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46 results for “Pectoral fins”
Fig. 1 in Identification of Sexually Dimorphic Genes in Pectoral Fin as Molecular Markers for Assessing the Sex of Japanese Silver Eels ().
Fig. 1. Scheme of the MOLAS database for the Japanese eel. Annotated information of the assembled transcripts, including DNA sequence, amino acids sequence, open reading frames, signal peptides, transmembrane domains, gene ontology, hit KEGG pathway, and FPKM values, can be searched by the names of genes or the transcript ID in the Full-text search. A sequence of DNA can also be used to find the transcript with high similarity through the Sequence Search/BLAST. Moreover, the Pairwise Comparison can compare the differences in expression levels of the transcripts between two different libraries or two library groups, and then the differentially expressed genes can be summarized to a gene list. Furthermore, the Import Genelist can analyze the protein function, gene ontology enrichment, heatmap of expression, and hit terms on a KEGG pathway for a gene list. Additionally, the Clustering can be used to categorize the expressional patterns of transcripts between two different libraries or two library groups. Finally, the KEGG GlobalView and Gene List Analysis can see the hit terms of transcripts on the map of KEGG pathway and compare the different gene lists by Venn diagrams, respectively.
Figures 15-20 in The adductor pectoral fin muscle of Micropogonias furnieri (Perciformes: Sciaenidae): a morphological and histochemical study
Figures 15-20. Frequency histogram of fiber diameters of the adductor fin muscle of Micropogonias furnieri. (15). Red and pink fibers. (16). Red and white fibers from the proximal zone. (17). Red fibers and white fibers from the distal zone. (18). Pink and white fibers from the proximal zone. (19). Pink and white fibers from the distal zone. (20). White fibers from the proximal and distal zones. Pink line, red fibers; blue line, pink fibers; purple line, proximal zone white fibers; green line, distal zone white fibers.
Figures 12-14 in The adductor pectoral fin muscle of Micropogonias furnieri (Perciformes: Sciaenidae): a morphological and histochemical study
Figures 12-14. Histochemical staining of mATPase for capillaries from the adductor fin muscle of Micropogonias furnieri. (12). The number of capillaries (black arrow) in red fibers (r) is greater than those found in the other fiber types; pink fibers (p) have an intermediate irrigation, (bar = 150 µm). (13). The technique shows two different white fibers zones: proximal (wprox) and distal (wdis), (bar = 50 µm). (14). The white fibers proximal (wprox) zone exhibits more irrigation than the distal zone (black arrow: capillaries), (bar = 130 µm).
Figures 8-11 in The adductor pectoral fin muscle of Micropogonias furnieri (Perciformes: Sciaenidae): a morphological and histochemical study
Figures 8-11. Histochemical staining of mATPase activity in the adductor fin muscle of Micropogonias furnieri. (8). mATPase activity with pre-incubation at pH 10.4 showing red and pink fibers; small and medium fibers lose their activity; large fibers show a strong reaction (lp: large pink, lr: large red, mp: medium pink, mr: medium red, sp: small pink, sr: small red), (bar = 100 µm). (9). mATPase activity with pre-incubation at pH 10.4. A homogeneous staining of white fibers of the proximal zone is shown (lp: large pink, lwp: large white proximal, mp: medium pink, mwp: medium white proximal, sp: small pink, swp: small white proximal), (bar = 120 µm). (10). mATPase activity with pre-incubation at pH 4.3; white fibers of the proximal zone showing a mosaic pattern of staining (lwp: large white proximal, mwp: medium white proximal, p: pink, swp: small white proximal), (bar = 120 µm). (11). mATPase with pre-incubation at pH 4.3 showing white fibers of distal zone; small white fibers (swd) exhibit a strong reaction; medium (mwd) and large (lwd) fibers show a moderate reaction, (bar = 80 µm).
Figures 4-7 in The adductor pectoral fin muscle of Micropogonias furnieri (Perciformes: Sciaenidae): a morphological and histochemical study
Figures 4-7. Histochemical staining of red, pink and white fibers from the adductor fin muscle of Micropogonias furnieri. (4). Red fibers showing strong staining (SDH technique); pink fibers showing weak reaction to SDH (lp: large pink, lr: large red, mp: medium pink, mr: medium red, sp: small pink, sr: small red), (bar = 100 µm). (5). Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) showing small red fibers (sr) with very strong stain intensity, and small pink (sp) fibers with moderate activity; medium and large fibers react weakly to PAS (lp: large pink, lr: large red, mp: medium pink, mr: medium red), (bar = 50 µm). (6). The small (swp) and medium (mwp) white fibers of the proximal zone show a weak reaction to SDH; large fibers (lwp) have no reaction, (bar = 100 µm). (7). White fibers of the proximal zone react weakly to PAS; white fibers of the distal zone have no reaction (lwd: large white distal, lwp: large white proximal, mwd: medium white distal, mwp: medium white proximal, swd: small white distal, swp: small white proximal), (bar = 150 µm).
FIGURE 16. Diplacanthus tenuistriatus fin spine histology. 1–4, pectoral spine NMS G.2014.7.36 in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland
FIGURE 16. Diplacanthus tenuistriatus fin spine histology. 1–4, pectoral spine NMS G.2014.7.36 from Marwick, Orkney; 1–4, transverse section through the pectoral spine and the posterior end of the pinnal plate; 5, 6, anterior dorsal spine NMS G.2014.7.35 from Marwick Orkney: midspine transverse section. 7, NMS G.2014.33.1, midspine transverse section of anterior dorsal spine from North Ronaldsay, Orkney. Scale bars equal 1 mm in 1, 2, 5, 7; 0.1 mm in 3, 4, 6.
FIGURE 14. Diplacanthus tenuistriatus pectoral fin spines. 1–4 in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland
FIGURE 14. Diplacanthus tenuistriatus pectoral fin spines. 1–4, spine QM F58024 from Marwick, Orkney: 1, complete spine, dorsal surface; 2, ventral surface of spine; 3, recurved denticles on posterior edges of spine; 4, transverse natural fracture surface of distal part of spine, at point arrowed in (2); 5, NMS G.1901.153.1 from Appat Hill, Caithness; 6, NMS G.1898.163.2 from Birsay, Orkney; 7, NMS G.2014.4.18, from Marwick, Orkney, spine attached to pinnal plate. Scale bars equal 1 cm for 1, 2, 5–7; 1 mm for 3, 4.
Pectoral fin kinematics and motor patterns are shaped by fin ray mechanosensation during steady swimming in Scarus quoyi
<div class="page"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>For many species of fish, rhythmic movement of the pectoral fins, or forelimbs, drives locomotion. In terrestrial vertebrates, normal limb- based rhythmic gaits require ongoing modulation with limb mechanosensors. Given the complexity of the fluid environment and dexterity of fish swimming through it, we hypothesize that mechanosensory modulation is also critical to normal fin-based swimming. Here, we examined the role of sensory feedback from the pectoral fin rays and membrane on the neuromuscular control and kinematics of pectoral fin-based locomotion. Pectoral fin kinematics and electromyograms of the six major fin muscles of the parrotfish, Scarus quoyi, a high-performance pectoral fin swimmer, were recorded during steady swimming before and after bilateral transection of the sensory nerves extending into the rays and surrounding membrane. Alternating activity of antagonistic muscles was observed and drove the fin in a figure-of-eight fin stroke trajectory before and after nerve transection. After bilateral transections, pectoral fin rhythmicity remained the same or increased. Differences in fin kinematics with the loss of sensory feedback also included fin kinematics with a significantly more inclined stroke plane angle, an increased angular velocity and fin beat frequency, and a transition to the body-caudal fin gait at lower speeds. After transection, muscles were active over a larger proportion of the fin stroke, with overlapping activation of antagonistic muscles rarely observed in the trials of intact fish. The increased overlap of antagonistic muscle activity might stiffen the fin system in order to enhance control and stability in the absence of sensory feedback from the fin rays. These results indicate that fin ray sensation is not necessary to generate the underlying rhythm of fin movement, but contributes to the specification of pectoral fin motor pattern and movement during rhythmic swimming.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> </div>
Figure 1 in Pectoral-fin glands and delivery apparatus in the catfish genus Brachyrhamdia Myers, 1927 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)
Figure 1: Ventral view of the pectoral region of Brachyrhamdia species, exposed in situ axillary glands after the removal of skin, hypaxial musculature and loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. (A) Brachyrhamdia marthae, LIRP 10040, 31.4 mm SL. Both left and right axillary glands (arrow) are exposed, right gland limits highlighted by white dashed line. (B) Brachyrhamdia heteropleura, LIRP 7419, 33.4 mm SL. Right axillary gland is exposed (arrow), with its limits highlighted by white dashed line, and portion of left axillary gland can be seen near pectoral-fin base by transparency. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 3 in Pectoral-fin glands and delivery apparatus in the catfish genus Brachyrhamdia Myers, 1927 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)
Figure 3. (A₁) Dorsal view of Brachyrhamdia marthae right pectoral-fin spine and girdle, USNM 305641, total spine length 5.8 mm; (A₂) Illustration of B. marthae right pectoral-fin spine in dorsal view. Black indicates the ossified portion of spine, while gray portion indicates the unossified spurious ray; (B₁) Dorsal view of B. heteropleura right pectoral-fin spine and girdle, USNM 226105, total spine length 4.6 mm; (B₂) Illustration of B. heteropleura right pectoral-fin spine in dorsal view. Black indicates the ossified portion of the spine, while the gray portion indicates the unossified spurious ray (completed according to left pectoral-fin spine). The proximal portion of spine cannot be observed when the spine is articulated, therefore illustrations of such portion were produced according to direct observation. Abbreviations: ad = anterior denticulation, clth = cleithrum, pcp = posterior cleithrum process, ps = posterior serration.
Figure 2 in Pectoral-fin glands and delivery apparatus in the catfish genus Brachyrhamdia Myers, 1927 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)
Figure 2. Longitudinal oblique section of B. heteropleura left pectoral fin girdle, LIRP 7419, 30.9 mm SL, indicating gland cells wrapped by connective tissue. Abbreviations: agc = axillary gland cells (including binucleated cells), musc = musculature, clth = cleithrum. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 4 in Pectoral-fin glands and delivery apparatus in the catfish genus Brachyrhamdia Myers, 1927 (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)
Figure 4: Histological preparations of the right pectoral-fin spine of Brachyrhamdia species, indicating gland cells between bony spine and epidermis. (A) B. marthae, LIRP 10040, 23.9 mm SL, transversal section: (A₁) General view of spine (A₂) Detail of posterior edge of spine. (B) B. heteropleura, LIRP 7419, 30.9 mm SL, oblique transversal section: (B₁) General view of spine; (B₂) Detail of posterior edge of spine. Abbreviations: ad = anterior denticulation, ep = epidermis, ps = posterior serration, sp = pectoral-fin spine, vgc = superficial pectoral-fin spine venom gland cells. Epidermal cells indicated in B. heteropleura morphologically resemble club cells. Scale bar: 0.05 mm.
Pectoral fin kinematics and motor patterns are shaped by fin ray mechanosensation during steady swimming in Scarus quoyi
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Terrestrial acclimation and exercise lead to bone functional response in Polypterus pectoral fins
<p>The ability of bones to sense and respond to mechanical loading is a central feature of vertebrate skeletons. However, the functional demands imposed on terrestrial and aquatic animals differ vastly. The pectoral girdle of the basal actinopterygian fish <em>Polypterus senegalus</em> was previously shown to exhibit plasticity following terrestrial acclimation, but the pectoral fin itself has yet to be examined. We investigated skeletal plasticity in the pectoral fins of <em>P. senegalus</em> after exposure to terrestrial loading. Juvenile fish were divided into three groups: a control group was kept under aquatic conditions without intervention, an exercised group was also kept in water but received daily exercise on land, and a terrestrial group was kept in a chronic semi-terrestrial condition. After 5 weeks, the pectoral fins were cleared and stained with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red to visualize cartilage and bone, allowing measurements of bone length, bone width, ossification and curvature to be taken for the endochondral radial bones. <em>Polypterus senegalus</em> fin bones responded most strongly to chronic loading in the terrestrial condition. Fish that were reared in a terrestrial environment had significantly longer bones compared with those of aquatic controls, wider propterygia and metapterygia, and more ossified metapterygia and medial radials, and they showed changes in propterygial curvature. Exercised fish also had longer and more ossified medial radials compared with those of controls. <em>Polypterus senegalus</em> fin bones exhibit plasticity in response to novel terrestrial loading. Such plasticity could be relevant for transitions between water and land on evolutionary scales, but key differences between fish and tetrapod bone make direct comparisons challenging.</p>
Comparative morphology of shark pectoral fins
<p>Sharks vary greatly in morphology, physiology, and ecology. Differences in whole body shape, swimming style, and physiological parameters have previously been linked to varied habitat uses. Along with whole body morphology, shark pectoral fins are also previously described to vary in both shape and skeleton; however, there are limited comparative data on external and skeletal morphology. Further, fins were previously categorized into two discrete groups based on the amount of skeletal support present: (1) aplesodic, where less than half of the fin is supported and (2) plesodic where greater than half of the fin is supported. These discrete classifications have been used to phylogenetically place species, though the methodology of classification is infrequently described, and the comparisons may not be valid. Additionally, our understanding of shark pectoral fin ecomorphology is limited by access to samples from a broad variety of species. In this study, we sampled fins from various families, orders, and ecological classifications. We examined the external morphology, skeletal extent, and cross-sectional shape of the cartilaginous elements. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we show that fin morphology does not differ significantly when considering the level of relatedness between species, suggesting there may be some mechanical constraint. We also describe a range of skeletal extent, rather than two discrete categories. We find that fins are shaped like hydrofoils in cross-section, supporting hypotheses that fins may be lift producing structures in sharks. Finally, we find that a number of morphological variables such as number of radials, radial calcification and shape, and fin taper all correlate with skeletal extent. Within these morphospaces, we also describe that some orders/families tend to occupy certain areas with limited overlap. With this study, we demonstrate that there is some mechanical constraint limiting variations in shark pectoral fin morphology, but there are subtle differences that appear to occur within shark groups that share close phylogenetic relationships and similar biological parameters.</p>
FIGURE 27. Pectoral fin skeleton. A in Taxonomic review of catsharks of the Scyliorhinus haeckelii group, with the description of a new species (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae)
FIGURE 27. Pectoral fin skeleton. A: Scyliorhinus cabofriensis sp. nov. (UERJ 1427, female, 446 mm TL); B: Scyliorhinus haeckelii (UERJ 1691, male, 522 mm TL). Abbreviations: DRA, distal segment; IRA, intermediate segment; MES, mesopterygium; MET, metapterygium; MTS, metapterygial axis; PRA, proximal segment; PRO, propterygium. Scale bar = 2 cm.
Figure 15. Pectoral fin skeleton. A in Combined phylogeny and new classification of catsharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes)
Figure 15. Pectoral fin skeleton. A, Poroderma pantherinum, SAIAB 34577, male, 640 mm TL. B, Apristurus laurussonii, UF 185652, male, 480 mm TL. C, Gollum attenuatus, NSMT 42855, female, 950 mm TL. D, Loxodon macrorhinus, HUMZ 37632, male, 750 mm TL. Abbreviations: dr, distal radial elements; mes, mesopterygium; mr, medial radial elements; mtp, metapterygium; mtpax, metapterygium axial; pr, proximal radial elements; pro, propterygium; TL, total length.
Terrestrial acclimation and exercise lead to bone functional response in Polypterus pectoral fins
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Comparative morphology of shark pectoral fins
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Data from: Integration and modularity of teleostean pectoral fin shape and its role in the diversification of acanthomorph fishes
Phenotypic integration and modularity describe the strength and pattern of interdependencies between traits. Integration and modularity have been proposed to influence the trajectory of evolution, either acting as constraints or facilitators. Here, we examine trends in the integration and modularity of pectoral fin morphology in teleost fishes using geometric morphometrics. We compare the fin shapes of the highly diverse radiation of acanthomorph fishes to lower teleosts. Integration and modularity are measured using two-block partial least squares analysis and the covariance ratio coefficient between the radial bones and lepidotrichia of the pectoral fins. We show that the fins of acanthomorph fishes are more tightly integrated but also more morphologically diverse and faster evolving compared to non-acanthomorph fishes. The main pattern of shape covariation in non-acanthomorphs is concordant with the main trajectory of evolution between non-acanthomorphs and acanthomorphs. Our findings support a facilitating role for integration during the acanthomorph diversification. Potential functional consequences and developmental mechanisms of fin integration are discussed.
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