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Fig 2 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242

Fig 2 Diagram showing compositions of Locusta migratoria populations with 1, 2 and 3 or more generations per year based on various sources (H. Tanaka 1982, Hakomori and Tanaka 1992, Tanaka 1994, Shimizu et al. 2012, Tanaka 2022).

Fig 15 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242

Fig 15 Changes in mean F/C (hind femur length/head width) and E/F (forewing length/hind femur length) ratios of adults across generations in Locusta migratoria. Sample sizes in G0–3 are 29, 30, 27 and 26 in (A) and (C) and 29, 31, 24 and 19 in (B) and (D). Locusts were reared in a group in G1–G3 at 30°C under LD12:12h or LD 16:8h. White and gray histograms indicate females and males, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences in mean values with the Steel-Dwass test (p < 0.05). Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3.

Fig 12 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242

Fig 12 Relationships between lengths of nymphal development and adult head width in G1 Locusta migratoria reared at LD12:12 h (A) and LD 16:8 h (B). Correlations are insignificant at the 5% level. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Each symbol indicates the mean of each population based on Suppl. material 1: table S10.

Fig 4 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242

Fig 4 Head widths (mean ± SD) of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the annual mean temperatures at the collection sites. Top diagrams show the phylogenetic origin (Tokuda et al. 2010). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.

Fig 17 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242

Fig 17 Ratios of female head width to male head width of Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the latitudes in the field-collected adults (G0) and those reared at LD 12:12 h (B, D, F) and LD 16:8 h (C, E, G). The correlations between the two variables are all significant (p < 0.05) except for G3. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3.

Fig 5 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242

Fig 5 Mean head widths of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the longitudes (A) and altitudes (m) of the collection sites. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. SDs expressed as bars are given only in (B). None of the correlations are statistically significant (p > 0.05). Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S1, S2.

Fig 7 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242

Fig 7 Means and SDs of maximum egg pod widths (A) and numbers of eggs (B) of egg pods produced by field-collected Locusta migratoria plotted against the latitudes of collection sites. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S5.

Fig 8 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 8 Correlations of head widths between field-collected females and group-reared G1 (A, B) or G2 (C, D) adults at LD 12:12h and LD 16:8h. Each circle indicates the mean value of adults reared in a cage. In (A), mean N = 31.3 and 35.3 in females and males, respectively. In (B), N = 23.3 and 30.0 in females and males, respectively. In (C), mean N = 30.3 and 30.2 in females and males, respectively. In (D), N = 22.0 and 30.6 in females and males, respectively.

Fig 9 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 9 Effects of selection for large (L) and small (S) adults over two generations on adult head width (mean ± SD) in a giant migratory locust. Different letters in each sex indicate statistically significant differences at the 5% level by the Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Fig 7 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 7 Relationship between the duration of nymphal development and body weight at adult emergence in G2 of different family lines reared as groups at LD 12:12h (A) and LD 16:8h (B). Each circle represents the mean value of female (red) or male (green) individuals reared in a cage. Interrupted lines indicate statistically significant regression lines.

Fig 5 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 5 Relationship between nymphal development and body weight at adult emergence in giant Locusta migratoria individually reared at LD 12:12h (A) and LD 16:8h (B). The numbers presented in parentheses denote the number of nymphal stadia. In (A), the sample size were N = 20 and 24 for females with 5 and 6 nymphal instars, respectively; and N = 22 and 3 for males with 5 and 6 nymphal instars, respectively. In (B), the sample sizes were N = 19 and 28 for females with 5 and 6 nymphal instars, and N = 49 and 2 for males with 5 and 6 nymphal instars. Relationship between body weight at hatching and nymphal development in giant Locusta migratoria individually reared at LD 12:12h (C) and LD 16:8h (D). Asterisk indicates p < 0.05.

Fig 6 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 6 Relationship between the duration of nymphal development and body weight at adult emergence in G2 of two family lines (TG and TK) reared as groups at LD 12:12h (A, C) and LD 16:8h (B, D). Each circle represents one individual, with females in red and males in green. Interrupted lines indicate statistically significant regression lines.

Fig 3 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 3 A photograph showing differences between a giant female (A, TBL = 84.0 mm, head width = 11.7 mm) and an average-sized female (B, TBL = 65.0 mm, head width = 8.8 mm) of Tsushima Island. Relationship between maximum body weight and head width of Locusta migratoria female adults collected on Tsushima Island in 2008 and reared individually at 30°C and LD 12:12h (C). The maximum body weight for a giant individual with the head width of 11.3 mm was 8.91 g, whereas it was 4.47 g (range, 3.09–5.49 g, N = 33) for the other individuals.

Fig 4 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 4 The effects of female body size on egg pod width (A) and numbers of eggs per pod (B) in field-collected Locusta migratria. Female adults used in (A) and (B) were collected in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Relationship between the number of ovarioles and head width in Locusta migratoria females collected in 2008 (C) and between the number of ovarioles and head width in G1 females of a giant family reared under isolated conditions (D). Relationship between hatchling body weight and head width of 12 Locusta migratoria maternal specimens collected on Tsushima Island in 2008 (E). In (E) each circle is based on 12.7 hatchlings on average.

Fig 13 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 13 Phylogenetic relationships among Tsushima Island (highlighted in red) and various other populations of Locusta migratoria. The original tree was constructed by Tokuda et al. (2010) using the neighbor-joining method based on a combined dataset of 2181 bp, including sequences of cytochrome b, cytochrome oxidase subunit I, NADH dehydrogenase subunit II, and 12S ribosomal RNA. Bootstrap values are provided for nodes supported by more than 50% in 1000 pseudoreplicates. This figure has been reproduced with permission and some modifications. For a detailed explanation, see Tokuda et al. (2010).

Fig 2 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 2 Head width analysis of adult Locusta migratoria from Tsushima Island. Frequency distribution of head widths among female (A) and male (B) individuals. Relationship between head widths and total body length in fresh specimens (C). Box plot illustrating head width distribution by fresh female individuals (D) and male individuals (E). The figure presents data obtained from both recently collected fresh specimens and dry specimens gathered in 1930 and 1933 that were preserved at Kyushu University's museum. Additionally, reference data from Hiura's study (1976) are included.

Fig 11 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 11 Changes in annual air temperatures on Tsushima Island from 1930 to 2020 (A), from 1930 to 1975 (B), and from 1976 to 2022 (C) (Japan Meteorological Agency).

Fig 12 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 12 Diagram illustrating how the developmental pathways of hatchlings are influenced by their initial body sizes and subsequent molt patterns, shedding light on the correlation between molting frequency, growth duration, and adult size attainment under isolated rearing conditions. On average, hatchling body size between sexes was similar. Among the female hatchlings, those with larger initial body sizes exhibited a propensity to undergo 5 molts, whereas their smaller counterparts tended to experience 6 molts during their development. Among the male hatchlings, the majority followed a pattern of 5 molts with the exception of a limited number of smaller individuals that underwent 6 molts. On average, individuals that experienced 6 molts exhibited an extended growth period but ultimately emerged as larger adults in comparison to their counterparts that underwent 5 molts. These findings are in line with the data presented in Table 1.

Fig 10 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 10 Effects of reciprocal crossings between giant (TG) and other families including Koutsuki (KT1 and KT2) and Neo (NE1 and NE 2) on the body weight of offspring at hatchling in F2. Different letters in each crossing experiment indicate statistically significant differences at the 5% level using the Tukey's multiple comparison test; ns indicates no significant difference by ANOVA. Nymphs and adults of F1 were reared as groups at LD 12:12h, and their eggs (F2) were allowed to hatch at 30°C after diapause termination. Numbers in parentheses indicate sample sizes, with a mean of 13.8 hatchlings in each sample.

Fig 1 from: Tanaka S, Tokuda M (2024) Occurrence of giant migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Acrididae) on Tsushima Island, Japan. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 113-126. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.112789

Fig 1 Mean head widths of male and female solitarious adults of Locusta migratoria across diverse climatic regions. Data for Tsushima populations were derived from this study (red circle) and Farrow and Colless (1980).