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Fig. 4 in Reproductive and population dynamics of the Bay whiff Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Mamanguá Inlet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fig. 4. Mean values of the alometric condition factor (K) and "K estimated to C. spilopterus in the Mamanguá Inlet.

Fig. 2. T-S in Reproductive and population dynamics of the Bay whiff Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Mamanguá Inlet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fig. 2. T-S diagram for the Mamanguá Inlet based on (a) surface and (b) bottom data of temperature and salinity from March 1990 to March 1992. Lines represent the values of the South Atlantic Central Waters, calculated from coefficients of the mean T-S expressions based in Miranda (1985).

Fig. 3 in Reproductive and population dynamics of the Bay whiff Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Mamanguá Inlet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fig. 3. Spatial variation of the average length of Citharichthys spilopterus in the Mamanguá Inlet. Bars= standard deviation.

Fig. 9 in Reproductive and population dynamics of the Bay whiff Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Mamanguá Inlet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fig. 9. Rates of follicular atresia in the ovaries of C. spilopterus captured at Mamanguá Inlet: a) percentage of females presenting á or older atresia; b) maximum rates of atresia by females in each oceanographic station on March and May 1990.

Fig. 6 in Reproductive and population dynamics of the Bay whiff Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Mamanguá Inlet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fig. 6. Proportion of males (a) and females (b) of the Bay whiff in each macroscopic maturity stage considered in this study. Stars means significantly different - tested by Chisquare (χ2).

Fig. 1 in Reproductive and population dynamics of the Bay whiff Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Mamanguá Inlet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fig. 1. Sampled area for Citharichthys spilopterus in the Mamanguá Inlet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Modified from Bernardes (1995). Five oceanographic stations and four satations in the margins of the beaches are indicated with numbers.

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Figure 1 in Sexual anatomy of the flounder Citharichthys spilopterus (Paralichthyidae)

Figure 1. – Female visceral cavity of the flounder Citharichthys spilopterus. A: Left lateral view; B: Urinary papilla (on blind side); C: Dorsal view of the ovaries; D: Cross section of the inferior caudal region. Transect d-d' in figure A corresponds to figure D.

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Fig. 5 in Reproductive and population dynamics of the Bay whiff Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862 (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Mamanguá Inlet, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Fig. 5. Analyses of the sex ratio of C. spilopterus: a) by length groups and b) by months.

Fig. 10 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 10. Relationships of interorbital width to standard length in Paralichthys adspersus, P. albigutta, P. brasiliensis, P. microps, P. olivaceus and P. patagonicus (a). Relationships of interorbital width to standard length (b) in Paralichthys patagonicus, P. oblongus and P. triocellatus.

Fig. 9 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 9. Relationships of eye diameter to standard length (a); and prepectoral-fin length to standard length (b); in Paralichthys adspersus, P. aestuarius, P. albigutta, P. brasiliensis, P. californicus, P. dentatus, P. isosceles, P. lethostigma, P. microps, P. olivaceus, P. squamilentus, P. tropicus and P. woolmani, P. californicus.

Fig. 5 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 5. Caudal skeleton of a dissected specimen of P. isosceles (a). Cleared and stained specimens of Paralichthys patagonicus (b); and P. isosceles (c). Abrreviattions are: CP1: preural centrum 1; EP1-2: epurals 1 and 2; H1+2: ventral hypural plate; Phy: pahypural; Rca: caudal rays; "Sp.r": "splinter ray"; H5: hypural 5; THC+3+4: dorsal hypural plate; UE: unidentified elements.

Fig. 4 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 4. Fourth caudal vertebrae of Paralichthys: a. P. orbignyanus, b. P. patagonicus. Arrow indicates haemal zygapophyses. Scale bar indicates 9 mm.

Fig. 6 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 6. Inner view of left pectoral girdle of Paralichthys patagonicus (a). Left cleithra of Paralichthys patagonicus (b), P. orbignyanus (c), and P. isosceles (d). Left and right basipterygia in outer and inner views of Paralichthys patagonicus (e), P. orbignyanus (f), and P. isosceles (g). See abbreviations in text. Scale bar indicates 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 2. Relationships of head length to standard length: a. interorbital width to head length, b. pectoral length to standard length, c. eye diameter to head length, d. caudal peduncle depth to standard length, e. among the following species: Paralichthys isosceles, P. orbignyanus and P. patagonicus.

Fig. 7 in External morphology, postcranial and appendicular osteology of three southwestern Atlantic flatfishes (Paralichthys, Paralichthyidae), and comparisons with other congeneric species

Fig. 7. Relationships of eye diameter to standard length (a); and pectoral-fin length to standard length (b); in Paralichthys adspersus, P. aestuarius, P. albigutta, P. brasiliensis, P. dentatus, P. microps, P. oblongus, P. orbignyanus, P. triocellatus and P. woolmani.

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Fig. 3 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 3. Histology cuts of Etropus crossotus ovaries, stained with HE. a - Immature ovary containing ovarian follicles in phases I (arrow) and II (P II) (scale: 40 μm); b - Immature ovary, in detail, containing an "oogonia nest" (circle) + follicles in phase II (scale: 20μm); c - Maturing ovary containing follicles in phases II and III (P III) (scale: 80μm); d - Mature ovary containing follicles in phases II, IV (P IV) and, predominantly, V (P V). The blue arrows point to the vitelline membrane and the black arrow indicates the zone of contact between the follicular cells of two follicles in phase V, separated by scarce connective tissue (scale: 80 μm); e - Partially spawned ovary (panoramic view) containing follicles in phases II, IV and V + empty follicles (asterisk) (scale: 190 μm); f - Partially spawned ovary containing ovarian follicles in phases IV and V + empty follicles (asterisk) (scale: 80 μm); g - Partially spawned ovary (in detail) containing follicles in phases IV and V + empty follicles (asterisk). The arrow points to follicular cells (scale: 80 μm); h - Spawned ovary containing cells in phase II + empty follicles (asterisk) + high degree of vascularization (scale: 80μm); i - Spawned ovary (in detail) containing follicles in phase II + empty follicles (asterisk) (scale: 80 μm).

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Fig. 2 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 2. Monthly distribution of the mean water temperature and photoperiod data (a), the mean accumulated precipitation and salinity (b) from October 2008 to October 2009 in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. Amostral N from water temperature= 91, amostral N from, amostral N from photoperiod= 395, amostral N from accumulated precipitation= 395, and salinity= 91. The error bars correspond to the standard deviation.

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Fig. 4 in Reproductive biology of the flatfish Etropus crossotus (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, Paraná State, subtropical region of Brazil

Fig. 4. Weight-length relationship for grouped sexes of Etropus crossotus in the shallow infralittoral areas of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex. Total amostral N = 395, female amostral N = 171, and male amostral N =224.

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Fig. 2 in Oxidative stress parameters in juvenile Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839) (Pleuronectiformes: Paralichthyidae) exposed to cold and heat shocks

Fig. 2. (TBARS), (GST) and (CAT) activity in the gills of Paralichthys orbignyanus juveniles exposed to different temperatures (17.1, 23.0 and 28.8ºC) as a function of time exposition (72 h). Values are expressed as means ± SEM, N=5. aLower case letters indicate significantly different at the different temperatures and same time (P <0.05), determined by two-way ANOVA and by Dunnet test. ACapital letters indicate significantly different at the same temperatures and different times (P <0.05), determined by two-way ANOVA and by Dunnet test.