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FIG. 2 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 2. Neuromast distributions in E. lori vitally stained with 4-di-2-ASP (lateral view, rostral to the left). (A) 0 dph (3 mm NL; yolk sac larva, fin folds still present) with only nine neuromasts present on head. By 1 dph, the yolk sac is fully absorbed and by 10 dph, flexion has started. (B) 38 dph (9.5 mm SL, pre-settlement) individual with all neuromast lines present on head; only the neuromasts in lines on operculum and mandible have begun to proliferate. Canal neuromasts are still visible (e.g., dorsal to orbit), indicating that the canals are not yet fully ossified. Settlement occurs at ~30–45 dph, 9–11 mm SL. (C) Wild-caught adult (42 mm SL) with lines of proliferated superficial neuromasts on head. (D) Trunk and tail of 20 dph (6 mm SL) larva. The few neuromasts on trunk will proliferate to become short vertical series of superficial neuromasts (see F). A few neuromasts on the caudal fin occur in three lines. (E) Anterior portion of the trunk (adult, 42 mm SL) illustrating several short lines of neuromasts. (F) Posterior portion of the trunk (adult, 42 mm SL) with well-organized vertical lines of neuromasts (''stitches'') on each myomere along horizontal septum. (G) Caudal fin (adult, 42 mm SL) with three lines (lines lc, lc1, and lc2) of densely placed neuromasts extending from the fin base to the tip of the caudal fin on the membranes between fin rays. Caudal-fin membranes are so thin that the neuromasts from both the left (white arrowhead) and right (yellow arrowhead) side are visible within a line. See Figures 3 and 4 for identification of neuromast lines.

FIG. 6 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 6. Neuromast and cupular morphology in E. lori. (A) Neuromast showing hair cells in central sensory strip with opposing polarities (hair cell orientation; double-headed arrow). (B) Detail of neuromast, as in A, showing ciliary bundles of individual hair cells (each with kinocilium [kc] and multiple stereocilia [sc]) with opposing polarities. (C) Gelatinous cupula (cu) retained on a neuromast that has the same orientation as neuromast in A; note the ''wing-like'' extensions of the cupula that reaches to the tips (arrows) of the elongate neuromast. (D) Neuromast that appears to be in the process of budding, which is thought to be the mechanism for neuromast proliferation. Double-headed arrows ¼ hair cell orientation.

FIG. 5 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 5. Lateral line development in E. lori. (A–E) Supraorbital (SO) canal with canal neuromasts (CNs) between orbits and superficial neuromasts in larvae. (A) CN (arrow) prior to canal enclosure (Stage I) at 0 dph. (B) CN (arrow) in depression as canal formation starts (Stage IIa) at 10 dph (5 mm SL). Nuclei of cells in two layers are visible in the neuromast (upper layer, sensory hair cells; lower layer, non-sensory support cells). (C) Left and right CNs (arrows) in the SO canal in the dorsal midline, with canal walls rising (*, Stage IIb), but not yet enclosing the CNs. (D) Left and right CNs (arrows, as in C; cupula of left neuromast is visible) are enclosed in the ossified SO canal (Stage IV; wild-caught settler, 14 mm SL). (E) Example of a line of densely placed superficial neuromasts (line c2) in wild-caught settler (14 mm SL) in the nasal area; prominent olfactory epithelium (oe). Stages of canal development (I–IV) follow Webb and Shirey (2003). (F–J) Ontogeny of superficial neuromast size and shape in E. lori showing diamond shape and gradual restriction of hair cells to a central, oval sensory strip. Axis of best physiological sensitivity (hair cell orientation) is perpendicular to the long axis of the neuromast. (F) 0 dph—neuromast on trunk is already diamond-shaped, (G) 10 dph—neuromast on trunk, (H) 20 dph—neuromast on cheek, (I) 34 dph—neuromast on cheek, note that sensory strip takes up a smaller portion of area of the neuromast compared to those in F–H. (J) Adult—superficial neuromast on caudal fin. Scale bars: A–E, 50 lm; F–H, 2 lm; I–J, 5 lm.

FIG. 9 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 9. Comparison of neuromast size in post-settlement juveniles and adult E. lori. Least squared means of (A) neuromast length and (B) neuromast width and standard error are plotted for each neuromast type (canal neuromasts [CN], canal neuromast homologs [CNH], superficial neuromasts [SN])—Head CN (n ¼ 13), Head CNH (n ¼ 45), Head SN (n ¼ 102), Trunk SN (n ¼ 65), and Tail SN (n ¼ 8)—based on linear measurements of scanning electron micrographs. Statistically significant differences are indicated by brackets (post hoc Tukey's HSD, P, 0.05).

FIG. 1 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 1. Examples of the distribution of lateral line canal pores (open circles) and superficial neuromasts (filled circles) in longitudinal and transverse patterns in gobies. (A) Thorogobius macrolepis has a longitudinal pattern with lines ventral to the eye (lines a, b, c, and d) that extend rostro-caudally (re-drawn from Sanzo, 1911). (B) Elacatinus oceanops has a transverse pattern with lines ventral to the eye that radiate from the edge of the orbit, the site of the ancestral infraorbital canal (the only published data for Elacatinus spp.; re-drawn from Miller, 1972). (C) Tigrigobius limbaughi (¼Elacatinus limbaughi), with a transverse pattern (re-drawn from Hoese and Reader, 2001). (D) Tigrigobius macrodon, with a transverse pattern (re-drawn from Miller, 1972).

FIG. 4 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 4. Distribution of superficial neuromasts (black circles) in body and caudal series in an E. lori post-settlement juvenile (''settler''; 38 dph, 9.5 mm SL) based on fluorescent images (see also Fig. 2D–G). Superficial neuromast series (defined by Sanzo, 1911) are color-coded: blue ¼ oculoscapular, purple ¼ anterior dorsal, pink ¼ body, and brown ¼ caudal. Names for superficial neuromast lines within series follow Sanzo (1911) and Wongrat and Miller (1991). The large pectoral fin is not drawn in order to visualize all neuromasts on the trunk. See text for additional details.

FIG. 12 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 12. Neuromast morphology in species of Tigrigobius (lateral views; rostral to left). (A) T. multifasciatus (AMNH 23621)—radiating superficial lines on the cheek (3, 4, 5, b, d; see Fig. 3B). (B) Lines 5 and b (see box in A), which have a tip-to-tip arrangement. (C) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)— preopercular canal (PO) pores (e, c) and opercular series (lines ot, os, oi, forming the ''F'' on the operculum). (D) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)— superficial neuromast line on trunk just caudal to tip of pectoral fin when against body. (E) T. dilepis (AMNH 250269)—diamond-shaped superficial neuromasts in line os (ventral horizontal line in ''F'' on operculum) with ''tip-to-tip'' arrangement and hair cell orientation (double-headed arrows) perpendicular to line. (F) T. gemmatus (AMNH 26076)—first two diamond-shaped superficial neuromasts in line b (see box in B) with ''tip-to-tip'' arrangement and hair cell orientation (double-headed arrows) perpendicular to line. Scale bars: A, C, 200 lm; B, D, 100 lm; E–F, 20 lm.

FIG. 8 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 8. Neuromast arrangements within lines in E. lori and other goby species examined. (A) Canal neuromasts, aligned ''side-by-side'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity parallel to the length of the canal and line of neuromasts (black lines represent canal walls). (B) Canal neuromast homologs or caudal fin superficial neuromasts, arranged ''side-by-side'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity parallel to line of neuromasts. On the caudal fin, each neuromast line is located on the membrane between adjacent fin rays. Dashed lines represent location of canal walls (in an ancestral canal) on the head or the fin rays on the tail. (C) Superficial neuromasts aligned ''tip-to-tip'' with axis of best physiological sensitivity perpendicular to line. Gray area ¼ sensory strip. Double-headed arrow ¼ axis of best physiological sensitivity (hair cell orientation).

FIG. 11 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 11. Ontogeny of neuromast number on one side of head in E. lori larvae and post-settlement juveniles (0–44 dph and wild-caught settler) based on histological material. Black circles ¼ canal neuromasts, open circles ¼ canal neuromast homologs þ superficial neuromasts. Canal neuromast number increases to a constant (n ¼ 8), which is reached at ~6 mm SL (~15 dph), while canal neuromast homologs and superficial neuromast number increase in number with fish size (R2 ¼ 0.982).

FIG. 7 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 7. Superficial neuromasts and canal neuromast homologs on the head and trunk in E. lori (rostral to left in all images). (A) Radiating lines of superficial neuromasts (lines 2, 3, 4, 5, b, and d) on cheek (lateral view). (B) Superficial neuromast series (lines ot, os, and oi) form an ''F'' on operculum (lateral view); preopercular canal pores (e, c) visible. (C) Post-otic region of head (caudal to post-otic canal pore); upper pair of SNs are aligned tip-to-tip and lower group of neuromasts extending caudally from the canal pore are aligned side-by-side (interpreted as canal neuromast homologs). (D) Portion of the double line of neuromasts on mandible (in ventral view), in which the neuromasts in the upper (more lateral) line have a tip-to-tip arrangement (line e; superficial neuromasts) and those in the lower (more median) line have a side-to-side arrangement (line i; canal neuromast homologs). (E) On the trunk, a line of three superficial neuromasts at the horizontal septum arranged tip-to-tip. (F) Middle row of superficial neuromasts on caudal fin (line lc1) aligned side-to-side. Double-headed arrows indicate axis of best physiological activity of hair cells in all images. Scale bars: A–B, 200 lm; C, 100 lm; D–E, 10 lm; F, 20 lm.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Supplementary data from: The Holocene fossil record of the slow loris (Nycticebus sp.) in Java (Indonesia)

Supplementary data from: The Holocene fossil record of the slow loris (Nycticebus sp.) in Java (Indonesia) Abstract: Fossil lorises are rare in Southeast Asia. Their taxonomic relationship with extant populations, and the extent to which their distribution and morphology are influenced by changing environmental conditions, remain poorly understood. This study provides a synthesis of Nycticebus occurrences in Holocene Java (Indonesia). A morphometric analysis of a sample of craniodental remains aims to improve our understanding of their taxonomic status. Morphometrics were also used to explore potential size changes during the Holocene. Based on the literature and a review of museum catalogs, a synthesis was compiled of fossil slow loris occurrences in Java. Morphometric data on the mandible and maxilla of 11 fossil lorises were compared with a dataset of extant specimens to assess variation in size and shape. Five Holocene Nycticebus occurrences were identified in eastern Java. All specimens fall in the range of N. javanicus and N. coucang. The specimens from Hoekgrot, Gua Jimbe and Sampung suggest a closer affinity to N. javanicus. The fossils from Gua Jimbe and Hoekgrot gave values close to the largest N. javanicus specimens, but the (presumably older) Song Terus fossil was of average size. The distribution of Nycticebus suggests that it originally occurred throughout the island. The fossils are probably best identified as N. javanicus or N. coucang, but the Neolithic finds from Hoekgrot and Gua Jimbe are presumably N. javanicus. Size variation in Nycticebus was clinal, but although some large specimens were present, no evidence was found for size diminution during the Holocene.

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Novel Alpha Glucan GI Tolerability Study (Loris Chronic)

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05142137. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 2.

closedIPD-NOFeb 2026View details →

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2015View details →

Figure 2 in Noxious arthropods as potential prey of the venomous Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in a West Javan volcanic agricultural system

Figure 2. Mean abundance of the most frequently captured arthropod taxa per trap type. Sample size: Malaise trap n = 21, sweep net n = 17, pitfall trap n = 9. Error bars: ± 1 SE.

dryad28/100

Data from: Failure of the ILD to determine data combinability for slow loris phylogeny

Tests for incongruence as an indicator of among data partition conflict have played an important role in conditional data combination. When such tests reveal significant incongruence, this has been interpreted as rationale for not combining data in a single phylogenetic analysis. In this study of lorisiform phylogeny, we employ the incongruence length difference (ILD) test to assess conflict among three independent data sets. A large morphological data set and two unlinked molecular data sets, the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the nuclear interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (exon 1), are analyzed with various optimality criteria and weighting mechanisms in order to determine the phylogenetic relationships among slow lorises (Primates, Loridae). When analyzed separately, the morphological data show impressive statistical support for a monophyletic Loridae. Both molecular data sets resolve the Loridae as paraphyletic, though with different branching order depending on optimality criterion and/or character weighting employed. When the three data partitions are analyzed in various combinations, an inverse relationship between congruence and phylogenetic accuracy is observed. Nearly all combined analyses that recover monophyly indicate strong data partition incongruence (p = 0.00005, in the most extreme case) whereas all analyses that recover paraphyly indicate lack of significant incongruence. Numerous lines of evidence verify that monophyly is the accurate phylogenetic result. Therefore, this study contributes to a growing body of information that affirms that measures of incongruence should not be employed as indicators of data set combinability.

opencc-zeroDec 2008View details →

FIGURE 12 in New species of the feather mite genus Protolichus Trouessart, 1884 (Astigmata, Pterolichidae) from lories and lorikeets (Aves: Psittaciformes)

FIGURE 12. Protolichus rubiginosus sp. n., heteromorph male. A—dorsal view, B—ventral view.

FIGURE 5 in New species of the feather mite genus Protolichus Trouessart, 1884 (Astigmata, Pterolichidae) from lories and lorikeets (Aves: Psittaciformes)

FIGURE 5. Protolichus placentis sp. n., heteromorph male. A—dorsal view, B— ventral view.

FIGURE 7 in New species of the feather mite genus Protolichus Trouessart, 1884 (Astigmata, Pterolichidae) from lories and lorikeets (Aves: Psittaciformes)

FIGURE 7. Protolichus pulchellae sp. n., heteromorph male. A—dorsal view, B—ventral view.

FIGURE 1 in New species of the feather mite genus Protolichus Trouessart, 1884 (Astigmata, Pterolichidae) from lories and lorikeets (Aves: Psittaciformes)

FIGURE 1. Protolichus ornatus sp. n., heteromorph male. A—dorsal view, B—ventral view.

FIGURE 2 in New species of the feather mite genus Protolichus Trouessart, 1884 (Astigmata, Pterolichidae) from lories and lorikeets (Aves: Psittaciformes)

FIGURE 2. Protolichus ornatus sp. n., female. A—dorsal view, B— ventral view.