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Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela, NW Guyana, and St. Vincent, Trinidad, and Margarita Is in the Lesser Antilles. in Mormoopidae

Distribution. Colombia, Venezuela, NW Guyana, and St. Vincent, Trinidad, and Margarita Is in the Lesser Antilles.

Distribution. From Sonora and Tamaulipas along Pacific and Gulf coasts of N Mexico, respectively, S to El Salvador and W Honduras. in Mormoopidae

Distribution. From Sonora and Tamaulipas along Pacific and Gulf coasts of N Mexico, respectively, S to El Salvador and W Honduras.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.d.davyiJ.E.Gray,1838—Nicaragua,CostaRica,NColombia,andNVenezuela;LesserAntillesonMarie-Galante,Dominica,Martinique,St.Lucia,Grenada,Trinidad,andCuracao. P. d. incae]. D. Smith, 1972 — Piura, Lambayeque, and Cajamarca departments, NW Peru. in Mormoopidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.d.davyiJ.E.Gray,1838—Nicaragua,CostaRica,NColombia,andNVenezuela;LesserAntillesonMarie-Galante,Dominica,Martinique,St.Lucia,Grenada,Trinidad,andCuracao. P. d. incae]. D. Smith, 1972 — Piura, Lambayeque, and Cajamarca departments, NW Peru.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.macleayii].E.Gray,1839—CubaandIsladelaJuventud. P. m. griseus Gosse, 1851 — Jamaica. in Mormoopidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.macleayii].E.Gray,1839—CubaandIsladelaJuventud. P. m. griseus Gosse, 1851 — Jamaica.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. megalophylla Peters, 1864 — from SW Arizona and Texas, USA, and Baja California, Mexico, S to W Nicaragua. M. m. carteriJ. D. Smith, 1972 — Carchi and Pichincha provinces, N Ecuador, and Lambayeque Department, NW Peru. M. m. intermedia G. S. Miller, 1900 — Netherlands Antilles (Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire). M. m. tumidiceps G. S. Miller, 1902 — coastal and inland localities between C & E Andes ranges of Colombia, Caribbean coast of Venezuela including Margarita I, and Trinidad I. in Mormoopidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. megalophylla Peters, 1864 — from SW Arizona and Texas, USA, and Baja California, Mexico, S to W Nicaragua. M. m. carteriJ. D. Smith, 1972 — Carchi and Pichincha provinces, N Ecuador, and Lambayeque Department, NW Peru. M. m. intermedia G. S. Miller, 1900 — Netherlands Antilles (Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire). M. m. tumidiceps G. S. Miller, 1902 — coastal and inland localities between C & E Andes ranges of Colombia, Caribbean coast of Venezuela including Margarita I, and Trinidad I.

Subspecies and Distribution. P.q.quadridensGundlach,1840—Cuba. P. q. fuliginosusJ. E. Gray, 1843 — Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico. in Mormoopidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.q.quadridensGundlach,1840—Cuba. P. q. fuliginosusJ. E. Gray, 1843 — Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.

Distribution. From Sonora and Tamaulipas S along Pacific and Gulf coasts of N Mexico, respectively, to El Salvador and W Honduras. in Mormoopidae

Distribution. From Sonora and Tamaulipas S along Pacific and Gulf coasts of N Mexico, respectively, to El Salvador and W Honduras.

Distribution. From SW Nicaragua S through Costa Rica and Panama to NE & C Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia including lowlands of Colombia and Venezuela, the Guianas, and Trinidad I. in Mormoopidae

Distribution. From SW Nicaragua S through Costa Rica and Panama to NE & C Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia including lowlands of Colombia and Venezuela, the Guianas, and Trinidad I.

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Fig. 2 in Timing and patterns of diversification in the Neotropical bat genus Pteronotus (Mormoopidae).

Fig. 2. Geographic range evolution in the genus Pteronotus. (a) Current distribution of genus Pteronotus (coloured map) with biogeographical areas scored for species presence/absence matrix. ME = Mexico; CA = Central America; CC = Caribean Coast of South America; LA = Lesser Antilles; AM = Amazon; CE = Brazilian Dry Diagonal: Cerrado and Caatinga; AF = Northern Atlantic Forest; JC = Jamaica and Cuba; HI = Hispaniola; PR = Puerto Rico. (b) Geographic range estimates with the highest marginal probabilities for Pteronotus ancestral nodes according to DIVAj model. Dashed-line borders indicate area combinations with probabilities smaller than 10% in the model, but still being the most probable state in that node among the 638 possible combinations. Curved arrows represent splits in the ancestral geographic ranges explained by vicariance; many of them were succeeded by anagenetic dispersal/extinction events, as highlighted by the linear black arrows; Dotted-line straight arrows highlight shifts in nodes geographic ranges due to dispersal jumps.

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Fig. 1 in Timing and patterns of diversification in the Neotropical bat genus Pteronotus (Mormoopidae).

Fig. 1. Maximum clade credibity tree with divergence estimates in the genus Pteronotus using fossil calibration. Bars correspond to the 95% High Posterior Density (HPD) time interval of each node. Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) of all nodes were higher than 0.95.

Figure 3. A in The geography of diversification in the mormoopids (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)

Figure 3. A, strict consensus of eight most parsimonious cladograms resulting from analysis of cytochrome b (L = 1792 steps, consistency index = 0.439, retention index = 0.775). Numbers below branches are Bremer support values, above branches are percent of 1000 jackknife replicates. Names of outgroups are in bold; for sequence data, see Appendix. B, phylogram resulting from maximum likelihood analysis using a rate-constant GTR+I+Γ model of DNA evolution (–lnL = 9181.23). Numbers above or below branches are percent of 300 50% jackknife replicates, thicker lines indicate 100% jackknife support.

Figure 2 in The geography of diversification in the mormoopids (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)

Figure 2. Scatter plot of uncorrected sequence divergence in cytochrome b against taxonomic rank. Taxonomy follows Smith (1972). Numerals indicate cytochrome b distance outliers: 1: with respect to Saccopteryx; 2: between Mystacina and Noctilio; 3: between Mormoops and Artibeus; 4: between Noctilio albiventris and Noctilio leporinus; 5: between Pteronotus davyi and Pteronotus gymnonotus; 6: between currently recognized subspecies of Pteronotus quadridens, Pteronotus macleayii, and Mormoops megalophylla; and also between Pteronotus parnellii from Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras classified in the subspecies mesoamericanus and mexicanus; 7: between P. parnellii from Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, and among samples from Guyana, Mexico and Honduras; 8: between Pteronotus personatus from Suriname, and individuals from Venezuela and Guyana; 9: between P. parnellii individuals from French Guiana and Suriname; and 10: between P. parnellii individuals from Guyana, and Suriname and French Guiana.

Figure 6 in The geography of diversification in the mormoopids (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)

Figure 6. Confidence intervals around observed sequence divergence resulting from parametric bootstrapping of rate-constant mormoopid phylogenies. A, estimates of divergence for mitochondrial ribosomal DNA (black diamonds) and the cytochrome b gene (white diamonds). B, estimates of divergence for nuclear Rag2. CA, Central America; FG, French Guiana; Mex., Mexico.

Figure 1 in The geography of diversification in the mormoopids (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)

Figure 1. Map of the Caribbean and biogeographical hypotheses about the origin of mormoopids. According to Smith (1972), ancestral mormoopids dispersed from northern South America or southern Central America to Mexico/ Central America. From there, the ancestors of Greater Antillean mormoopids reached the West Indies through Cuba via Yucatán, or Jamaica via Honduras. Dispersal through these routes would explain the distribution of the single lineage comprising Pteronotus quadridens and macleayii (ancient), the species Mormoops blainvillei (less ancient), and the Caribbean populations of Pteronotus parnellii (most recent). Czaplewski & Morgan (2003) concur on the dispersal routes to the Caribbean, but propose that mormoopids colonized the islands early in their evolutionary history. From Mexico/Central America, mormoopids would have reached South America recently, after the closing of the Isthmus of Panama.

Figure 5 in The geography of diversification in the mormoopids (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)

Figure 5. Majority rule (50%) consensus of 19 000 cladograms resulting from Bayesian analysis of concatenated molecular data for all diagnosable mormoopid taxa (– lnL = 24 910; 95% confidence interval = 24,890–24 920). Dashed branches had posterior probabilities between 0.50 and 0.95. All other branches had posterior probabilities between 0.95 and 1. Names of outgroups are in bold; for sequence data, see Appendix. The top panel shows the ancestral area inferred for branch 1, the bottom panel shows the ancestral area of branches 2 and 3. DIVA Optimizations were constrained to a maximum of two areas, and all solutions are shown. Three alternatives to the polytomy of Pteronotus davyi and Pteronotus gymnonotus, two alternatives to the sister of Pteronotus quadridens and macleayii (davyi and gymnonotus, or personatus), and two taxonomies (the traditional species taxonomy of Smith (1972), or that shown in Figure 3 were analysed, and all result in the same composite estimates. Geographic distributions are as shown in Table 1. Pteronotus pristinus and Mormoops magna were not analysed. FG, French Guiana; Hon., Honduras; Mex., Mexico; PR, Puerto Rico; Ven., Venezuela.

Figure 4 in The geography of diversification in the mormoopids (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae)

Figure 4. Cladogram resulting from maximum likelihood analysis of concatenated mitochondrial ribosomal DNA, cytochrome b, and Rag2 sequences (– lnL = 24736.88). Sequences for at least two of the molecular partitions were available for each terminals. Support values are shown for mtrDNA in the first column, Rag2 in the second column, concatenated molecular sequences in the third column, and total evidence in the fourth column. The top row shows Bremer support indices; second row is the percent of 1000 50% jackknife pseudoreplicates using parsimony; and the third row is the percent of 300 50% jackknife pseudoreplicates using maximum likelihood. Asterisks indicate jackknife support values of 100%. Dashes indicate that the data set does not resolve the branch, or does not support the resolution shown (Table 3). NA, not applicable; indicating the partition contains data for only one terminal and the branch could not be scored, or no maximum likelihood analysis including morphological data was performed. Numbers in grey indicate that the data partition does not include all terminals in the branch. Models of sequence evolution used to analyse each partition and resulting loglikelihood values are shown in Table 4. Names of outgroups are in bold; for sequence data, see Appendix.

Distribution. From S Venezuela and the Guianas S in Mormoopidae

Distribution. From S Venezuela and the Guianas S to C & NE Brazil, E Peru, and NE Bolivia.

Distribution. The Guianas and N Brazil. in Mormoopidae

Distribution. The Guianas and N Brazil.

Distribution. Paraguana Peninsula, Falcon State, Venezuela. in Mormoopidae

Distribution. Paraguana Peninsula, Falcon State, Venezuela.

Distribution. L.owlands along Pacific coast and C in Mormoopidae

Distribution. L.owlands along Pacific coast and C Mexico, from Sonora to Guerrero and Puebla.