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Fig. 4 in A New Species of Zygantroides (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Amakusa, Japan

Fig. 4. Zygantroides serpulidicola sp. nov., photomicrographs of sagittal sections (A–D) and schematic diagram (E). A–C, Male copulatory apparatus, ICHUM 6023 (A and B), ICHUM 6025 (C); D, female copulatory apparatus, ICHUM 6023; E, schematic diagram of copulatory complex. Abbreviations: ca, common genital atrium; cg, cement gland; cov, common oviduct; cp, common gonopore; ed, ejaculatory duct; ld, Lang's-vesicle duct; lv, Lang's vesicle; m, mouth; ma, male atrium; pc, pharyngeal cavity; ph, pharynx; pp, penis papilla; sv, seminal vesicle; v, vagina. Scale bars: 200 µm (A–E).

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Fig. 2 in A New Species of Zygantroides (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Amakusa, Japan

Fig. 2. Zygantroides serpulidicola sp. nov., photographs taken in life. A, Dorsal view, ICHUM 6023 (holotype); B, dorsal view, ICHUM 6025 (paratype); C, ventral view, ICHUM 6023 (holotype). Abbreviations: ph, pharynx; sp, sperm duct. Scale bars: 5 mm (A–C).

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Fig. 1 in A New Species of Zygantroides (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Amakusa, Japan

Fig. 1. Photograph of a living individual of Zygantroides serpulidicola sp. nov. on tubes of serpulid annelids.

Fig. 4 in A New Species of Prosthiostomum (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Shirahama, Japan

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on partial mitochondrial COI gene. Bootstrap support values are indicated above nodes.

Fig. 3 in A New Species of Prosthiostomum (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Shirahama, Japan

Fig. 3. Dorsal colour pattern variation in Prosthiostomum torquatum sp. nov. A, ICHUM 5563 (holotype); B, ICHUM 5565 (paratype); C, ICHUM 5566 (paratype); D, ICHUM 5564 (non-type); E, ICHUM 5562 (paratype). Scale bar: 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in A New Species of Prosthiostomum (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Shirahama, Japan

Fig. 1. Prosthiostomum torquatum sp. nov., photographs taken in anaesthetised living state. A–C, ICHUM 5563 (holotype); D, ICHUM 5562 (paratype). A, Entire animal, dorsal view; B, entire animal, ventral view; C, magnification of anterior body, dorsal view, showing position and arrangement of cerebral and marginal eyespots; D, magnification of anterior body, ventral view, showing position of ventral eyespots (indicated by arrowheads). Abbreviations: br, brain; ce, cerebral eyespots; fg, female gonopore; me, marginal eyespots; mg, male gonopore; op, oral pore; ph, pharynx; su, sucker. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B), 1 mm (C, D).

Fig. 2 in A New Species of Prosthiostomum (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) from Shirahama, Japan

Fig. 2. Prosthiostomum torquatum sp. nov., sagittal sections, head to the left. A, B, ICHUM 5563 (holotype); C, ICHUM 5566 (paratype). A, Copulatory complex; B, seminal vesicle and paired prostatic vesicles; C, penis pouch; D, diagrammatic reconstruction of copulatory complex. Abbreviations: cg, cement glands; cp, cement pouch; ed, ejaculatory duct; fa, female atrium; ma, male atrium; pd, prostatic duct; ph, pharynx; ppa, penis papilla; ppo, penis pouch; ps, penis sheath; pv, prostatic vesicle; spv, spermiducal vesicle; st, stylet; su, sucker; sv, seminal vesicle; va, vagina; ut, uterus. Scale bars: 500 µm (A), 100 µm (B, C), 300 µm (D).

Figure 5 in Suborders Acotylea and Cotylea (Polycladida): Study on morphological, ecological and reproductive features of some representative species from Tunisian coasts (Mediterranean)

Figure 5. Hatched juveniles and larvae in polyclads A: A twelve eyed juvenile of Leptoplana mediterranea, scale bar: 0.05 mm B: Götte's larva of Imogine mediterranea: lateral view, scale bar: 0.03 mm C: Müller's larva of Prosthiostomum siphunculus: lateral view, scale bar: 0.03 mm D: Müller's larva of Prosthiostomum siphunculus: apical view showing the three eyes (arrowheads), scale bar: 0.03 mm.

Figure 4 in Suborders Acotylea and Cotylea (Polycladida): Study on morphological, ecological and reproductive features of some representative species from Tunisian coasts (Mediterranean)

Figure 4. Copulatory apparatus in Discocelis tigrina. A: ventral view showing by transparency the ruffled pharynx (ph), the two uteri (ut), the two vasa deferentia, the common gonopore (cg), the common atrium (ca), the prostatoid organs (po) and the Lang's vesicle (Lv), scale bar: 0.5 mm. B: Section through common copulatory com; mon atrium (ca) showing prostatoid organs (po), vagina (v), uterus (ut) and vas deferens (vd) scale bar: 0.1 mm C: Diagrammatic reconstruction of copulatory apparatus. common gonopore (cg), common atrium (ca), ejaculatory duct (ed), Lang's vesicle (Lv), Penis (p) and prostatoid organs (po), scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Figure 2 in Suborders Acotylea and Cotylea (Polycladida): Study on morphological, ecological and reproductive features of some representative species from Tunisian coasts (Mediterranean)

Figure 2. Organs of attachment in Polyclads. A: ventral corrugated surface (cs) located between two genital pores of Echinoplana celerrima, scale bar: 0.2 mm. B: Genital pit (gp) in the acotylean Leptoplana mediterranea. This structure is located between the two genital pores. The two vasa deferentia (vd) unite in a common vas deferens (cvd) before entering the seminal vesicle (sv), scale bar: 0.2 mm. C. Ventral view of Prosthiostomum siphunculus showing a developed true sucker (ts) and a tubular pharynx (ph), scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 3 in Suborders Acotylea and Cotylea (Polycladida): Study on morphological, ecological and reproductive features of some representative species from Tunisian coasts (Mediterranean)

Figure 3. Ovaries in polyclads A: Section through ovary of Echinoplana celerrima showing a ventral growing zone (grz) and a dorsal germinative zone (gmz), scale bar: 0.01 mm. B: Section through ovary of the cotylean Thysanozoon brocchii showing a ventral germinative zone (gmz) and a dorsal growing zone (grz), scale bar: 0.01 mm.

Figure 1 in Suborders Acotylea and Cotylea (Polycladida): Study on morphological, ecological and reproductive features of some representative species from Tunisian coasts (Mediterranean)

Figure 1. Anterior dorsal region in A: Echinoplana celerrima. See the tentacular (te) and cerebral eyes (ce) forming two paramedian bands, scale bar: 0.5 mm. B: Letoplana mediterranea. See clusters of tentacular (te) and cerebral eyes (ce), scale bar: 0.5 mm. C: Discocelis tigrina. Note the presence of cerebral and tentacular eyes clusters, scale bar: 0.5 mm. D: Imogine mediterranea. Note the presence of two everted nuchal tentacles (arrows), scale bar: 0.5 mm. E: Yungia aurantiaca. See the two marginal tentacles (arrows) and cerebral eyes spots (arrowhead), scale bar: 1 mm. F: Thysanozoon brocchii. Dorsal faces provided with papillae and developed marginal tentacles (arrows), scale bar: 1 mm. G: Prostheceraeus moseleyi. Note the presence of marginal tentacles (arrows) and yellow marginal line, scale bar: mm. H: Prosthiostomum siphunculus. The cerebral eyes (ce) are not included in the semi circle formed by marginal eyes (me), scale bar: 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Predation of Oysters Using an Autonomic Pharynx in the Oyster Leech sp. (Polycladida: Stylochidae).

Fig. 8. Histological micrograph of Asian hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) mantle tissue. A, Cryptostylochus sp. after 12 hours of decomposition by 30 autonomic pharynges. B, Control group without autonomic pharynges.

Fig. 7 in Predation of Oysters Using an Autonomic Pharynx in the Oyster Leech sp. (Polycladida: Stylochidae).

Fig. 7. Linear regression for the clam (Meretrix lusoria) mortality percentage on the number of autonomic pharynges of Cryptostylochus sp.

Fig. 3 in Predation of Oysters Using an Autonomic Pharynx in the Oyster Leech sp. (Polycladida: Stylochidae).

Fig. 3. Sagittal section of Cryptostylochus sp. A, Genital apparatus. B, Monoglandular prostate gland. C, Anchor-shaped seminal vesicle. fg, female gonopore; gd, glandular duct; il, interior lining; j, joint of prostatic duct and ejaculatory duct; mg, male gonopore; mw, muscular wall; pd, prostatic duct; pp, penis papilla; pv, prostatic vesicle; s, secretion; sv, seminal vesicle; vd, vas deferens.

Fig. 4 in Predation of Oysters Using an Autonomic Pharynx in the Oyster Leech sp. (Polycladida: Stylochidae).

Fig. 4. The three predatory processes for Cryptostylochus sp. on Portuguese oysters (Magallana angulata). A, Attack period: flatworms extend their pharynx into the oyster from the shell opening for 4 to 8 hours and some autonomic pharynges are formed. B, Invasion period: the stylochid flatworms crawl into the shell after the oyster cannot resist and the oyster gradually loses its ability to close its shell. C, Ingestion period: the flatworm wraps the entire oyster flesh and separates it from the shell. f, flatworm; o, oyster; p, protruding pharynx.

Fig. 5 in Predation of Oysters Using an Autonomic Pharynx in the Oyster Leech sp. (Polycladida: Stylochidae).

Fig. 5. Cumulative shell valve openings and closures frequency for Portuguese oysters (Magallana angulata) and Asian hard clams (Meretrix lusoria) during the attack period by Cryptostylochus sp. (each test used five each of oysters and clams).

Fig. 2 in Predation of Oysters Using an Autonomic Pharynx in the Oyster Leech sp. (Polycladida: Stylochidae).

Fig. 2. Illustration of the collection of autonomic pharynges from Cryptostylochus sp. The flatworm is flipped over with its ventral surface facing upward. The highly ruffled pharynx is everted under stimulation by pressing the ventral surface with a paintbrush. The pharynx extends and spontaneously breaks into pieces of autonomic pharynges, which are collected by tweezers.

Fig. 1 in Predation of Oysters Using an Autonomic Pharynx in the Oyster Leech sp. (Polycladida: Stylochidae).

Fig. 1. Cryptostylochus sp. A, Dorsal view and B, ventral view. The pharynx is large and highly ruffled. The mouth is in the center of the pharynx ventrally. The head is on the right side. t, tentacles; p, pharynx; m, mouth.

Fig. 6. A in Predation of Oysters Using an Autonomic Pharynx in the Oyster Leech sp. (Polycladida: Stylochidae).

Fig. 6. A, Protruding pharynx of Cryptostylochus sp. and the autonomic pharynx shown by arrows. B, Collected autonomic pharynx placed on the surface of a clam shell to easily record and analyze the video results. Using the time-lapse video, we found that some autonomic pharynges slowly crawled around for roughly 10 hours before losing mobility. ap, autonomic pharynx; p, protruding pharynx.