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103 results for “Podarcis”
Figs 1-2 in Field observation of the predation of an adult of Podarcis muralis (Laurenti, 1768) (Squamata: Lacertidae) by Mantis religiosa religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mantodea: Mantidae)
Figs 1-2 – Mantis religiosa religiosa preys Podarcis muralis (Photos L. Spada).
Data from: Sexual color ornamentation, microhabitat choice, and thermal physiology in the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis)
<p>Common wall lizards (<em>Podarcis muralis</em>) in Italy show a striking variation in body coloration across the landscape, with highly exaggerated black and green colors in hot and dry climates and brown and white colors in cool and wet climates. Males are more intensely colored than females, and previous work has suggested that the maintenance of variation in coloration across the landscape reflects climatic effects on the strength of male–male competition, and through this sexual selection. However climatic effects on the intensity of male–male competition would need to be exceptionally strong to fully explain the geographic patterns of color variation. Thus, additional processes may contribute to the maintenance of color variation. Here we test the hypothesis that selection for green and black ornamentation in the context of male–male competition is opposed by selection against ornamentation because the genes involved in the regulation of coloration have pleiotropic effects on thermal physiology, such that ornamentation is selected against in cool climates. Field observations revealed no association between body coloration and microhabitat use or field active body temperatures. Consistent with these field data, lizards at the extreme ends of the phenotypic distribution for body coloration did not show any differences in critical minimum temperature, preferred body temperature, temperature‐dependent metabolic rate, or evaporative water loss when tested in the laboratory. Combined, these results provide no evidence that genes that underlie sexual ornamentation are selected against in cool climate because of pleiotropic effects on thermal biology.</p>
Figure 3 in New locality record for Podarcis siculus hieroglyphicus (Berthold, 1842) (Squamata: Lacertidae) in the western Black Sea region of Anatolia
Figure 3. General view of male specimen of Podarcis siculus hieroglyphicus from Filyos, Zonguldak.
Widespread introgression of MHC genes in Iberian Podarcis lizards
<p>Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are crucial for the adaptive immune response of jawed vertebrates. Their variation, reaching extreme levels, is driven mainly by an arms race between hosts and pathogens. One hypothesized mechanism contributing to MHC polymorphism is adaptive introgression, the exchange of genetic variants between hybridizing species favoured by selection, yet its effect on MHC variation is poorly understood. Detection of adaptive MHC introgression, though challenging, may be facilitated by the analysis of species complexes forming multiple hybrid zones. Here, we investigated MHC introgression in six hybrid zones formed by seven species of <em>Podarcis</em> lizards inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula. To differentiate adaptive introgression from neutral introgression, we compared the patterns of gene exchange in MHC and genome-wide markers. We found elevated sharing of MHC alleles in the proximity of contact beyond the areas of detectable genome-wide admixture in most hybrid zones and, in half of them, asymmetric MHC exchange. In general, the elevated MHC allele sharing between species pairs with abutting ranges compared to geographically isolated species pairs also supports the prevalence of introgression. Collectively, our results demonstrate widespread MHC introgression in the Iberian <em>Podarcis</em> complex and suggest its adaptiveness. Contrary to previous results from <em>Triturus</em> newts, we did not observe differences in the rate of introgression between MHC classes. Our work adds support to the emerging view of adaptive introgression as a key mechanism shaping MHC diversity. It also raises questions about the effect of elevated MHC variation and factors leading to the asymmetry of adaptive introgression.</p>
Podarcis bocagei vs P. carbonelli hybrid zone SNP datasets from ddRADseq
<p>We used double digestion restriction site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing to discover SNPs in samples across a transect including a hybrid zone between <em>Podarcis carbonelli</em> and <em>Podarcis carbonelli</em>. <span>We used <em>P. bocagei</em> and <em>P. carbonelli</em> samples from the locations at the extremes of the transect as references. We obtained a SNP dataset including all SNPs after removing loci with depth coverage <8, missing data >20%, removing loci containing more than five SNPs, and with more than 70% heterozygosity (complete dataset; 6905 SNPs, 329 individuals). Additionally, we obtained</span> from the complete dataset two other datasets, prior to apply a missing data filter. One dataset contained loci with allele frequencies higher than 0.8 in the reference population containing only parental individuals of one species and lower than 0.2 in the reference population of the other species ("80/20" dataset; 2300 SNPs, 329 individuals); the other dataset comprised diagnostic SNPs between reference populations (diagnostic dataset; 1241 SNPs, 236 individuals) but excluding private alleles from references, i.e. excluding alleles that are not present in the populations of contact. Individuals with missing data >35% were removed from all datasets (the number of individuals reported for each dataset is after applying this filter, but note that the 80/20 and the diagnostic datasets were obtained before applying this filter to the complete dataset). Across datasets, average depth of coverage by individuals was 28 (median = 26.8, min = 12.5, max = 85.8) and by loci was 29 (median = 28.8; min = 15.6; max = 48.6). The analysis of replicate samples (four samples were replicated twice, i.e. were amplified and sequenced in independent libraries and SNP calling was performed independently) showed high levels (99.87%) of multilocus genotype replicability.</p>
Data from: Diet variability among insular populations of Podarcis lizards reveals diverse strategies to face resource-limited environments
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Data from: The effects of meal size and feeding frequency on digestion in common wall lizards (<em>Podarcis muralis</em>)
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Microgeographic diversity does not drive macroevolutionary divergence in bite force of the Ibiza wall lizard, Podarcis pityusensis
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Widespread introgression of MHC genes in Iberian Podarcis lizards
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SNP datasets obtained with ddRADseq from four contact zones between Podarcis carbonelli and four other Podarcis species
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Podarcis bocagei vs P. carbonelli hybrid zone SNP datasets from ddRADseq
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Thermal-metabolic phenotypes of the lizard Podarcis muralis differ across elevation, but converge in high elevation hypoxia
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Data from: Rapid genetic assimilation of native wall lizard populations (Podarcis muralis) through extensive hybridization with introduced lineages
The Common Wall Lizard (Podarcis muralis) has established more than 150 non-native populations in Central Europe, stemming from eight geographically distinct evolutionary lineages. While the majority of these introduced populations are found outside the native range, some of these populations also exist at the northern range margin in south-western Germany. In order to a) infer the level of hybridization in contact zones of alien and native lineages and b) compare the genetic diversity among purebred introduced, native and hybrid populations we used a combination of maternally inherited markers (mtDNA: cytb) and Mendelian markers (microsatellites). Our results suggest a rapid genetic assimilation of native populations by strong introgression from introduced lineages. Discordant patterns of mtDNA and nDNA variation within hybrid populations may be explained by directed mate choice of females towards males of alien lineages. In contrast to previous studies we found a non-linear relationship between genetic diversity and admixture level. The genetic diversity of hybrid populations was substantially higher than in introduced and native populations belonging to a single lineage, but rapidly reaching a plateau of high genetic diversity at an admixture level of two. However, even introduced populations with low founder sizes and from one source population retained moderate levels of genetic diversity and no evidence for a genetic bottleneck was found. The extent of introgression and the dominance of alien haplotypes in mixed populations indicate that introductions of non-native lineages represent a serious threat to the genetic integrity of native populations due to the rapid creation of hybrid swarms.
Data from: Multilocus genetic diversity and historical biogeography of the endemic wall lizard from Ibiza and Formentera, Podarcis pityusensis (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Two monophyletic sister species of wall lizards inhabit the two main groups of Balearic Islands: Podarcis lilfordi from islets and small islands around Mallorca and Menorca and Podarcis pityusensis from Ibiza, Formentera and associated islets. Genetic diversity within the endangered P. lilfordi has been well characterized, but P. pityusensis has not been studied in depth. Here, 2430 bp of mtDNA and 15 microsatellite loci were analysed from P. pityusensis populations from across its natural range. Two main genetic groupings were identified, although geographical structuring differed slightly between the mtDNA and the nuclear loci. In general, individuals from islets/islands adjacent to the main island of Ibiza were genetically distinct from those from Formentera and the associated Freus islands for both mtDNA and the nuclear loci. However, most individuals from the island of Ibiza were grouped with neighbouring islets/islands for nuclear loci, but with Formentera and Freus islands for the mitochondrial locus. A time-calibrated Bayesian tree was constructed for the principal mitochondrial lineages within the Balearics, using the multispecies coalescent model, and provided statistical support for divergence of the two main P. pityusensis lineages 0.111–0.295 Ma. This suggests a mid-late Pleistocene intraspecific divergence, compared with an early Pleistocene divergence in P. lilfordi, and postdates some major increases in sea level between 0.4 and 0.6 Ma, which may have flooded Formentera. The program IMa2 provided a posterior divergence time of 0.089–0.221 Ma, which was similar to the multispecies coalescent tree estimate. More significantly, it indicated low but asymmetric effective gene copy migration rates, with higher migration from Formentera to Ibiza populations. Our findings suggest that much of the present-day diversity may have originated from a late Pleistocene colonization of one island group from the other, followed by allopatric divergence of these populations. Subsequent gene flow between these insular groups seems likely to be explained by recent human introductions. Two evolutionary significant units can be defined for P. pityusensis but these units would need to exclude the populations that have been the subjects of recent admixture.
Data from: Evolution of antipredator behavior in an island lizard species, Podarcis erhardii (Reptilia: Lacertidae): the sum of all fears?
Organisms generally have many defenses against predation yet may lack effective defenses if from populations without predators. Evolutionary theory predicts that 'costly' antipredator behaviors will be selected against when predation risk diminishes. We examined antipredator behaviors in Aegean wall lizards, Podarcis erhardii, across an archipelago of land-bridge islands that vary in predator diversity and period of isolation. We examined two defenses, flight initiation distance and tail autotomy. Flight initiation distance generally decreased with declining predator diversity. All predator types had distinctive effects on flight initiation distance with mammals and birds having the largest estimated effects. Rates of autotomy observed in the field were highest on predator-free islands yet laboratory-induced autotomy increased linearly with overall predator diversity. Against expectation from previous work, tail autotomy was not explained solely by the presence of vipers. Analyses of populations directly isolated from rich predator communities revealed that flight initiation distance decreased with increased duration of isolation in addition to the effects of current predator diversity, whereas tail autotomy could be explained simply by current predator diversity. Although selection against costly defenses should depend on time with reduced threats, different defenses may diminish along different trajectories even within the same predator-prey system.
Data from: Context-dependent expression of sexual dimorphism in island populations of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis)
The condition-dependent sexual dimorphism model explains the evolution and maintenance of sexual dimorphism in traits targeted by sexual selection, and predicts that the magnitude of sexual dimorphism depends on the variability of individual condition, male traits being more variable than female corresponding traits. Most convincing examples concern insects, while studies among vertebrates are scanty because manipulating condition often is not possible, and the time to reach sexual maturity may be too long. Islands offer a unique opportunity to compare how the environment affects the expression of sexual dimorphism, since they represent 'natural experimental sets' in which different populations of the same species may experience alternative environmental constraints. We investigated the occurrence of context-dependent expression in sexual dimorphism of head shape in insular populations of the common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) inhabiting the Tuscan Archipelago (Tyrrhenian Sea). Alternative models were formulated: H0 assumes that the sexual dimorphism is uninfluenced by islands, H1 assumes the only effect of phylogeny, H2A and H2B account for the biogeography of the archipelago (island size and distance from the mainland), while H3 assumes island-specific effects on sexual dimorphism. Models were compared using Akaike's information criterion adjusted for multivariate analyses. All hypotheses performed better than H0, but H3 largely outperformed all other alternative hypotheses, indicating that environmental features of islands play an additive effect to ontogenetic, biogeographic and genetic factors in defining variation in head shape sexual dimorphism. Our results support the hypothesis of a context-dependent sexual dimorphism in common wall lizards
FIGURE 3 in Systematics of the Podarcis hispanicus - complex (Sauria, Lacertidae) II: the valid name of the north-eastern Spanish form
FIGURE 3. First and second components of the discriminant analyses performed with 16 morphological variables on specimens of the Podacis hispanicus complex. Specimens from liolepis syntypes from the town of Valencia (filled squares) were treated as non-active individuals. We did not include more than three reference lineages in a single analysis to maximise the plot scattering. A. TYP3 (triangles), TYP2 (crosses) and P. hispanicus (circles) were active reference specimens. B. TYP3 (triangles), TYP1 (crosses) and P. v a u c h e r i (circles) were active reference specimens. C. northern TYP3 (triangles), southern TYP3 (crosses) and P. va uch eri (circles) were active reference specimens.
FIGURE 2 in Systematics of the Podarcis hispanicus - complex (Sauria, Lacertidae) II: the valid name of the north-eastern Spanish form
FIGURE 2. Latero-dorsal views of Podarcis liolepis (Boulenger, 1905). A. Specimen BMNH 86.12.29.3, lectotype of Lacerta muralis var. liolepis Boulenger, 1905, Valencia, Spain. Photo C. McCarthy. B. Specimen BEV 9853 with "Valencia" mitochondrial lineage (mtDNA), male, collected in Rafelbuñol, north of Valencia, Spain. Photo PGe. C. Specimen BEV 9815 with "Type 3" mtDNA, male, collected 3 km NW of Miami-Platja along the national road 340, province Tarragone, Spain. Photo PAC. Note the great morphological resemblance of both Podarcis liolepis (BEV 9853 and BEV 9815) showing however a deep mitochondrial divergence
FIGURE 1 in Systematics of the Podarcis hispanicus - complex (Sauria, Lacertidae) II: the valid name of the north-eastern Spanish form
FIGURE 1. Distribution of evolutionary units (modified from Renoult et al. 2009) and mitochondrial lineages (modified from Pinho et al. 2006; Renoult et al. 2009 and unpublished data) of the Podarcis hispanicus species complex in southeastern Spain (inside the box). Four evolutionary units defined by morphology and nuclear data occur in the region (delimited by dashed lines), each one with its own mitochondrial lineage (mtDNA): TYP3 with the "Type 3" mtDNA to the north, TYP2 with the "Type 2" mtDNA to the centre, and P. hispanicus sensu stricto (sensu Geniez et al. 2007) with the "P. hispanicus Galera mtDNA" (sensu Pinho et al. 2006) to the south, and an introduced population of P. vaucheri with "Vaucheri" mtDNA (Renoult et al. 2010) inside the distribution of P. hispanicus sensu stricto (horizontal hatching). A fifth mitochondrial lineage ("P. hispanica sensu stricto" in Pinho et al. 2006 and "Valencia" in Renoult et al. 2009; vertical hatching) has introgressed both P. hispanicus sensu stricto and TYP3.
Figure 1 in Mainland versus island differences in behaviour of Podarcis lizards confronted with dangerous prey: the scorpion Buthus occitanus
Figure 1. (A) Photograph illustrating experimental set-up. The scorpions were tethered by the base of the tail and placed on the ground about 15 cm in front of the lizards, after which the behavioural responses of the lizard towards the prey were noted. (B) Male P. atrata eating a scorpion.
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