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Figure 9 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 9. Dorsal vertebrae of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI. D1 in (A) left lateral, (B) dorsal, (C) anterior, (D) posterior, and (E) ventral views. D2 in (F) left lateral, (G) dorsal, (H) anterior, (I) posterior, and (J) ventral views. D3 in (K) left lateral, (L) dorsal, (M) anterior, (N) posterior, and (O) ventral views. D4 in (P) left lateral, (Q) dorsal, (R) anterior, (S) posterior, and (T) ventral views. D5 in (U) left lateral, (V) dorsal, (W) anterior, (X) posterior, and (Y) ventral views. Abbreviations: f, fossa; k, keel; nc, neural canal; pap, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 3 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 3. Right maxilla of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in (A) lateral, (B) medial, (C) dorsal, and (D) ventral views. Maxillary tooth row in (E) lingual view with the last tooth in (F) lingual view. Abbreviations: af, antorbital fenestra; afo, antorbital fossa; fenestra; aso, anterior supraorbital; ju, jugal; mrl, maxillary ramus of the lacrimal; mso, mesosupraorbital; orb, orbital; aso anterior supraorbital; prf, prefrontal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 2 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 2. Skeletal reconstruction of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI showing some of the main preserved elements from the holotype (highlighted in blue), with details of the skull bones (A), cervical vertebrae (B), dorsal vertebrae (C), left scapula (D), right humerus (E), and left femur (F). Scale bars equal 5 cm (A–C) or 10 cm (D–F). The facial region and distal scapula are mirrored. Osteoderms have been omitted for convenience.

Figure 4 in A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China

Figure 4. Photographs (left) and line drawings (right) of the braincase and partial skull roof of YUXISAURUS KOPCHICKI in left lateral (A) and right lateral (B) views. Abbreviations: aud, auditory recess; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process; bs, basisphenoid; cp, cultriform process (parasphenoid rostrum); fm, foramen magnum; ls, laterosphenoid; n. V, exit of trigeminal nerve; n. XII, exit of cranial nerve XII; oc, occipital condyle; os, orbitosphenoid; oto, otoccipital; pa, parietal; pap, paroccipital process; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Fig. 5 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 5. Detail of the barnacle Toarcolepas mutans Gale and Schweigert, 2015, from upper surface of BRLSI.M3941, the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset. In C, D, individuals are "kippered"—split along the sagittal plane. Locations of specimens on concretion shown in dashed boxes in SOM: fig. 2. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 2. Fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 2. Fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941, the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset, upper surface of limestone concretion showing wood mould and associated specimens of Pseudomytiloides dubius (Sowerby, 1828) and Toarcolepas mutans Gale and Schweigert, 2015. See SOM: fig. 1 for orientation imagery.

Fig. 1 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 1. Location and stratigraphy of the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte and associated beds. A. Location of Ilminster, Somerset, England, UK and Lower Jurassic outcrop pattern in the area. B. Limestone concretion of the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte exposed in situ north of Ilminster during excavations of the site in 2019. Folding knife is 9 cm long. C. Stage information, and ammonite zones and subzones. D. Local lithostratigraphic scheme for the same timescale. E. Simplified sedimentary log at Strawberry Bank with the Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte shaded in pink (after Williams et al. 2015 and Boomer et al. 2021).

Fig. 4 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 4. Three dimensional rendering of the X-ray computed tomographic data of fossilized driftwood association, BRLSI.M3941 from the Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset. Dashed lines delineate the top and bottom edge of the wood mould (see SOM: fig. 1 for orientation imagery).

Fig. 3 in Bivalve-barnacle pseudoplanktonic colonisation of wood from the Toarcian, Lower Jurassic, Strawberry Bank Lagerstätte, Somerset, UK

Fig. 3. Detail of Pseudomytiloides dubius (Sowerby, 1828) specimens from upper surface of BRLSI.M3941, Toarcian of Strawberry Bank, Somerset, showing stacking of individuals, articulation and orientation in relation to the wood. Dashed line in A marks the top edge of the wood mould. Locations of specimens on concretion correspond to numbered specimens on SOM: fig. 2 as follows: A, specimens 40 to 44; B, specimen 1; C, specimen 20; D, specimen 38.

Fig. 4 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 4. Limb bones and pelvic girdle of the plesiosaur Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of São Pedro de Moel (Leiria, Portugal). Right femur (A), humerus (B), and radius (C), in proximal, dorsal, anterior, ventral, posterior, and distal views, respectively. D. Phalanx in dorsal, anteroporterior, and ventral views, respectively. Right ischium (E) and pubis (F), in ventral and dorsal views, respectively. G. Right ilium in distal, proximal, dorsal, posterior, ventral, and anterior views, respectively. The dashed lines in G2 highlight the curvature of the iliac blade. Photographs (A1–G1) and explanatory drawings (A2–G2). H. Anatomical reconstruction of the right side and mirrored left side of the pelvic girdle in dorsal view. Drawings by SM. Abbreviations: ace, acetabulum; adr, adductor rugosity; apis, anteromedial process of the ischium; cap, capitulum; cor, anterolateral cornu; epf, epipodial foramen; fif, fibular facet; gr, groove; huf, humeral facet; il, ilium; ilbl, iliac blade; ilf, iliac articular facet; ilsh, iliac shaft; is, ischium; isf, ischial articular facet; issh, ischial shaft; is sym, ischial symphysis; mebl, medial blade of the ischium; no, notch; pb, pelvic bar; pppu, posteromedial process of the pubis; pu, pubis; puf, pubic articular facet; pu sym, pubic symphysis; pvf, pelvic fenestra; raf, radial facet; radf, radiale facet; rug, rugosity; tif, tibial facet; tr, trochanter; trc, trochanteric crest; tub, tuberosity; ulf, ulnar facet.

Fig. 3 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 3. Axial bones of the plesisaur Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of São Pedro de Moel (Leiria, Portugal). A. Last cervical vertebra (Fig. 2A: 1). B. First pectoral vertebra (Fig. 2A: 2). C. Second pectoral vertebra (Fig. 2A: 3). D. Third pectoral vertebra Fig. 2A: 4). E. Fourth pectoral vertebra (Fig. 2A: 5). F. Dorsal vertebra (Fig. 2A: 9). G. Last dorsal vertebra (Fig. 2A: 22). In anterior, lateral, posterior, dorsal, and ventral views, respectively. H. Anterior or posterior dorsal rib in proximal (in H2), dorsal, anteroposterior, and ventral views, respectively. I. Middle dorsal rib in anteroposterior view. J, K. Lateral gastralia in anteroposterior and dorsoventral views, and cross section (in J2), respectively. Photographs A1–C1, D, E1–K1) and explanatory drawings (A2–C2, E2–K2); drawings by SM. Abbreviations: c, centrum; fs, foramina subcentralia; nc, neural canal; ncs, neurocentral suture; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophyses; prz, prezygapophyses; rf, rib facet; tp, transverse process; vmr, ventromedial ridge.

Fig. 2 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 2. Bone mapping and reconstruction of the skeleton of Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) from the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) of São Pedro de Moel (Leiria, Portugal). A. Bones distribution map of the three original extracted blocks (1, 2 and 3) containing ML2302. Arrows with question marks represent that the joining relationship between the blocks is unknown. B. Photographs of the five sub-blocks (1A, 1B, 2C, 2D, and 3E) after preparation works. C. Skeleton reconstruction with the preserved bones of ML2302. D. Archival photographs of how blocks 2 and 3 were found before their preparation. Drawings by SM.

Fig. 1 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological settings of Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) from the Lower Jurassic of São Pedro de Moel (Leiria, Portugal). Geological map of the Iberian Peninsula (A) and the Jurassic outcrops in the Lusitanian Basin (B) with study area indicated (asterisks). Geological mapping of the outcropping rock units in the São Pedro de Moel region (C) with location of the ML2302 site (asterisk). Synthetic stratigraphic column of the Coimbra Formation (D) recorded in the area of Praia Velha and Praia da Concha. Panoramic views of the outcrops and units of the Coimbra Formation in Praia da Concha (E) and Praia Velha (F). UA–UG, informal units of the Coimbra Formation. Modified from Duarte et al. (2008, 2014a, b).

Fig. 6 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiosauria by "New Technology Search" method in TNT, depicting the position of Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) based on the matrix of Madzia and Cau ( 2020). Strict consensus tree of 237 most parsimonious cladograms with 1971 evolutionary steps. Numbers of each node indicate the Bremer support and the bootstrap frequencies over 50%.

Fig. 5 in A new plesiosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Portugal and the early radiation of Plesiosauroidea

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships of Plesiosauria by traditional search method in TNT, depicting the position of Plesiopharos moelensis gen. et sp. nov. (ML2302) based on the matrix of Madzia and Cau (2020). Strict consensus tree of 950 000 most parsimonious cladograms with 1971 evolutionary steps. Numbers of each node indicate the Bremer support and the bootstrap frequencies over 50%.

Fig. 8 in Squaloraja Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy)

Fig. 8 - Squaloraja sp., MSNM V655. A) Line drawing of the skeleton. Abbreviations - c: coracoid; imc: inframaxillary cartilagine; lrc: lateral rostral cartilage; m: mandible; mpt: metapterygium; mrc: median rostral cartilagine; or: orbit;?plbc: pre-labial cartilage; pmc: premaxillary cartilagine; rad: radials; s: synarcual; smc: supramaxillary cartilagine; vcr: vertebral column rings. B) hypothetical reconstruction (not to scale). / Squaloraja sp., MSNM V655. A) Disegno al tratto dello scheletro. Abbreviazioni - c: coracoide; imc: cartilagine inframascellare; lrc: cartilagine rostrale laterale; m: mandibola; mpt: metapterigio; mrc: cartilagine rostral mediana; or: orbita;?plbc: cartilagine prelabiale; pmc: cartilagine premascellare; rad: radiali; s: sinarcali; smc: cartilagine sopramascellare; rcr: anelli della colonna vertebrale. B) ricostruzione ipotetica (non in scala).

Fig. 9 in Squaloraja Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy)

Fig. 9 - Squaloraja sp., MSNM V655. A) Close-up of the median rostral cartilage covered with granulations, UV light (part) (x ca. 5). B) Close-up of the neurocranium, UV light (part) (x ca. 2.75).C) Close-up of the supramaxillary, premaxillary, and?pre-labial bars, UV light (part) (x ca. 2.6). D) Close-up of the strong mandibular arc, UV light (part) (x ca. 5.2). / Squaloraja sp., MSNM V655. A) Dettaglio della cartilagine rostrale mediana ricoperta di granulazioni, luce UV (impronta) (x ca. 5). B) Dettaglio del neurocranio, luce UV (impronta) (x ca. 2,75). C) Dettaglio delle barre sopramascellari, premascellari e prelabiali, luce UV (impronta) (x ca. 2,6). D) Dettaglio del robusto arco mandibolare, luce UV (impronta) (x ca. 5,2). (Photo by: / Foto di: R. Sigismondo).

Fig. 4 in Squaloraja Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy)

Fig. 4 - Geographic map of the north part of Lake Lugano with the ubication (*) of Porto Franco outcrop close to the hamlet of Osteno (Como, Lombardy, NW Italy) (modified after Duffin & Patterson, 1993). / Mappa geografica della parte settentrionale del Lago di Lugano con l'ubicazione (*) dell'affioramento di Porto Franco vicino alla frazione di Osteno (Como, Lombardia, Italia nordoccidentale) (modificata da Duffin & Patterson, 1993).

Fig. 5 in Squaloraja Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy)

Fig. 5 - Frontal claspers of male specimens of Squaloraja. A) NHMUK PV P.2081, holotype and only known specimen of Squaloraja tenuispina Woodward, 1886 from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis (x 1.4). B) NHMUK PV 47402, detail of the skull of S. polyspondyla (x 1.06). C) NHMUK PV 43307, detail of the skull of S. polyspondyla (x 1.02). / Clasper cefalici di esemplari maschili di Squaloraja. A) NHMUK PV P.2081, olotipo e unico esemplare noto di Squaloraja tenuispina Woodward 1886 del Lias inferiore di Lyme Regis (x 1,4). B) NHMUK PV OR 47402, particolare del cranio di S. polyspondyla (x 1,06). C) NHMUK PV OR 43307, particolare del cranio di S. polyspondyla. (x 1,02). (Photo by: / Foto di: C.J. Duffin).

Fig. 2 in Squaloraja Riley 1833 (Holocephala: Squalorajidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno Konservat-Lagerstätte (Como, NW Italy)

Fig. 2 - Illustrations of Mary Anning's specimen of Squaloraja, originally housed in the Bristol Institution, and figured in Agassiz (1836: tom. 3, pl. 42) (A) and the tail portion (OUMNH J.03097) in Agassiz (1836: tom. 3, pl. 43) (B). / Illustrazioni dell'esemplare di Squaloraja rinvenuto da Mary Anning, originariamente conservato presso la Bristol Institution e raffigurato in Agassiz (1836: atlante volume 3, tavola 42) (A) e della porzione di coda (OUMNH J.03097), in Agassiz (1836: atlante volume 3, tavola 43) (B).