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Fig. 29 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 29. Neomyzus circumflexus (Buckton, 1876). Aptera. (from Dransfield & Brightwell 2015, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0, downloaded 30 Jun. 2015).
Fig. 24. Aphis beccabungae Koch, 1855 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 24. Aphis beccabungae Koch, 1855. Apt. and juv. on Galeopsis speciosa. A. beccabungae is very similar to A. gossypii Glover, 1877.
Fig. 27 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 27. Sitobion avenae (Fabricius, 1775). Apterae and juveniles on A. Dactylis glomerata and B. Elytrigia repens.
Fig. 19 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 19. Gootiella, Pachypappa and Pachypappella. Apt. alienicolae (born on secondary host). A–B. Spinal wax gland on abd. terg. 6 of Pachypappa populi (Linnaeus, 1758) (A) and P. vesicalis Koch, 1856 (B). C. Hind leg of Gootiella tremulae Tullgren, 1925. D–G. Hind tibia and tarsus of Pachypapella lactea (Tullgren, 1909) (D), Pachypappa tremulae Tullgren, 1925 (E), P. populi (Linnaeus, 1758) (F) and P. vesicalis Koch, 1856 (G). A–B and D–G after Carter & Danielsson 1991, C after Danielsson 1990b. All modified.
Fig. 21 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 21. Prociphilus xylostei (deGeer, 1773). A–B. Apt. on mycorrhizal Picea abies roots under Pleurozium schreberi.
Fig. 20 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 20. Pachypappa populi (Linnaeus, 1758). Apt. from mycorrhizal Picea abies root in the moor layer of a shady spruce forest.
Fig. 22 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 22. Prociphilus pini (Burmeister, 1835). A. Colony on thin Pinus sylvestris root in the moor layer of a pine forest on rock. B–C. Apt. from Polytrichum commune sample.
Fig. 14 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 14. Muscaphis cuspidata (Stroyan, 1955). A–B. Apt. on Brachythecium rivulare. C. Ovip on Brachythecium rivulare.
Fig. 9 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 9. Pseudacaudella rubida (Börner, 1939). A. Apt. and juv. from Hylocomium splendens sample (grid 1 mm). B. Apt. and C. hibernating juv. on Pleurozium schreberi. D–E. Hibernating juv on Calliergon cordifolium.
Fig. 11. Jacksonia papillata Theobald, 1923 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 11. Jacksonia papillata Theobald, 1923. Aptera (photo Roger Blackman, from Blackman 2010, with license from The Royal Entomological Society).
Fig. 7 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 7. Decorosiphon corynothrix Börner, 1939. A. Apt. and juv. in Polytrichum commune sample. B. Apt. on Sphagnum magellanicum (with interpersed Polytrichum strictum). C. Apt. juv. on Polytrichum commune. D. Apt. juv. on S. magellanicum, showing rupture line.
Fig. 4 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 4. Dioecious one-year holocycle accompanied by a continuous anholocycle on the secondary host, e.g., Pachypappella lactea (leaf galls on aspen, Populus tremula; roots of spruce, Picea abies) or Tetraneura ulmi (leaf galls on elm, Ulmus; subterraneous parts of grasses, Poaceae). Zones as in Fig. 3. In some years the Finnish populations on the primary hosts (for P. lactea in South Finland) may be more or less absent, and their existence is dependent on the populations on the secondary hosts.
Fig. 5 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 5. Dioecious two-year holocycle in Adelgidae, e.g., Adelges laricis (shoot galls on spruce, Picea; needles of larch, Larix). All females oviparous. The fundatrix (hatched from a fertilized egg) overwinters as a larva, and induces the formation of a pineapple-like gall on the primary host. All her offspring are alate (gallicolae) and migrate to the secondary host, where they lay eggs on the needles. The aphids hatching move to the twigs where they hibernate as young larvae (the 'neosistens' stage). In spring they move back to the needles and become adults (sistentes). Their offspring are either alate sexuparae and migrate to spruce, or apterous 'progredientes'. In autumn the sexuparae fly to spruce and lay eggs which become sexual females and males, which mate. The females then lay eggs out of which new fundatrices hatch.
Fig. 3 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 3. Dioecious one-year holocycle (Rhopalosiphum padi). The inner zone represents the primary host (bird cherry, Prunus padus and allies), the outer zone the secondary (usually graminoids). The fundatrix gives birth to apterae, which in turn give birth to alatae, most of which migrate to the secondary hosts. In autumn males and gynoparae (viviparae giving birth to oviparae) migrate to the primary host, where mating and egg-laying take place. A small fraction of the viviparae may remain on the primary host
Fig. 2 in Identification guide to Nordic aphids associated with mosses, horsetails and ferns (Bryophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) (Insecta, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea)
Fig. 2. Monoecious one-year life cycles. In the outer zone an ordinary monoecious holocycle in Aphididae. The fertilized egg overwinters and in spring the first viviparous parhenogenetic generation, the fundatrix (stem-mother) hatches. Upon the fundatrix follows a variable number of viviparous females (viviparae), apterous and/or alate. In autumn (sometimes earlier) sexuparae are born and in turn give birth to oviparous (sexual) females (ovipara) and males, which mate, and the oviparae lay eggs. The inner zone shows an anholocycle, with only parthenogenetic females (viviparous in Aphididae, oviparous in Adelgidae).
Fig. 4 in Reinstatement of the Patagonian moss Ulota glabella Mitt. (Bryophyta, Orthotrichaceae)
Fig. 4. Comparison between Ulota glabella Mitt. (A–D) and U. fuegiana Mitt. (E–H). A, E. Capsules, notice the difference in coloration and structure of exostome teeth. B, F. Calyptrae. C, G. Endostome ornamentation and coloration. D, H. Spore ornamentation. Each pair of images are at the same magnification. A, C from W.R. Buck 57300; B, D from the epitype (R. Garilleti 2012-077A); E–H from R. Garilleti 2012-020. Photographs by R. Garilleti.
Fig. 1 in Reinstatement of the Patagonian moss Ulota glabella Mitt. (Bryophyta, Orthotrichaceae)
Fig. 1. Examples of the conservation of the type material of Ulota glabella Mitt. A–D. Holotype, consisting of a single specimen in two sheets (A–B from NY[00737690]; C–D from NY[00737691]). E. Isotype (PC[PC0101534]). Photographs by R. Garilleti.
Data from: Species-specific effects of passive warming in an Antarctic moss system
Polar systems are experiencing rapid climate change and the high sensitivity of these Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems make them especially vulnerable to accelerated ecological transformation. In Antarctica, warming regions result in a mosaic of ice-free terrestrial habitats dominated by a diverse assemblage of cryptogamic plants (i.e. mosses and lichens). Although these plants provide key habitat for a wide array of microorganisms and invertebrates, we have little understanding of the interaction between trophic levels in this terrestrial ecosystem, and whether there are functional effects of plant species on higher trophic levels that may alter with warming. Here, we used Open Top Chambers (OTCs) on Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, to examine the effects of passive warming and moss species on the abiotic environment and ultimately on higher trophic levels. For the dominate mosses, Polytrichastrum alpinum and Sanionia georgicouncinata, we found species-specific effects on the abiotic environment, including moss canopy temperature and soil moisture. Additionally, we found distinct reproductive shifts in P. alpinum plants under warming compared to mosses without warming, and invertebrate communities in this moss species were strongly correlated with plant reproduction. Mosses under warming had substantially larger total invertebrate communities, and some invertebrate taxa were influenced differentially by moss species. However, warmed moss plants showed lower fungal biomass than control moss plants, and fungal biomass differed between moss species. Our results indicate that continued warming will differentially impact the reproductive output of Antarctic moss species, potentially altering terrestrial ecosystems dynamics from the bottom up. Understanding these effects requires clarifying the foundational, mechanistic role that individual plant species play in mediating complex interactions in Antarctica's terrestrial food-webs.
FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic revision of the moss salamander Nototriton barbouri (Schmidt) (Caudata: Plethodontidae), with description of two new species from the Cordillera Nombre de Dios, Honduras
FIGURE 6. Digital radiographs of the holotypes of Nototriton nelsoni (A; USNM 578300) and N. oreadorum (B; USNM 497552).
Fig. 41 in Georg Bojung "Scato" Lantzius-Beninga and his contributions on the anatomy of moss capsules: a transliteration from the original German texts
Fig. 41. Transverse section of the base of the peristome of Ceratodon purpureus at xx where it is not yet separated in two cords as it is the case in Fig. 40. Both figures are drawn by a magni- fication x 170.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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