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Fig. 1 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 1. Dorsolateral (A) and dorsal (B) views of Gastrophrynoides borneensis in life from Batu Kawa, western Sarawak (UNIMAS R21555).

Fig. 2 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 2. Dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views of Gastrophrynoides borneensis from Batu Kawa, western Sarawak (UNIMAS R21555: A, C), and the same species from Tawau Hills, eastern Sabah (TBT 025: B, D) in preservative. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 5. Sumatran Gastrophrynoides without (A) and with (B) light spots. Photographs courtesy of Muhammad Arifin (A) and Ade Prasetyo Agung and Hon Tjong Djong (B).

Fig. 4. Sonogram showing Type 1 in Biological notes on an enigmatic microhylid, Gastrophrynoides borneensis (Anura, Microhylidae)

Fig. 4. Sonogram showing Type 1 (A–C) and Type 2 (D–F) calls of Gastrophrynoides borneensis (UNIMAS R21555) from Batu Kawa, western Sarawak, recorded at an air temperature around 28–30C.

Fig. 49 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 49. Optimization of absence (gray) and presence (black) of dermal spines (A, three steps) and of the amount of webbing in males (B, four steps) of Chiasmocleis. Optimizations of both characters required three and four steps, respectively for dermal spines and amount of webbing. Presence of spines is the plesiomorphic state, and they were lost three times independently, while the absence of webbing is the plesiomorphic state and it appears four times independently. Taxonomy updated to the one proposed in the present work. Chiasmocleis devriesi is nested within C. anatipes and is not shown.

Fig. 50 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 50. Optimization of absence (gray) and presence (black) of the femoral line in Chiasmocleis. Four equally parsimonious alternative explanations, with four steps each. Scenario (A) shows a single appearance of the femoral line, with three reversals; scenarios (B) and (C) depicts alternative scenarios, involving appearances and reversals to absence; scenario (D) postulates four independent appearances of the femoral line. Taxonomy updated to the one proposed in the present work. Chiasmocleis devriesi is nested within C. anatipes and is not shown.

Fig. 48 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 48. Advertisement call of Chiasmocleis royi. (A) Oscillogram and (B) spectrogram of a series of nine consecutive notes emitted by a calling male from the type locality, at Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru; recorded on 12 December 1990, at 23.4° C air temperature (USNM 343268, paratype; recorded by R.B. Cocroft; recording number USNM tape 269, cut 13).

Fig. 46 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 46. Holotype of Chiasmocleis royi, sp. nov. (USNM 343266), in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 20.6 mm.

Fig. 45 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 45. Holotype of Chiasmocleis papachibe, sp. nov. (MPEG 30683), in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 24.8 mm.

Fig. 44 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 44. Advertisement call of Chiasmocleis haddadi. (A) Oscillogram and (B) spectrogram of two consecutive multipulsed notes. Recorded at the type locality, Montagne Kotika, French Guiana (recording number FNJV 30718).

Fig. 47 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 47. Variation of ventral color pattern in Chiasmocleis royi, sp. nov. (A) Male, from Parque Ambiental Chico Mendes, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (UFAC-RB 3539). (B) Male, paratype, from Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru (USNM 343268, paratype). (C–D) Females, Guajará-Mirim, Rondônia, Brazil (CHUNB 23547, 25555, respectively).

Fig. 42 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 42. Holotype of Chiasmocleis haddadi, sp. nov. (MNHNP 2011.0139), in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 14.4 mm.

Fig. 41 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 41. Distribution of Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata and C. royi. Crosses 5 examined specimens of C. ventrimaculata. Dashed area refers to the extension of the Río Pastaza (5 Pastaza River), inside the territory of Ecuador, given as the type locality of C. ventrimaculata by Andersson (1945). Star 5 type locality of C. royi; circles 5 additional examined specimens of C. royi.

Fig. 40 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 40. Variation of ventral color pattern in Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata. (A) Cantadera Tacaná, Letícia, Colombia (ICN 50245). (B) Reserva Extrativista do Alto Juruá, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil (UFAC RB 2252). (C–D) Reserva Extrativista Riozinho da Liberdade, Tarauacá, Acre, Brazil (UFACF 641, and UFACF 910, respectively).

Fig. 36 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 36. Distribution of Chiasmocleis supercilialba. Star 5 type locality; circle 5 additional specimens examined; cross 5 specimens from Rondônia, Brazil, tentatively labeled as C. cf. supercilialba.

Fig. 35 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 35. Paratype of Chiasmocleis supercilialba Morales and McDiarmid, 2009 (USNM 342862), paratype in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 18.8 mm.

Fig. 34 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 34. Distribution of Chiasmocleis shudikarensis and C. papachibe. Circles 5 examined specimens of C. shudikarensis; half circles 5 specimens of C. shudikarensis examined solely from live photographs; cross 5 type locality of C. papachibe; diamond 5 examined specimens of C. papachibe.

Fig. 39 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 39. Holotype of Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata (Andersson 1945) (NRM 1943, holotype) in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views (photos: J.M. Padial).

Fig. 38 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 38. Distribution of Chiasmocleis tridactyla. Star 5 type locality; circles 5 examined specimens.

Fig. 33 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 33. Holotype of Chiasmocleis shudikarensis Dunn, 1949 (AMNH 43674), in (A) dorsal, and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 23.3 mm.