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Figure 11 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 11. Characteristic conodonts from the Aras Valley section (scale bars equal to 100 µm); all specimens stored in the collection of the Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. (a) Merrillina ultima Kozur, 2004, Pa element, FUM no. AJ204.13, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (b) Stepanovites sp., Sc element, FUM no. AJ205-1, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (c) Hindeodus typicalis (Sweet, 1970), FUM no. AJ200-27, Ali Bashi Formation, Paratirolites Limestone, lateral view; (d) Hindeodus julfensis (Sweet, in Teichert et al., 1973), FUM no. AJ183-8, Ali Bashi Formation, Paratirolites Limestone, lateral view; (e) Hindeodus julfensis (Sweet, in Teichert et al., 1973), FUM no. AJ183-5, Ali Bashi Formation, Paratirolites Limestone, lateral view; (f) Hindeodus bicuspidatus Kozur, 2004, FUM no. AJ200-32, Ali Bashi Formation, Paratirolites Limestone, lateral view; (g) Hindeodus praeparvus Kozur, 1996, FUM no. AJ201-4, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (h) Hindeodus eurypyge Nicoll et al., 2002, FUM no. AJ208-2, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (i) Hindeodus parvus (Kozur and Pjatakova, 1976), FUM no. AJ206-2, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (j) Hindeodus magnus Kozur, 2004, FUM no. AJ211-15, Elikah Formation, Claraia Beds, lateral view; (k) Hindeodus anterodentatus (Dai et al., 1989), FUM no. AJ208-7, Elikah Formation, Aras Member, lateral view; (l) Isarcicella staeschei Dai & Zhang, 1989, FUM no. AJ216-2, Elikah Formation, Claraia Beds, upper view; (m) Isarcicella isarcica (Huckriede, 1958), FUM no. AJ217-13, Elikah Formation, Claraia Beds, upper view.

Figure 3 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 3. Columnar section of the late Permian to Early Triassic succession in the Aras Valley section with colour indications and numbers of microfacies and conodont samples.

Figure 2 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 2. The Permian–Triassic boundary section near the Aras Valley, NW Iran. View towards the north, in the background, beyond the Aras Valley, mountains in Azerbaijan consisting of Triassic rocks.

Figure 12 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 12. Quantity of ostracod specimens per 500 g of rock material and species richness in the Paratirolites Limestone, the Aras Member, and the Claraia Beds of the Aras Valley section and important ostracod species in the lithological units. Scale bar for figured ostracods = 100 µm. Figured ostracods are as follows. (a) Bairdia kemerensis Crasquin-Soleau, 2004. (b) Bairdiacypris ottomanensis CrasquinSoleau, 2004. (c) Liuzhinia sp. 2. (d) Langdaia sp. (e) Cavellina sp. (f) Microcheilinella sp. (g) Cavellina sp. nov. (h) Kempfina qinglaii (Crasquin), 2008. (i) Fabalicypris sp. nov. (j) Carinaknightina sp. nov. (k) Iranokirkbya brandneri Kozur and Mette, 2006. (l) Fabalicypris obunca Belousova, 1965. (m) Fabalicypris blumenstengeli Crasquin, 2008. (n) Orthobairdia sp. nov. (o) Hungaroleberis sp. nov. (p) gen. nov. sp. nov.

Figure 6 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 6. Carbonate microfacies of samples from the upper Julfa Formation and the Paratirolites Limestone of the Aras Valley section. (a) Peloidal–foraminiferal packstone; sample AJ144 (−18.00 m). (b) Peloidal–foraminiferal packstone with algae; sample AJ190 (−2.20 m). (c) Microfacies sample from the topmost 4 cm of the Paratirolites Limestone (sample AJ200; = 0.00 to −0.04 m). Lower part: burrowed bioclastic–intraclastic wackestone with ammonoids, bivalves and ostracods, lithoclasts, and micrite clasts. Upper part: sponge packstone with ammonoids, bellerophontids, and ostracods; uppermost 10 mm with a densely packed sponge meshwork of possible keratose sponges. Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 5. Carbonate microfacies of samples from the Paratirolites Limestone of the Aras Valley section. (a) Burrowed bioclastic mudstone with ammonoids and micritic intraclasts; sample AJ182 (−3.65 m). (b) Burrowed bioclastic wackestone with ammonoids and echinoderms (E); sample AJ186 (−2.95 m). (c) Burrowed bioclastic–intraclastic mudstone with Fe-encrusted ammonoid; sample AJ188 (−2.70 m). (d) Burrowed bioclastic–intraclastic wackestone with shell debris and echinoderms, micrite clasts, and intense brecciation; sample AJ197 (−0.45 m). Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 9 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 9. Succession of conodont species and zones in the Aras Valley section. (Wu – Wuchiapingian; Ch – Changhsingian; EH – extinction horizon; P – Permian; Tr – Triassic).

Figure 1 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 1. (a) Geographic position of Permian–Triassic boundary sections in the Transcaucasus and in NW Iran (after Arakelyan et al., 1965); important sections are highlighted. (b) Detail map showing the position of the Aras Valley section. (c) Palaeogeographic position of the Julfa area during the PTB time interval (after Stampfli and Borel, 2002).

Figure 8 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 8. Microfacies types and carbonate content of samples from the Aras Valley section. Dashed lines indicate transitional microfacies change or possible continuation of the microfacies type. (Wu – Wuchiapingian; Ch – Changhsingian; EH – extinction horizon; P – Permian; Tr – Triassic).

Figure 4 in Aras Valley (northwest Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 4. Carbonate microfacies of samples from the lower Julfa Formation (a), upper Julfa Formation (b, c), and Zal Member (d, e) of the Aras Valley section. (a) Crinoidal wacke- to packstone with crinoids, brachiopods, rugose coral, and gastropods as well as peloids in a microspar matrix; sample AJ124 (−27.90 m). (b) Crinoidal wackestone with shell debris and crinoids; sample AJ139 (−21.30 m). (c) Wackestone with disarticulated ostracods, brachiopods, and sub-rounded micritic intraclasts; sample AJ157 (−14.00 m). d) Mudstone with ostracod and echinoderm fragments; sample AJ165 (−10.35 m). (e) Burrowed mudstone; sample AJ174 (−5.65 m). Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 20 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 20. Succession of carbon isotopes (δ13 C) in the Baghuk carb Mountain 1 and C sections (Hambast Formation and Elikah Formation, respectively).

Figure 17 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 17. Selected nautiloid specimens indicative for the environmental change from the early (d, e) to the late Wuchiapingian (a–c); all specimens stored in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. (a) Endolobus sp.; specimen MB.C.30223. (b) Metacoceras sp.; specimen MB.C.30224. (c) Pleuronautilus sp.; specimen MB.C.30225. (d) Permonautilus sp.; specimen MB.C.30226. (e) Domatoceras sp.; specimen MB.C.30227. Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 19 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 19. Polished slab of a mushroom-shaped structure of possible microbial origin, enclosed in a burrowed, partly recrystallized lime mudstone with remains of sponge spicules and small stromatolitic buildups. Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 16 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 16. Example of ammonoid preservation in the upper Hambast Formation. Cross section of a specimen of Paratirolites sp. from Baghuk Mountain, MB.C.22215; note the different states of preservation of shell walls and septa: a – recrystallized but rather well-preserved shell wall and septa preferably in the mid-dorsal portion of the ammonoid conch; b – dissolved shell wall but sharp demarcation of the ammonoid's internal mould from the sediment at the lower side of the ammonoid conch; c – dissolved shell wall and nearly continuous transition from the ammonoid's internal mould towards the sediment on the upper side of the ammonoid conch (from Leda et al., 2014). Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 6 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 6. Columnar section of the Hambast Formation at Baghuk Mountain with correlation of the most important index horizons.

Figure 10 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 10. Slab of a marly shale within the lowermost part of the Baghuk Member with small ammonoids (possibly Arasella sp.). Baghuk Mountain C section, at +0.05 m. Scale bar units = 10 mm.

Figure 13. Characteristic conodonts from Baghuk Mountain section A in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 13. Characteristic conodonts from Baghuk Mountain section A (scale bars = 100 µm), oral and oblique views; all specimens stored in the collection of the Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch (IAUTNB). (a) Clarkina orientalis (Barskov and Koroleva, 1970), specimen IAUTNB#115; −8.90 m. (b) Clarkina subcarinata (Sweet in Teichert et al., 1973), specimen IAUTNB#137; −7.50 m. (c) Clarkina changxingensis (Wang and Wang, 1981), specimen IAUTNB#142; −5.00 m. (d) Clarkina deflecta (Wang and Wang, 1981), IAUTNB#189; −2.50 m. (e) Clarkina bachmanni Kozur, 2004, specimen IAUTNB#162; −3.90 m. (f) Clarkina nodosa Kozur, 2004, specimen IAUTNB#203; −2.20 m. (g) Clarkina yini Mei in Mei et al., 1998, specimen IAUTNB#215; −1.95 m. (h) Clarkina abadehensis Kozur, 2004 specimen IAUTNB#231; −0.25 m. (i) Clarkina hauschkei Kozur, 2004, specimen IAUTNB#250; −0.05 m. (j) Hindeodus parvus (Kozur and Pjatakova, 1976), specimen IAUTNB#251; +2.15 m. (k) Isarcicella staeschei Dai and Zhang, 1989, specimen IAUTNB#265; +3.75 m. (l) Isarcicella isarcica (Huckriede, 1958), specimen IAUTNB#264; +3.75 m.

Figure 2 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 2. Palaeogeographic position of the Baghuk Mountain area during the Permian–Triassic boundary time interval (after Stampfli and Borel, 2002).

Figure 15 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 15. Selected Wuchiapingian representatives of ammonoids from Baghuk Mountain; all specimens stored in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. (a) Prototoceras sp., specimen MB.C.30219 (Araxoceras beds). (b) Vedioceras sp., specimen MB.C.30220 (Vedioceras beds). (c) Eoaraxoceras sp., specimen MB.C.30221 (Araxoceras beds). (d) Urartoceras sp., specimen MB.C.30222 (Pseudotoceras beds). Scale bar units = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Baghuk Mountain (Central Iran): high-resolution stratigraphy of a continuous Central Tethyan Permian-Triassic boundary section

Figure 5. Stratigraphic subdivision of the Permian–Triassic boundary sections in the Julfa sections (from Ghaderi et al., 2014) and at Baghuk Mountain (from Farshid et al., 2016) with lithostratigraphic correlation. W – Wuchiapingian.