eight setae, and an eighth limb represented only by the male copulatory appendage. Subsequently, the Platycopida became highly adapted to the filter-feeding mode of life while the Podocopida abandoned it and diversified as detritus-feeders, scavengers, carnivores and herbivores. The majority of the Palaeocopida, a highly diverse group in the Palaeozoic, became extinct at the end of the Permian; the only survivors, the puncioids, are highly derived forms in which only the leg-like maxillular endopodite and the presence of the eighth limb in both sexes are plesiomorphic. The origins of most extant superfamilies lie relatively early in the Palaeozoic, most probably in the Ordovician; the only post-Palaeozoic radiation at superfamily level was that of the Cypridocopina (Macrocypridoidea, Pontocypridoidea and Cypridoidea) from Sigillioidea that survived the end-Permian extinctions.

Figure 22 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 22. Terrestricythere sp. Adult male instar. A, right valve external. B, left valve external (Gore Point, Porlock) 2003.1049.

Figure 15 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 15. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-2 instar. Mx (2003.1046), L5 (2003.1047), L6(2003.1045), L7(2003.1046), Fu (2003.1046).

Figure 12 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 12. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-3 instar. An1 (2003.1042), An2 (2003.1043), Md (2003.1044), Mx (2003.1044).

Figure 14 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 14. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-2 instar. An1 (2003.1045), An2 (2003.1045), Md (2003.1046).

Figure 10 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 10. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-5 instar. An1 (2003.1035), An2 (2003.1035), Md (2003.1037), Mx (2003.1037), L5 (2003.1037), Fu (2003.1036).

Figure 11 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 11. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. A-4 instar. An1 (2003.1039), An2 (2003.1039), Md (2003.1039), Mx (2003.1038), L5(2003.1039), L6 (2003.1038), Fu (2003.1038).

Figure 6 in The first British record and a new species of the superfamily Terrestricytheroidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda): morphology, ontogeny, lifestyle and phylogeny

Figure 6. Terrestricythere elisabethae sp. nov. Adult instar. L5 (2003.1026 male), L5 (2003.1024 female), L6 (2003.1025 male), L7 (2003.1025 male), female genital lobe (2003.1023 female), Hem (2003.1025 male).