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152 results for “Photoperiod”

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dryad36/100

Leaf and shoot apical meristem transcriptomes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in response to photoperiod and plant development

Our study focused on identifying key genes regulating flowering time and photoperiod response in quinoa. We examined the timing of photoperiod-induced floral transition and analyzed transcriptomes in photoperiod-sensitive and -insensitive quinoa accessions' leaf and shoot apical meristems. Histological analysis showed that floral transition in quinoa initiates two to three weeks after sowing. We found four groups of differentially expressed genes annotated in the QQ74-V2 reference genome that responded to plant development and floral transition, (i) 222 genes responsive to photoperiod in leaves, (ii) 1,812 genes differentially expressed between accessions under long-day conditions in leaves, (iii) 57 genes responding to developmental changes between weeks under short-day conditions in leaves, and (iv) 911 genes responding to floral transition within the shoot apical meristem. Interestingly, among numerous candidate genes, two putative FT orthologues and others (e.g., SOC1, COL, AP1) have been reported as key regulators of flowering time in other species. Additionally, we used co-expression networks to associate novel transcripts to a putative biological process based on the annotated genes within the same co-expression cluster. The candidate genes in this study would benefit quinoa breeding by identifying and integrating their beneficial haplotypes in crossing programs to develop adapted cultivars to diverse environmental conditions. We examined the timing of photoperiod-induced floral transition and analyzed transcriptomes in photoperiod-sensitive and -insensitive quinoa accessions' leaf and shoot apical meristems. Histological analysis revealed floral transition initiating two to three weeks after sowing. Differentially expressed genes were categorized in the QQ74-V2 reference genome, encompassing 222 genes responsive to photoperiod in leaves, 1,812 genes under long-day conditions, 57 genes during short-day conditions, and 911 genes during floral transition in shoot apical meristems. Notably, among numerous candidates, two putative FT orthologues and others (e.g., SOC1, COL, AP1) implicated in flowering time regulation in various species were identified. Co-expression networks associated novel transcripts with putative biological processes based on annotated genes in the same cluster. The candidate genes identified have potential applications in quinoa breeding, facilitating the incorporation of beneficial haplotypes in crossbreeding programs to develop cultivars adapted to diverse environmental conditions.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Temperature has an overriding role compared to photoperiod in regulating the seasonal timing of winter moth egg hatching

To accurately predict species' phenology under climate change, we need to gain a detailed mechanistic understanding of how different environmental cues interact to produce the seasonal timing response. In the winter moth (Operophtera brumata), seasonal timing of egg hatching is strongly affected by ambient temperature and has been under strong climate change-induced selection over the past 25 years. However, it is unclear whether photoperiod received at the egg stage also influences timing of egg hatching. Here, we investigated the relative contribution of photoperiod and temperature in regulating winter moth egg development using two split-brood experiments. We experimentally shifted the photoperiod eggs received by 2-4 weeks compared to the actual calendar date and measured the timing of egg hatching, both at a constant temperature and in combination with two naturally changing temperature treatments – mimicking a cold and a warm year. We found an eight-fold larger effect of temperature compared to photoperiod on egg development time. Moreover, the very small photoperiod effects we found were outweighed by both between- and within-clutch variation in egg development time. Thus, we conclude that photoperiod received at the egg stage does likely not play a substantial role in regulating the seasonal timing of egg hatching in the winter moth. These insights into the regulatory mechanism of seasonal timing could have important implications for predicting insect climate change adaptation, as we might expect different targets of selection depending on the relative contribution of different environmental cues.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

dryad36/100

Asymmetric regulation of caterpillar development by changes in photoperiod

<div>Many insects possess the plastic ability to either develop directly to adulthood, or enter diapause and postpone reproduction until the next year, depending on environmental cues (primarily photoperiod) that signal the amount of time remaining until the end of the growth season. These two alternative pathways often differ in co-adapted life history traits, e.g. with slower development and larger size in individuals headed for diapause. The developmental timing of these differences may be of adaptive importance: if traits diverge early, the potential for phenotypic differences between the pathways is greater, whereas if traits diverge late, the risk may be lower of expressing a maladaptive phenotype if the selective environment changes during development. Here we explore the effects of changes in photoperiodic information during life on pupal diapause and associated life history traits in the butterfly Pararge aegeria. We find that both pupal diapause and larval development rate are asymmetrically regulated: while exposure to long days late in life (regardless of earlier experiences) was sufficient to produce non-diapause development and accelerate larval development accordingly, more prolonged exposure to short days was required to induce diapause and slow down pre-diapause larval development. While the two developmental pathways diverged early in development, development rates could be partially reversed by altered environmental cues. Meanwhile, pathway differences in body size were more inflexible, despite emerging late in development. These results show how several traits may be shaped by the same environmental cue (photoperiod), but along subtly different ontogenies, into an integrated phenotype.</div>

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Effects of inoculation concentration, photoperiod and temperature on growth, conidiation and conidial germination of Bionectria ochroleuca

The short-term stock of Bionectria ochroleuca ochroleuca at 4°C was activated, sub-cultured, and grown at 25°C on PDA medium for 10 days to obtain a working culture. To determine the effect of temperature on fungal growth, the plates were incubated at 15, 20, 25, and 30°C under continuous darkness or an 8 h light/16 h dark regime for 10 days. To investigate the effect of photoperiod on fungal growth and reproduction, fungal cultures were incubated at 25°C with 0, 8, 16, and 24 h light exposure per day for 10 days. The cultures were exposed to full light induced by fluorescent lamps with 800–1200 lx. Mycelial growth was measured as the mean of two randomly selected orthogonal diameters of the colony on day 10 with a ruler. The colonies were in the shape of near-perfect circles, with differences between two diameters less than 1%. The conidia were then washed out using a spreader with 10 ml ddH2O. A spore suspension was transferred to sample tubes with a pipette and quantified using a hemacytometer. To investigate the effect of nutrients, temperature, and light on conidial germination, freshly grown conidia were collected 5 days post-inoculation from colonies grown on PDA. Conidia were washed off PDA with ddH2O using a spreader, and the spore suspension was adjusted to approximately 107 spores mL-1 for the following tests. To test the impact of nutrient concentration on conidial germination, the conidia suspension was mixed with different concentrations of potato dextrose broth (PDB) to achieve a final nutrient concentration of 0, 0.1, 1, 2, and 5% and was then incubated at 25°C under continuous darkness. To determine the optimal temperature for conidial germination, conidia were incubated in 1% PDB at 4, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C under continuous darkness. To investigate the effect of light on conidial germination, conidia were cultured in 1% PDB at 25°C under continuous light or darkness. All assays had a final spore concentration of 5 × 106 conidia/mL. All the above incubation treatments were performed by placing 25 mL of the freshly mixed spore-PDB/H2O suspension onto each slide and placing the slides in a Petri dish with a moistened filter paper. Conidial germination was examined under a light microscope (400×) 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36 h after incubation. These assays were performed on three technical replicates, and five fields were examined for each slide. When over 85% of the conidia in the observation field on a slide germinated, measurements on that slide were terminated. A conidium was considered germinated when the germination tube exceeded one half of the largest dimension of the conidium. In order to confirm that inoculation concentration does not have strong influence on mycelial growth and conidiation, we inoculated the PDA plates with 0.5 μl spore suspension of two different concentrations (105 μl-1 and 104 μl-1) and incubated them in 25 ℃ with full-time light or darkness for 10 days. We compared colony sizes and the number of conidia (log transformed) between the groups of different inoculation concentrations, separately for the full-light group and full-darkness group, and vice versa.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Data for "Testing for variation in photoperiodic plasticity in a butterfly: inconsistent effects of circadian genes between geographic scales" (Ecology and Evolution, accepted manuscript)

Raw data and analysis scripts belonging to Testing for variation in photoperiodic plasticity in a butterfly: inconsistent effects of circadian genes between geographic scales (Ecology and Evolution, accepted manuscript). Includes data from a photoperiodic assay with larvae of the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria, as well as a small bioinformatic analysis of SNP variation in two circadian candidate genes. List of files: <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>statistics_and_figures.R</td> <td>Statistical analysis of phenotyping experiment; drawing figures</td> </tr> <tr> <td>variant_calling.sh</td> <td>Shell script for mapping sequencing reads; calling and tabulating SNPs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>experiment_diapause.txt</td> <td>Data from phenotyping experiment, for analysis of diapause induction</td> </tr> <tr> <td>experiment_larval</td> <td>Data from phenotyping experiment, for analysis of larval development</td> </tr> <tr> <td>snptable_timeless</td> <td>Tabulated allele frequencies for exonic SNPs in timeless</td> </tr> <tr> <td>snptable_period</td> <td>Tabulated allele frequencies for exonic SNPs in period</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

dryad36/100

Juvenile hormone regulates the photoperiodic plasticity of elytra coloration in a ladybird Harmonia axyridis

Many animals, including insects, exhibit plasticity of body color in response to environmental changes. Varied expression of carotenoids, major cuticle pigments, significantly contributes to body color flexibility. However, the molecular mechanisms by which environmental cues regulate carotenoid expression remain largely unknown. In this study, we used the ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a model to investigate the photoperiodic-responsive plasticity of elytra coloration and its endocrine regulation. It was found that H. axyridis females under long-day conditions develop elytra that are much redder than those under short-day conditions, resulting from the differential accumulation of carotenoids. Exogenous hormone application and RNAi-mediated gene knockdown indicate that carotenoid deposition was directed through the juvenile hormone (JH) receptor-mediated canonical pathway. Moreover, we characterized an SR-BI/CD36 (SCRB) gene SCRB10 as the carotenoid transporter responding to JH signaling and regulating the elytra coloration plasticity. Taken together, we propose that JH signaling transcriptionally regulates the carotenoid transporter gene for the photoperiodic coloration plasticity of elytra in the beetles, which reveals a novel role of the endocrine system in the regulation of carotenoid-associated animal body coloration under environmental stimuli.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: A correlation between seasonally changing photoperiod, whole body lipid, and condition factor in juvenile spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

The regulation of lipid stores is a central process for the physiology and ecology of fishes. Seasonal variation in lipid stores has been directly linked to survival of fishes across periods of food deprivation. We assessed whether a seasonally changing photoperiod was correlated to seasonal changes in energetic status to help better understand these important processes. Groups of first-feeding Chinook salmon fry were introduced to a seasonal photoperiod cycle, but the point of entrance into the seasonal cycle varied from near the winter solstice (December), to either side of the spring equinox (February & May). Temperature and feeding rate were similar for all treatments. Subsequently, condition factor and whole-body lipid content were assessed through a seasonal progression. Throughout most of the experiment, length and weight did not differ between the different photoperiod treatments, however whole body lipid and Fulton's condition factor did. Furthermore, changes in both whole body lipid and Fulton's condition factor in all treatment groups followed a similar seasonal pattern that was inversely related to day length (highest K and lipid levels found during days with the least light). These results suggest that regardless of age or size, there is a correlation between seasonal changes in photoperiod and changes in body composition in juvenile Chinook salmonids.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Cold acclimation threshold induction temperatures of switchgrass ecotypes grown under a long and short photoperiod

Plants can cold-acclimate to enhance their freezing tolerance by sensing declining temperature and photoperiod cues. However, the factors influencing genotypic variation in the induction of cold acclimation are poorly understood among perennial grasses. We hypothesized that the more northern upland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) ecotype develops a higher degree of freezing tolerance by initiating cold acclimation at higher temperatures as compared with the coastal and southern lowland ecotypes. First, we determined the optimal method for assessing freezing tolerance and the length of exposure to 8/4°C required to induce the maximum level of freezing tolerance in the most northern upland and most southern lowland genotypes. We characterized the maximum freezing tolerance of eight upland, three coastal and five lowland genotypes grown for 21 d at 8/4°C and a 10 or 16 h photoperiod. Next, we identified the temperature required to induce cold acclimation by exposing the 16 genotypes for 7 d at 20 to 6°C constant temperatures under a 10 or 16 h photoperiod. Cold acclimation initiated at temperatures 5 and 7°C higher in upland than coastal and lowland genotypes. Among upland genotypes the shorter photoperiod induced cold acclimation at a 1°C higher temperature. Genotypes originating from a more northern latitude initiate cold acclimation at higher temperatures and develop higher maximum freezing tolerances. An earlier response to declining temperatures may provide the upland ecotype with additional time to prepare for winter and provide an advantage when plants are subjected to the rapid changes in fall temperature associated with injurious frosts.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data for: Photoperiod effects in a freshwater community: amphibian larvae develop faster and zooplankton abundance increases under an early-season photoperiod

Organisms that shift their phenologies in response to global warming will experience novel photic environments, as photoperiod (daylength) continues to follow the same annual cycle. How different organisms respond to novel photoperiods could result in phenological mismatches and altered interspecific interactions. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment exposing green frog (Rana clamitans) larvae, gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) larvae, phytoplankton, periphyton, and zooplankton to a three-month shift in photoperiod: an early-season photoperiod (simulating April) and a late-season photoperiod (simulating July). We manipulated photoperiod by covering and uncovering tanks with clear or light-blocking lids to mimic realistic changes in daylength. We assessed amphibian life history traits and measured phytoplankton, periphyton, and zooplankton abundances. Green frog larvae and gray treefrog metamorphs were more developed under the early-season photoperiod. Gray treefrog total length was also reduced, but photoperiod did not affect green frog total length. Although phytoplankton and periphyton abundances were not affected by photoperiod, copepod nauplii were in greater abundance under the early-season photoperiod. Overall, this simplified aquatic community did not exhibit significant changes to structure when exposed to a three-month shift in photoperiod. Temperate amphibians that breed earlier in the year may develop faster, which may have long-term costs to post-metamorphic growth and performance. Asynchronous shifts in zooplankton abundances in response to altered photoperiods could subsequently affect freshwater community structure. While photoperiod has been shown to individually affect freshwater organisms, our study using replicated outdoor wetland communities shows that the comprehensive effects of photoperiod may be less important than other cues such as temperature and precipitation.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

dryad36/100