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Fig 4 in Phylogenetic placement of Carrhotus Thorell, 1891 with three new species from Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig 4. Carrhotus albosetosus sp. nov. A. Epigynum, ventral view. B. Vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: AG = accessory gland; CO = copulatory opening; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig 1 in Phylogenetic placement of Carrhotus Thorell, 1891 with three new species from Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig 1. The single most likely tree obtained by ML analysis of the combined molecular data in RAxML– VI–HPC. The numbers above the nodes represent bootstrap values (only values 50 and above are given). Nodes that are unsupported have been collapsed. Collection country is given if available. In life images: A. Carrhotus albosetosus sp. nov. from Pillikutuwa. B. C. taprobanicus Simon, 1902 from Gomaraya. C. C. silanthi Caleb, 2020 from Ussangoda. D. C. silanthi from Giants Tank Sanctuary. E. C. atratus sp. nov. from Hiyare. F. C. viduus from Mandaitivu.

Fig 3 in Phylogenetic placement of Carrhotus Thorell, 1891 with three new species from Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig 3. Carrhotus albosetosus sp. nov., female. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Habitus, ventral view. C. Epigynum. Scale bars: A–B = 2 mm; C = 0.1 mm.

Fig 6 in Phylogenetic placement of Carrhotus Thorell, 1891 with three new species from Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig 6. Carrhotus atratus sp. nov. A–B. Male habitus. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. C–D. Female habitus. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view. E–F. Palp. E. Ventral view. F. Retrolateral view. G. Epigynum. Abbreviations: E = embolus; PLP = posterior lateral protrusion; RTA = retrolateral tibial apophysis. Scale bars: A–D = 2 mm; E–F = 0.2 mm; G = 0.1 mm.

Fig 10 in Phylogenetic placement of Carrhotus Thorell, 1891 with three new species from Sri Lanka (Araneae: Salticidae)

Fig 10. Photographs of live Carrhotus silanthi Caleb, 2020, males. A–C. From Giants Tank Sanctuary. D–F. From Ussangoda.

Fig. 4 in A new species of the genus Cottus (Scorpaeniformes, Cottidae) from the Baltic Sea Basin and its phylogenetic placement

Fig. 4. The result of statistical analysis of morphometric characters of type and non-type specimens of Cottus cyclophthalmus sp. nov. from rivers Krasnaya, Neris, Šerkšnė, Siesartis, and Žeimena (method of principal components was used). The numbers correspond to the places where the sculpins were caught, as indicated on the map (Fig. 1).

Fig. 2 in A new species of the genus Cottus (Scorpaeniformes, Cottidae) from the Baltic Sea Basin and its phylogenetic placement

Fig. 2. Cottus cyclophthalmus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (ZIN 56687), SL 83.3 mm, TL 99.0 mm, Krasnaya River, near Tokarevka village, 54º24'59.4" N 22º23'50.4" E. 3D scan images. a. Lateral view. b. Dorsal view. c. Ventral view.

Fig. 1 in A new species of the genus Cottus (Scorpaeniformes, Cottidae) from the Baltic Sea Basin and its phylogenetic placement

Fig. 1. The map of sampling sites showing the distribution of Cottus cyclophtalmus sp. nov. The numbers indicate sampling sites in various rivers: 1. Krasnaya River. 2. Neris River. 3. Žeimena River. 4. Siesartis River. 5. Šerkšnė River. The star marks the type locality of the new species; the circles mark sampling sites of non-type specimens; the triangle marks the locality where specimen of Cottus microstomus sp. nov. was caught.

Fig. 3 in A new species of the genus Cottus (Scorpaeniformes, Cottidae) from the Baltic Sea Basin and its phylogenetic placement

Fig. 3. The zoological picture of the holotype of Cottus cyclophthalmus sp. nov. (ZIN 56687), SL 83.3 mm, lateral view.

Fig. 5 in A new species of the genus Cottus (Scorpaeniformes, Cottidae) from the Baltic Sea Basin and its phylogenetic placement

Fig. 5. The result of the DFA carried out on morphometric characters to discriminateCottus cyclophthalmus sp. nov. (green), Cottus gobio Linnaeus, 1758 (blue), and Cottus koshewnikowi Gratzianov, 1907 (red).

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Interrogating genomic data in the phylogenetic placement of treeshrews reveals potential sources of conflict

<p>The position of some taxa on the Tree of Life remains controversial despite the increase in genomic data used to infer phylogenies. While analyzing large datasets alleviates stochastic errors, it does not prevent systematic errors in inference, caused by both biological (e.g., incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization) and methodological (e.g., incorrect modeling, erroneous orthology assessments) factors. In this study, we systematically investigated factors that could result in these controversies, using the treeshrew (Scandentia, Mammalia) as a study case. Recent studies have narrowed the phylogenetic position of treeshrews to three competing hypotheses: sister to primates and flying lemurs (Primatomorpha), sister to rodents and lagomorphs (Glires), or sister to a clade comprising all of these. We sampled 50 mammal species including three treeshrews, a selection of taxa from the potential sister groups, and outgroups. Using a large diverse set of loci, we assessed support for the alternative phylogenetic position of treeshrews. The results suggest that the data has statistical support for two hypotheses for the placements of treeshrews, sister to Primatomorpha and to Primatomorpha + Glires. While we observe differences in properties of loci of different types (e.g., CDS, intron, etc.) with respect to the strength of the signal, the support for any particular topology is not dependent on the properties of the data. Rather, we show that the method of phylogenetic signal assessment, as well as whether the signal is measured using the full dataset or only loci with the strongest signal, impacts the results much more.</p>

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Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013). in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013).

Fig. 8 in Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber

Fig. 8 Holotype of Rhyssa gulliveri sp. nov. A Habitus of specimen, lateral view. B Rugae dorsally on mesoscutum. C Face, anterior view, partially hidden by spider inclusion and milky coatings. D Face, more laterally with visible mandibles. E First tergite on metasoma, lateral view. F Head and mesoscutum, dorsal view. G Interpretative drawing with an additional drawing of the propodeum and T1 in dorsal view, where photos and micro-CT scan were used as templates. Scale bar A: 2 mm, B and C: 1 mm, D: upper 1 mm, lower 2 mm

Fig. 7 in Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber

Fig. 7 Holotype of Firkantus freddykruegeri gen. et sp. nov. A Habitus of specimen, lateral view. B Anterior view of face, right side with facial structures indicated. C Fore wing with folds indicating wing venation. D Anterior part of metasoma, dorsal view. E Posterior part of metasoma, with parameters and aedeagus. F Interpretative drawing with an additional drawing of the propodeum and T1 in dorsal view, where photos and micro-CT scan were used as templates. Scale bar A: 1 mm, B: 0.5 mm, F: lower 1 mm, right 0.5 mm

Fig. 3 in Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber

Fig. 3 RoguePlot placement of Pimplinae fossil Firkantus freddykruegeri gen. et sp. nov. before and after micro-CT scanning. The plots include all branches from the majority-rule consensus tree where the attachment probability was higher than 1%. A Firkantus freddykruegeri gen. et sp. nov. with colours indicating newly revealed body characteristics. Blue colouration represents newly added measurements; orange highlights either newly coded characters or characters where states could be reduced after the CT scan. B Placement before CT scanning. C Placement after CT scanning

Fig. 6 in Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber

Fig. 6 Holotype of Triclistus levii sp. nov. A Partial fore wing. B Metasoma, posterior end with the parameres. C Habitus of specimen, lateral view. D Head and mesoscutum, dorsal view. E Head. F Interpretative drawing with an additional drawing of the propodeum and T1, in dorsal view, where photos and micro-CT scan were used as templates. Scale bars A: 1 mm, B: 0.5 mm C: 1 mm F: bottom 1 mm, top right 0.5 mm

Fig. 9 in Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber

Fig. 9 Holotype Magnocula sarcophaga gen. et sp. nov. A Habitus of specimen, ventral view. B Habitus of holotype, lateral view. CT scan of C head and mesoscutum in dorsal view, D face in anterior view, and E last tergites with ovipositor and sheaths. F Photo of a partial fore wing, in top left is T2 with its rugopunctate to striate structure. G Interpretative drawing with an additional drawing of the propodeum and T1 in dorsal view, where photos and micro-CT scan were used as templates. Scale bar A: 1 mm, F: 0.5 mm G: lower 1 mm, right 0.5 mm

Fig. 2 in Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber

Fig. 2 RoguePlot placement of Metopiinae fossil Triclistus levii sp. nov. before and after micro-CT scanning. The plots include all branches from the majority-rule consensus tree where the attachment probability was higher than 1%. A Triclistus levii sp. nov. with colours indicating newly revealed body characteristics after the CT scan. Blue colouration represents newly added measurements; orange highlights either newly coded characters or characters where states could be reduced after the CT scan. B Placement before CT scanning. C Placement after CT scanning

Fig. 5 in Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber

Fig. 5 RoguePlot placement of Phygadeuontinae fossil Magnocula sarcophaga gen. et sp. nov. before and after micro-CT scanning. The plots include all branches from the majority-rule consensus tree where the attachment probability was higher than 1%. A Magnocula sarcophaga gen. et sp. nov. with colours indicating newly revealed body characteristics. Blue colouration represents newly added measurements; orange highlights either newly coded characters or characters where states could be reduced after the CT scan. B Placement before CT scanning. C Placement after CT scanning

Fig. 4 in Impact of increasing morphological information by micro-CT scanning on the phylogenetic placement of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) in amber

Fig. 4 RoguePlot placement of Rhyssinae fossil Rhyssa gulliveri sp. nov. before and after micro-CT scanning. The plots include all branches from the majority-rule consensus tree where the attachment probability was higher than 1%. A Rhyssa guliveri sp. nov. with colours indicating newly revealed body characteristics. Blue colouration represents newly added measurements; orange highlights either newly coded characters or characters where states could be reduced after the CT scan. B Placement before CT scanning. C Placement after CT scanning