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54 results for “Malpighiales”
Fig. 4 in Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov.
Fig. 4. Distribution of Drypetes gabonensis Pierre ex Hutch. (blue circles), Drypetes aphanes Quintanar, D.J.Harris & Barberá sp. nov. (red triangles) and D.cauta D.J.Harris, Barberá & Quintanar sp. nov. (green squares).
Fig. 2 in Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov.
Fig. 2. Drypetesgabonensis Pierre ex Hutch. a. Branch, leaves, male inflorescences. b. Branch, leaves, female inflorescences. c. Male flower before anthesis. d. Male flower. e–f. Sepals of male flower. g. Longitudinal section of male flower. h. Male flower without sepals. i. Ventral view of anther. j. Disk of male flower. k. Longitudinal section of the disk of the male flower, showing the central conical projection. l. Female flower without a sepal. m. Opened ovary showing the ovules and transverse section of the ovary. n. Fruit. o. Opened fruit showing the seeds. p. Seed. [a–p, Klaine 551, 690, 1034, 1278 (many specimens, see list of studied material).] Details c–h share the scale of 3 mm placed in d. Details j and k share the scale of 2 mm placed in j. details l and m the scale of 3 mm placed in m. Illustration by E. Delpy, modified for its publication in Flore du Gabon (Harris et al. 2021).
Fig. 1 in Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov.
Fig. 1. Different placements of the inflorescences in some African species of Drypetes Vahl: a–b. D. gilgiana (Pax) Pax & K.Hoffm. (categories IV and III, respectively). c. D. preussii (Pax) Hutch. (category I). d. D. stipularis (Müll.Arg.) Hutch. (category I). e. D. polyantha Pax & K.Hoffm. (category II). f. D.verrucosa Pierre ex Hutch. (category I). g. D.laciniata (Pax) Hutch. (category III) (a. E. Bidault 5644. b. E. Bidault 4844. c. A.H. Paradis 332. d. E. Bidault 2258. e. D.J. Harris 9761. f. E. Bidault 1861. g. E. Bidault 2245.) Photographs taken by the collectors.
The perfect storm: Gene tree estimation error, incomplete lineage sorting, and ancient gene flow explain the most recalcitrant ancient angiosperm clade, Malpighiales
<p>The genomic revolution offers renewed hope of resolving rapid radiations in the Tree of Life. The development of the multispecies coalescent (MSC) model and improved gene tree estimation methods can better accommodate gene tree heterogeneity caused by incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and gene tree estimation error stemming from the short internal branches. However, the relative influence of these factors in species tree inference is not well understood. Using anchored hybrid enrichment, we generated a data set including 423 single-copy loci from 64 taxa representing 39 families to infer the species tree of the flowering plant order Malpighiales. This order includes nine of the top ten most unstable nodes in angiosperms, which have been hypothesized to arise from the rapid radiation during the Cretaceous. Here, we show that coalescent-based methods do not resolve the backbone of Malpighiales and concatenation methods yield inconsistent estimations, providing evidence that gene tree heterogeneity is high in this clade. Despite high levels of ILS and gene tree estimation error, our simulations demonstrate that these two factors alone are insufficient to explain the lack of resolution in this order. To explore this further, we examined triplet frequencies among empirical gene trees and discovered some of them deviated significantly from those attributed to ILS and estimation error, suggesting gene flow as an additional and previously unappreciated phenomenon promoting gene tree variation in Malpighiales. Finally, we applied a novel method to quantify the relative contribution of these three primary sources of gene tree heterogeneity and demonstrated that ILS, gene tree estimation error, and gene flow contributed to 15%, 52%, and 32% of the variation, respectively. Together, our results suggest that a perfect storm of factors likely influence this lack of resolution, and further indicate that recalcitrant phylogenetic relationships like the backbone of Malpighiales may be better represented as phylogenetic networks. Thus, reducing such groups solely to existing models that adhere strictly to bifurcating trees greatly oversimplifies reality, and obscures our ability to more clearly discern the process of evolution.</p>
Fig. 4. Populus primaveralepensis A in Populus primaveralepensis sp. nov. (Salicaceae, Malpighiales), a new species of white poplar from the Bosque La Primavera Biosphere Reserve in western Mexico
Fig. 4. Populus primaveralepensis A.Vázquez, Muñiz-Castro & Zuno sp. nov., female individual, Vázquez-García et al. 10106c leg., IBUG. A. Inflorescence at anthesis. B. Inflorescence past anthesis. C. Developing infrutescence. D. Trunk. E. Branch with leaves and dehiscing capsules, showing the whitish pappus of seeds. Photographs: A. Vázquez.
Fig. 1. Populus primaveralepensis A in Populus primaveralepensis sp. nov. (Salicaceae, Malpighiales), a new species of white poplar from the Bosque La Primavera Biosphere Reserve in western Mexico
Fig. 1. Populus primaveralepensis A.Vázquez, Muñiz-Castro & Zuno sp. nov. A–E, I–K. Vázquez- García et al. 10106c leg., IBUG. F–H. Vázquez-García et al. 10106b leg., IBUG. A. Variability of leaves. B. Leaf bud. C. Branch with female inflorescence. D–E. Early and late state of inflorescence. F–G. Late and early male inflorescence. H. Male flower. I. Infrutescence with pappus. J. Capsule complete and in half, with pappus. K. Developing gynoecium. Illustrations: E. E. Vázquez-Verdejo.
Fig. 3. Populus primaveralepensis A in Populus primaveralepensis sp. nov. (Salicaceae, Malpighiales), a new species of white poplar from the Bosque La Primavera Biosphere Reserve in western Mexico
Fig. 3. Populus primaveralepensis A.Vázquez, Muñiz-Castro & Zuno sp. nov., male individual, Vázquez-García et al. 10106b leg., IBUG. A–B. Two views of same branch with inflorescence past anthesis. C. Inflorescence at anthesis. D. Branch showing leaf variability and venation. Photographs: A. Vázquez.
Fig. 5. Maps. A in Populus primaveralepensis sp. nov. (Salicaceae, Malpighiales), a new species of white poplar from the Bosque La Primavera Biosphere Reserve in western Mexico
Fig. 5. Maps. A. Distribution of P. primaveralepensis A.Vázquez, Muñiz-Castro & Zuno sp. nov. and related species of Populus L. in western Mexico. B. Distribution of the species of Populus in Jalisco with a close up for P. luziarum A.Vázquez, Muñiz-Castro & Padilla-Lepe and P. primaveralepensis sp. nov.
Fig. 2. Populus primaveralepensis A in Populus primaveralepensis sp. nov. (Salicaceae, Malpighiales), a new species of white poplar from the Bosque La Primavera Biosphere Reserve in western Mexico
Fig. 2. Populus primaveralepensis A.Vázquez, Muñiz-Castro & Zuno sp. nov. Tree showing its habit and bark. J. Padilla Lepe, standing next to the tree; photograph: O. Ibarrarán.
Figure 1 in Ooencyrtus marcelloi sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of Heliconiini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) on passion vines (Malpighiales: Passifloraceae) in Central America
Figure 1. Ooencyrtus marcelloi sp. nov. Guerrieri and Noyes. Female: (A) antenna; (B) mandible; (C) base of forewing; (D) hypopygium; (E) ovipositor. Male (F) antenna; (G) genitalia.
The perfect storm: Gene tree estimation error, incomplete lineage sorting, and ancient gene flow explain the most recalcitrant ancient angiosperm clade, Malpighiales
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Figure 2 in Interaction between biological aspects of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and some chemical composition in two colored Acalypha wilkesiana Müll. Arg. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) leaves
Figure 2. Graph of Pearson's correlation analysis among the different studied leaf parameters including the chemical analysis of Acalypha leaves and the T. urticae male characteristics. The colors represent variations in the obtained data. * indicates the significant at P-value <0.05.
Figure 6 from: Wurdack KJ, Zartman CE (2019) Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana. PhytoKeys 124: 87-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.34679
Figure 6 Macromorphology of Sacoglottisperryi. A Dried fruit with central seed embedded in woody endocarp, longitudinal split along carpel wall (dissected by Cuatrecasas) B dried fruit with 2 central seeds and endocarp lacunae, transverse section C fresh fruit with fleshy yellow-green exocarp and liquid in endocarp lacunae, transverse section D young inflorescence with bracts intact (b) or fallen leaving bract scars (bs) E mature bud with marginal sepal gland (small red dot in center) F partly open flower with intact anthers G post-anthetic flower H freshly cut trunk I type in life just before pressing. Sources: AGillespie 2810BTripp 2984C, E–IRedden 7264DHoffman 1600 (all US).
Figure 5 from: Wurdack KJ, Zartman CE (2019) Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana. PhytoKeys 124: 87-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.34679
Figure 5 Micromorphology of Sacoglottisperryi. A Marginal glandular seta B basilaminar gland, adaxial C laminar gland near margin, abaxial D sepal tip, inner side with terminal gland E paired glandular stipules and petiole scar F pollen inside sporangium G stigma with ephemeral lobes intact and showing secretion H stigma lobes shredded showing thin walls I gynoecium with diagnostic hirsute ovary J glandular disc with erose margin. Sources: A–CGillespie 2810D–JTripp 2984 (all US).
Figure 4 from: Wurdack KJ, Zartman CE (2019) Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana. PhytoKeys 124: 87-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.34679
Figure 4 Extrafloral nectary and leaf margin diversity of Humiriaceae. AVantaneadepleta laminar glands, abaxial BDuckesialiesneri basilaminar glands, adaxial CSchistostemonoblongifolius basilaminar glands, adaxial DHumiriastrumottohuberi laminar glands, abaxial EDuckesiaverrucosa robust seta at margin FSacoglottisguianensis basilaminar glands, adaxial GHumiriafruticosa shoot tip with marginal glands exposed on expanding new leaf HHumiriafruticosa marginal gland IHylocarpaheterocarpa laminar gland, abaxial JHumiriabalsamiferavar.minarum dense row of marginal glands, abaxial KDuckesiaverrucosa laminar gland, abaxial LSchistostemonretusus darkened scar from deciduous seta MSchistostemonretusus intact seta at margin. g = gland, s = seta scar. Sources: AMori & Kallunki 4889BLiesner 22589CMaas et al. 6804DMaguire 34912E, KDucke 2108FJansen-Jacobs et al. 1898G, HSteyermark 103255IDucke [JBRJ-30137] JMexia 5815LRedden 3372MCuatrecasas 7203 (all US).
Figure 2 from: Wurdack KJ, Zartman CE (2019) Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana. PhytoKeys 124: 87-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.34679
Figure 2 Stamen structure of Humiriaceae. ASacoglottisperryi stamen cluster of 2 types, ventral BSacoglottisperryi stamen cluster of 2 types, dorsal CSacoglottisperryi short-stamen anther with open stomium and pollen DSacoglottisguianensis androecium with interstaminal staminodes (st), dorsal ESchistostemonmacrophyllus stamen cluster of 3 types, ventral FSchistostemonmacrophyllus stamen cluster of 3 types, dorsal GSchistostemonoblongifolius trifurcate filament tip, dorsal. Sources: A–CTripp 2984DCarvalho et al. 4396E, FMaas et al. 6577GMaas et al. 6804 (all US).
Figure 1 from: Wurdack KJ, Zartman CE (2019) Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana. PhytoKeys 124: 87-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.34679
Figure 1 Stamen structure of Humiriaceae. ADuckesiaverrucosa tetrasporangiate anther, dorsal BDuckesiaverrucosa tetrasporangiate anther, lateral CDuckesialiesneri tetrasporangiate anther, lateral DEndopleurauchi disporangiate anther, lateral EEndopleurauchi tetrasporangiate anther, lateral FDuckesiaverrucosa sterile anther, lateral GHumiriastrumcuspidatum disporangiate anther, lateral HHumiriastrumcuspidatum androecium, dorsal IEndopleurauchi tetrasporangiate anther, lateral JHumiriastrumdentatum disporangiate anther, lateral KHumiriastrumdentatum disporangiate anther, ventral LHumiriastrumdiguense disporangiate anther, lateral MHumiriabalsamiferavar.imbaimadaiensis stamen cluster with 2 of 3 types, dorsal. f = filament attachment location. Sources: A, B, FDucke 2108CHenderson 933D, E, IAssunção 605G, HCid et al. 4264J, KHatschbach 56145LQuizhpe et al. 612MWurdack 4814 (all US.)
Figure 7 from: Wurdack KJ, Zartman CE (2019) Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana. PhytoKeys 124: 87-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.34679
Figure 7 Illustration of Sacoglottisperryi. A Habit B bud C bud with petals removed D open flower, axial E open flower, lateral F gynoecium G stamen cluster of 2 types, ventral H floral diagram I post-anthetic flower J young fruit K, L fruit M fruit with 2 central seeds and endocarp lacunae, transverse section. Source: A–M from specimens and life photos of Redden 7264 (US).
Figure 3 from: Wurdack KJ, Zartman CE (2019) Insights on the systematics and morphology of Humiriaceae (Malpighiales): androecial and extrafloral nectary variation, two new combinations, and a new Sacoglottis from Guyana. PhytoKeys 124: 87-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.124.34679
Figure 3 Stamen structure and anatomy of Humiriaceae. AVantaneacompacta anther, lateral BVantaneacompacta anther, dorsal CVantaneadepleta anther, lateral DVantaneaspiritu-sancti anther, lateral ESchistostemonoblongifolius clearing of androecium with 3 stamen types, ventral FVantaneaspiritu-sancti longitudinal section of ovary with 2 superposed ovules per locule; lower left ovule partial GHylocarpaheterocarpa anthers (left to right): disporangiate dorsal, ventral; sterile, dorsal. Sources: A, BHatschbach 21265CHammel & Trainer 12954D, FSilva et al. 1436EMaas et al. 6804GDucke [JBRJ-30137] (all US).
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomical update of the genus Drypetes (Malpighiales: Putranjivaceae) in Cuba
FIGURE 3. Distribution map of Drypetes lateriflora in Cuba.
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