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FIGURE 2 in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 2. Dushia wijnhoffae Schwartz & Norenburg sp. nov. Photomicrographs of transverse sections (A, C–E) (paratype, USNM 1594813), and tangential section (B) (holotype, USNM 1594812). (A) Epidermis and cutis. (B) Dermal muscle components; diagonal muscles are indicated by ">". (C) Section through gonad with dorsoventral muscles and horizontal muscle. (D) Precerebral blood vessels and rhynchodaeum. (E) Cross section through foregut region with prominent longitudinal muscle plate. Scale bars: A, C, D = 100 µm, B = 50 µm, E = 200 µm. Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dcm, dermal circular muscle; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; dv, dorsoventral muscle fibers; ep, epidermis; fg, foregut; gc, gland cells; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscle; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; in, intestinal lumen; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; lnc, lateral nerve cord; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum.

FIGURE 9. A in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 9. A phylogenetic tree of Dushia nigra species complex comb. nov., resulting from the maximum-likelihood analysis ofpartial sequence (513 bp) of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene from 10 specimens collected in Kakeroma, Japan, nine specimens in Okinawa, Japan; and one specimen from Van Phong Bay, Vietnam (Chernyshev 2016; Sundberg et al. 2016); Dushia wijnhoffae sp. nov. is used as an outgroup. Text colors represent body colors of specimens, and numbers near nodes indicate maximum-likelihood bootstrap support value. Vertical bars indicate the results of TCS, ABGD, and PTP analyses.

FIGURE 8 in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 8. Three haplotype networks (A–C) of Dushia nigra species complex comb. nov., generated by statistical parsimony analysis using partial sequence (513 bp) of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene from 10 specimens collected in Kakeroma, Japan (solid), nine specimens in Okinawa, Japan (oblique stripes); and one specimen from Van Phong Bay, Vietnam (Chernyshev 2016; Sundberg et al. 2016) (vertical stripe). Three kinds of colorations (black, brown, and orange) indicate their body color.

FIGURE 7 in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 7. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse section of proboscis (A), showing two, unequal muscle crosses (B, C); post-overlapping parts of muscle crosses are indicated by arrowheads ICHUM 3457. Scale bars: A = 500 µm, B, C = 200 µm. Abbreviations: ge, glandular epithelium; isl, inner strand of proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pd, proboscis diagonal muscle layer; pic, proboscis inner circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; poc, proboscis outer circular muscle layer; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer.

FIGURE 1 in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 1. Images of Dushia spp., taken in life. (A) Dushia wijnhoffae Schwartz & Norenburg sp. nov. from Puerto Rico. (B–F) Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov.: (B) black form, ICHUM 3457, from Onna, Okinawa, Japan; (C) orange form, from Nakijin, Okinawa, caudal cirrus not pictured; (D) brown form, from Kakeroma, Japan; (E, F) black form from Okinawa, showing body fragments regenerating caudal cirrus, 3 days (E) and 10 days (F) after amputation. Scale bars: A–D = 1 cm, E, F = 500 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organs; cc, caudal cirrus; cf, horizontal cephalic furrow.

FIGURE 5 in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 5. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A–D, F) (ICHUM 3457), (E) (USNM 1107399). (A) Intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscles, gonad, and associated horizontal muscles. (B) Rhynchodaeum opening and pre-rhynchostomal blood lacuna. (C) Precerebral region, showing rhynchodeal sphincter (indicated by arrow head). (D) Dorsal cerebral commissure. (E) Pseudocnidae of the proboscis. (F) One of the two muscle crosses between the proboscis circular muscle layer and the endothelium (indicated by two arrow heads). Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C, E, F = 50 µm. Abbreviations: an, anterior peripheral nerve; cl, cephalic lacuna; cv, cephalic vessel; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscles of intestinal region; go, gonad; hm, horizontal muscles associated with gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscles of body wall; pc, pseudocnidae; pcm, proboscis circular muscle layer; pil, proboscis inner longitudinal muscle layer; pn, proboscis nerve; pnp, proboscis nerve plexus; pol, proboscis outer longitudinal muscle layer; rc, rhynchocoel; rd, rhynchodaeum.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 4. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov., transverse sections (A, C–F) (ICHUM 3457), (B) (USNM 1107399). (A) Arrangement of the epidermis and cutis. (B) Oblique section through dermal muscle layers showing dermal gland cells, dermal longitudinal, circular, and associated lattice muscles, and epidermis. (C) Organization of body wall in foregut region, nephridial tubules, and one of the numerous efferent ducts. (D) Precerebral region, showing musculature, rhynchodaeum, and cephalic vessels. (E) Proboscis insertion. (F) Longitudinal muscular plate and nephridial tubules. Scale bars: A, C, F = 50 µm, B, D, E = 100 µm. Abbreviations: cu, cutis; cv, cephalic vessel; dc, dermal gland cells; dcm, dermal circular muscle; ddf, dermal diagonal muscle fibers; dlm, dermal longitudinal muscle; ed, efferent duct; ep, epidermis; ex, excretory collecting tubule; ilm, body-wall inner longitudinal muscle layer; lmp, longitudinal muscle plate; mcm, body-wall middle circular muscle layer; mo, mouth; olm, body-wall outer longitudinal muscle layer; nt, nephridial tubules; pr, proboscis; rd, rhynchodaeum.

FIGURE 3 in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 3. Dushia wijnhoffae Schwartz & Norenburg sp. nov. (A, B, D) Photomicrographs of transverse sections (paratype, USNM 1594813); (C) photomicrograph of anesthetized animal with cephalic furrows reflected back to expose ciliated glandular ridge; the specimen was destroyed after examination and not extant. (A) Organization of the cerebral ganglia region showing dorsal and ventral ganglia and positions of Bürger type III cells, neurocord cell and neurocord. (B) ×40 magnification of Bürger type III cell and neurocord cell in A. (C) Ciliated and gland cell ridge of cephalic furrow marked by arrow heads. (D) Transverse section through glandular ridge in C, arrow heads mark the cells with elongated cilia, asterisks indicate gland cells. Scale bars: A, B, D = 100 µm, C = 500 µm. Abbreviations: b3, Bürger type III neural cell; cf, cephalic furrow; lnc, lateral nerve cord; nc, neurocord cell; vg, ventral ganglion.

FIGURE 6 in Molecular systematics of the heteronemertean genus Dushia (Nemertea Pilidiophora), with descriptions of D. wijnhoffae sp. nov. and D. nigra species complex comb. nov.

FIGURE 6. Dushia nigra (Stimpson, 1855) species complex comb. nov. Photomicrographs of transverse sections (A–D) (ICHUM 3457) and frontal sections (E, F) (USNM 1107399). (A) Ventral rhynchocoel wall in foregut region. (B) Dorsal ganglion showing Bürger type III neural cells and neurocord cells. (C) Neurocord cells. (D) Transverse section of cephalic furrow posterior to cerebral organ opening showing ciliated cells with elongated cilia (arrow heads) and gland cells (asterisks). (E) Frontal section of intestinal regions showing arrangement of gonads and intestinal diverticula. (F) Spermatozoa. Scale bars: A, B, D, E = 100 µm, C = 50 µm, F = 3 µm. Abbreviations: b3, Bürger type III neural cell; cf, cephalic furrow; cu, cutis; dg, dorsal ganglion; dv, dorsal ventral muscle; fg, foregut lumen; go, gonad; ilm, inner longitudinal muscle; in, lumen of the intestine;; lnc, lateral nerve cord; mcm, middle circular muscle; nc, neurocord cell; olm, outer longitudinal muscle; pr, proboscis; rc, rhynchocoel; rcc, rhynchocoel circular muscle; rcl, rhynchocoel longitudinal muscle, rv, rhynchocoel villus.

Figure 4 in Redescription of Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913 (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) and comments on its phylogenetic position

Figure 4. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the two lateral cephalic lacunae; (B) transverse section at brain level showing ventral lacuna; (C) transverse section at brain level showing two ventral lacunae; (D) transverse section at brain level showing four lacunae; (E) longitudinal section of the cephalic slit showing the aperture of the ciliated canal; glandular area with long cilia are marked with arrows; (F) longitudinal section at the tip of the head. Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: ao, apical organ; cl, cephalic lacunae; dc, dorsal commissure; ll, lateral lacunae; mvl, mid-ventral lacuna; pp, proboscis pore; r, rhynchocoel; vl, ventral lacuna.

Figure 2 in Redescription of Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913 (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) and comments on its phylogenetic position

Figure 2. External appearance of Lineus acutifrons. (A) Specimen showing the difference between the cylindrical anterior part and the attened posterior part; (B) enlargement of cephalic region in ventral view to show head shape and mouth; (C) enlargement of cephalic region in lateral view to show cephalic slits; (D) enlargement of posterior region to show caudal cirrus. (A–C) are from living specimens; (D) is an image of an anesthetized specimen.

Figure 1 in Redescription of Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913 (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) and comments on its phylogenetic position

Figure 1. Map of beaches sampled in this study. Beaches where Lineus acutifrons was collected are marked with a caudal cirrus.

Figure 6. Phylogeny resulting from a in Redescription of Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913 (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) and comments on its phylogenetic position

Figure 6. Phylogeny resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis of combined DNA datasets [cytochrome oxidase I (CO1) mitochondrial DNA and 28S ribosomal RNA; likelihood − 8692.363] with Lineus acutifrons in bold. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate bootstrap ≥ 50%. Outgroup species are Nipponnemertes punctatulus, Oerstedia zebra, Tetrastemma elegans and Tetrastemma wilsoni.

Figure 5. Phylogeny resulting from a in Redescription of Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913 (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) and comments on its phylogenetic position

Figure 5. Phylogeny resulting from a maximum likelihood analysis of 28S ribosomal RNA (likelihood − 8692.363) with L. acutifrons in bold. Numbers adjacent to nodes indicate bootstrap ≥ 50%. Outgroup species are Nipponnemertes punctatulus, Oerstedia zebra, Tetrastemma elegans and Tetrastemma wilsoni.

Figure 3 in Redescription of Lineus acutifrons Southern, 1913 (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) and comments on its phylogenetic position

Figure 3. Lineus acutifrons. (A) Transverse section showing the body wall; (B) transverse section at intestinal region; (C) transverse section at foregut; (D) transverse section at foregut showing the anterior portion of the proboscis; (E) transverse section at main portion of the proboscis; (F) longitudinal section through the brain showing gregarine parasites (arrows). Scale bars A–F: 100 µm. Abbreviations: CM, circular muscle layer; cso, cerebral sensory organ; d, dermis; dg, dorsal ganglia; dvm, dorsoventral musculature; ep, epidermis; fep, foregut epithelium; id, intestinal diverticula; ILM, inner longitudinal muscle layer; ll, lateral lacunae; ln, lateral nerve cord; mp, muscle plate; np, proboscidial neural plexus; OLM, outer longitudinal muscle layer; p, proboscis; pep, proboscidial epithelium; pICM, proboscidial inner circular muscle layer; pLF, proboscidial longitudinal fibres; pn, proboscidial nerves; pOLM proboscidial outer longitudinal muscle layer; r, rhynchocoel; v, villus; vg, ventral ganglia.

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Fig. 2 in Occurrence and Molecular Barcode of the Freshwater Heteronemertean Apatronemertes albimaculosa (Nemertea: Pilidiophora) from Japan

Fig. 2. Apatronemertes albimaculosa Wilfert and Gibson, 1974, ICHUM 5112, photomicrographs of transverse sections. A, Precerebral region, showing outer vessel (inner vessels ventrally anastomosed here); B, proboscis musculature, showing muscle-cross fibre (indicated by arrowheads) connecting outer circular muscle layer and inner myoepithelium; C, testis containing sperm; D, intestinal region, showing oocytes and amorphous excretory tissue (indicated by asterisks) discharging into intestine via specialized cells (indicated by arrowheads).

Figure 4 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 4 Maximum likelihood tree (ln L = −51290.378661) for heteronemerteans based on concatenated 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone H3, histone H4, 16S rRNA, and COI dataset showing phylogenetic position of Yininemertespratensis (Sun and Lu, 1998). Numbers near nodes are bootstrap values for maximum-likelihood analysis and posterior probability for Bayesian inference. Scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site.

Figure 3 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 3 Yininemertespratensis (Sun and Lu, 1998), photograph in life (A) and photomicrographs of transverse sections (B, D, E, G, HICHUM 5260 C DH005C, paratype F DH005A, holotype). A Anesthetized state with proboscis partially protruded, NIBR IV 0000409596 B, C proboscis; large arrow heads indicating fibers contributing to muscle cross; small arrow heads showing rhabdoids D cerebral region showing type-3 neuron E, F foregut region, arrow heads indicating intra-epithelial somatic muscle fibers G, H cephalic region showing well-developed cephalic lacuna.

Figure 2 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 2 Photographs of Yininemertespratensis (Sun and Lu, 1998) taken in life. A A haul of a glass-eel net at the Han River Estuary, South Korea, on 6 April 2015 B magnification of a swarm of the same worms as in A from the Han River Estuary taken in the laboratory; arrow heads indicating the characteristic transverse narrow rings in the intestinal region C a specimen dug from clayey mud sediment with vegetation at Bailonggang in the Yangtze River Estuary, China, May 13, 2016 D a specimen dug from non-vegetated clay sediment at Chongming Island in the Yangtze River Estuary, China, 14 May 2016 E topotype from the Yangtze River Estuary showing an overview of whole specimen F topotype from China showing magnification of head, ventral view G topotype from China, magnification of intestinal region, showing the characteristic narrow transverse rings, indicated by arrow heads.

Figure 1 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 1 Maps showing sampling localities indicated by arrow heads. A The Han River and Yangtze River Estuaries are about 840 km apart from each other across the Yellow Sea B sampling locality in Goyang, Korea C two sampling localities, Chongming Island and Bailonggang, China.