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85 results for “Puma”
Figure 2 in Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Figure 2. (A) Puma concolor photographed by camera trap in study area. (B) Feces sample. (C) Bones and hair separated from the sample.
Figure 1 in Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Figure 1. Places of collected puma scats within Central Andes of Colombia. The localities are: (1) Camino de La Fe, (2) El Topacio, (3) Romeral II, (4) Los Alpes, (5) Torre Cuatro, (6) La Enea, and (7) La María.
Figure 3 in Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Figure 3. Relative biomass of prey orders found in Puma concolor feces at the Central Andes of Colombia.
Data from: Residential development alters behavior, movement, and energetics in an apex predator, the puma
Human development strongly influences large carnivore survival and persistence globally. Behavior changes are often the first measureable responses to human disturbances, and can have ramifications on animal populations and ecological communities. We investigated how a large carnivore responds to anthropogenic disturbances by measuring activity, movement behavior, and energetics in pumas along a housing density gradient. We used log-linear analyses to examine how habitat, time of day, and proximity to housing influenced the activity patterns of both male and female pumas in the Santa Cruz Mountains. We used spatial GPS location data in combination with Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration measurements recorded by onboard accelerometers to quantify how development density affected the average distances traveled and energy expended by pumas. Pumas responded to development differently depending on the time of day; at night, they were generally more active and moved further when they were in developed areas, but these relationships were not consistent during the day. Higher nighttime activity in developed areas increased daily caloric expenditure by 10.1% for females and 11.6% for males, resulting in increases of 3.4 and 4.0 deer prey required annually by females and males respectively. Our results support that pumas have higher energetic costs and resource requirements in human-dominated habitats due to human-induced behavioral change. Increased energetic costs for pumas are likely to have ramifications on prey species and exacerbate human-wildlife conflict, especially as exurban growth continues. Future conservation work should consider the consequences of behavioral shifts on animal energetics, individual fitness, and population viability.
Accelerate the Parameterization of Unified Microphysics Across Scales (PUMAS) on the graphics processing unit (GPU) with directive-based methods
<p>Code used to produce results of paper titled "Accelerate the Parameterization of Unified Microphysics Across Scales (PUMAS) on the graphics processing unit (GPU) with directive-based methods" by Sun et al.</p> <p>Includes:</p> <p>- Source code of CAM to perform a CPU or GPU simulation</p> <p>- Source code of PUMAS stand-alone kernel for GPU porting (OpenACC and OpenMP offload), an example batch script for build/run on Casper (NCAR's cluster) and the input dataset</p> <p>- Dataset to reproduce the figures in the paper</p> <p> </p> <p>Contact details: Jian Sun (sunjian@ucar.edu)</p>
A novel camera trapping method for individually identifying pumas by facial features
<p>Camera traps (CTs), used in conjunction with capture-mark-recapture analyses (CMR; photo-CMR), are a valuable tool for estimating abundances of rare and elusive wildlife. However, a critical requirement of photo-CMR is that individuals are identifiable in CT images (photo-ID). Thus, photo-CMR is generally limited to species with conspicuous pelage patterns (e.g., stripes or spots) using lateral-view images from CTs stationed along travel paths. Pumas (Puma concolor) are an elusive species for which CTs are highly effective at collecting image data, but their suitability to photo-ID is controversial due to their lack of pelage markings. For a wide range of taxa, facial features are useful for photo-ID, but this method has generally been limited to images collected with traditional handheld cameras. Here we evaluate the feasibility of using puma facial features for photo-ID in a CT framework. We consider two issues: 1) the ability to capture puma facial images using CTs, and 2) whether facial images improve human ability to photo-ID pumas. We tested a novel CT accessory that used light and sound to attract the attention of pumas, thereby collecting face images for use in photo-ID. Face captures rates increased at CTs that included the accessory (n = 208, χ2 = 43.23, P ≤ 0.001). To evaluate if puma faces improve photo-ID, we measured the inter-rater agreement of 5 independent assessments of photo-ID for 16 of our puma face capture events. Agreement was moderate to good (Fleiss' kappa = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.48–0.60), and was 92.90% greater than a previously published kappa using conventional CT methods. This study is the first time such a technique has been used for photo-ID, and we believe a promising demonstration of how photo-ID may be feasible for an elusive but unmarked species.</p>
Data from: Residential development alters behavior, movement, and energetics in an apex predator, the puma
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Tayra (eira barbara) landscape use as a function of cover types, forest protection, and the presence of puma and free-ranging dogs
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Effects of hunting on mating, relatedness, and genetic diversity in a puma population
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A novel camera trapping method for individually identifying pumas by facial features
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Data from: Feline immunodeficiency virus in puma: estimation of force of infection reveals insights into transmission
Determining parameters that govern pathogen transmission (such as the force of infection, FOI), and pathogen impacts on morbidity and mortality, is exceptionally challenging for wildlife. Vital parameters can vary, for example across host populations, between sexes and within an individual's lifetime. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus affecting domestic and wild cat species, forming species-specific viral--host associations. FIV infection is common in populations of puma (Puma concolor), yet uncertainty remains over transmission parameters and the significance of FIV infection for puma mortality. In this study the age-specific FOI of FIV in pumas was estimated from prevalence data, and the evidence for disease-associated mortality was assessed. We fitted candidate models to FIV prevalence data and adopted a maximum likelihood method to estimate parameter values in each model. The models with the best fit were determined to infer the most likely FOI curves. We applied this strategy for female and male pumas from southern California, Colorado, and Florida. When splitting the data by sex and area, our FOI modelling revealed no evidence of disease-associated mortality in any population. Both sex and location were found to influence the FOI, which was generally higher for male pumas than for females. For female pumas at all sites, and male pumas from California and Colorado, the FOI did not vary with puma age, implying FIV transmission can happen throughout life; this result supports the idea that transmission can occur from mothers to offspring and also throughout adult life. For Florida males, the FOI was a decreasing function of puma age, indicating an increased risk of infection in the early years, and a decreased risk at older ages. This research provides critical insight into pathogen transmission and impact in a secretive and solitary carnivore. Our findings shed light on the debate on whether FIV causes mortality in wild felids like puma, and our approach may be adopted for other diseases and species. The methodology we present can be used for identifying likely transmission routes of a pathogen and also estimating any disease-associated mortality, both of which can be difficult to establish for wildlife diseases in particular.
Percutaneous transhepatic or endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage in malignant distal bile duct obstruction using a metal stent: study protocol for a prospective European multicentre trial (PUMa trial)
<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage [PTBD] is still universally used in patients with malignant distal bile duct obstruction when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] is not successful or not possible to perform. However, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage [EUS-BD] was associated with better clinical success and a lower rate of adverse events (AE) in recent comparative studies, although further improvements in the PTBD technique, such as primary stent implantation as a one-step procedure, percutaneous ultrasound-guided bile duct puncture and left-sided bile duct access, were not considered. The aim of this study is to compare both procedures carried out as intended one-step procedures with primary metal stent insertion.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>The PUMa trial is an ongoing European non-randomized, controlled, parallel group, non-inferiority multicentre trial. Fourteen study centres perform only one of the two procedures with regard to the best local experience. PTBD is performed as a one-step procedure with primary metal stent insertion after percutaneous ultrasound-guided bile duct access. EUS-BD is performed as a one-step procedure using the EUS-guided trans-gastric or trans-duodenal access route for trans-gastric trans-hepatic (EUS-HGS), trans-duodenal (EUS-CDS) or antegrade trans-papillary (EUS-AGS) metal stent insertion. The main target values are the technical and clinical success rates, AEs within 30 days and overall disease-specific survival within 6 months. The calculated total number of cases is 212 patients.</p> <p><strong>Discussion:</strong></p> <p>The PUMa trial investigates whether PTBD is not inferior to EUS-BD in terms of technical and clinical success if primary metal stent insertion is performed as a one-step procedure in both procedures. Differences are expected in the quantity and variety of AEs, number of re-interventions and length of hospital stay.</p> <p><strong>Trial Registration</strong>: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03546049 (date of registration 22.05.2018)</p>
Data from: Noninvasive individual and species identification of jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor) and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) in Belize, Central America using cross-species microsatellites and fecal DNA
There is a great need to develop efficient, noninvasive genetic sampling methods to study wild populations of multiple, co-occurring, threatened felids. This is especially important for molecular scatology studies occurring in challenging tropical environments where DNA degrades quickly and the quality of faecal samples varies greatly. We optimized 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci for jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor) and ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) and assessed their utility for cross-species amplification. Additionally, we tested their reliability for species and individual identification using DNA from faeces of wild felids detected by a scat detector dog across Belize in Central America. All microsatellite loci were successfully amplified in the three target species, were polymorphic with average expected heterozygosities of HE = 0.60 ± 0.18 (SD) for jaguars, HE = 0.65 ± 0.21 (SD) for pumas and HE = 0.70 ± 0.13 (SD) for ocelots and had an overall PCR amplification success of 61%. We used this nuclear DNA primer set to successfully identify species and individuals from 49% of 1053 field-collected scat samples. This set of optimized microsatellite multiplexes represents a powerful tool for future efforts to conduct noninvasive studies on multiple, wild Neotropical felids.
Data from: Genetic source-sink dynamics among naturally structured and anthropogenically fragmented puma populations
Fragmentation of wildlife populations is increasing on a global scale and understanding current population genetic structure, genetic diversity, and genetic connectivity is key to informing wildlife management and conservation. We genotyped 992 pumas (Puma concolor) at 42 previously developed microsatellite loci and identified 10 genetic populations throughout the states of California and Nevada, USA. Although some genetic populations had large effective population sizes, others were small and inbred. Genetic diversity was extremely variable (heterozygosity, uHe = 0.33–0.53), with some populations nearly as low as an endangered subspecies, the Florida Panther (P. c. coryi, uHe = 0.24). Specifically, pumas in the Sierra Nevada were genetically diverse and formed the largest genetic source population in the region. In contrast, coastal and southern populations surrounded by urbanization had low genetic diversity, fragmented gene flow, and tended to be genetic sinks. The strong population genetic structuring of pumas across California (FST = 0.05–0.39) is vastly different than other genetic studies in less-urbanized states, including our analysis in Nevada, where pumas had few barriers to gene flow and weak population differentiation. Our results have far-reaching conservation and management implications for pumas and indicate large-scale fragmentation in one of North America's most biodiverse and rapidly-urbanizing regions.
Data from: Puma predation subsidizes an obligate scavenger in the high Andes
The ungulate–carnivore–vulture complex is a key trophic module of many terrestrial ecosystems, but one that is globally under threat. Few have explored cross-species dependencies in this module, and the degree to which vultures rely on trophic facilitation by apex carnivores is rarely known and almost never quantified. We investigated the importance of puma Puma concolor predation on its native camelid prey, vicuñas Vicugna vicugna and guanacos Lama guanicoe, in food provisioning for Andean condors Vultur gryphus in the high Andes of north-western Argentina. We evaluated the origin of wild food sources through carcass surveys. We quantified condor feeding habits via foraging observations and through the analysis of pellet contents and stable isotopes from moulted feathers. Of the 102 fresh camelid carcasses we monitored nearly all (94%) resulted from puma predation, and the majority (85%) of camelid carcasses used by condors were killed by pumas. Camelids represented 88% of the prey items identified from 183 condor pellets, and isotopic analyses of moulted feathers from 86 individuals identified via multilocus genotyping revealed that camelids and livestock were the most important prey items, representing 45–58% and 23–38% of condor assimilated biomass, respectively. Synthesis and applications. Our results show that puma predation plays a key role in the foraging ecology of Andean condors, and highlight the importance of predatory processes that make carrion available to scavengers. We contend that targeting the conservation of ungulate–carnivore–vulture modules, rather than a species-specific approach, will be a more effective strategy to ensure the long-term persistence of Andean condors and other obligate scavengers.
Data from: Fractured genetic connectivity threatens a southern California puma (Puma concolor) population
Pumas (Puma concolor; also known as mountain lions and cougars) in southern California live among a burgeoning human population of roughly 20 million people. Yet little is known of the consequences of attendant habitat loss and fragmentation, and human-caused puma mortality to puma population viability and genetic diversity. We examined genetic status of pumas in coastal mountains within the Peninsular Ranges south of Los Angeles, in San Diego, Riverside, and Orange counties. The Santa Ana Mountains are bounded by urbanization to the west, north, and east, and are separated from the eastern Peninsular Ranges to the southeast by a ten lane interstate highway (I-15). We analyzed DNA samples from 97 pumas sampled between 2001 and 2012. Genotypic data for forty-six microsatellite loci revealed that pumas sampled in the Santa Ana Mountains (n = 42) displayed lower genetic diversity than pumas from nearly every other region in California tested (n = 257), including those living in the Peninsular Ranges immediately to the east across I-15 (n = 55). Santa Ana Mountains pumas had high average pairwise relatedness, high individual internal relatedness, a low estimated effective population size, and strong evidence of a bottleneck and isolation from other populations in California. These and ecological findings provide clear evidence that Santa Ana Mountains pumas have been experiencing genetic impacts related to barriers to gene flow, and are a warning signal to wildlife managers and land use planners that mitigation efforts will be needed to stem further genetic and demographic decay in the Santa Ana Mountains puma population.
FIGURE 1 in On the available names for the northern and eastern South American subspecies of Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (Mammalia: Felidae) and their type localities
FIGURE 1. Xylography of Marcgrave's cuguaçuarâna: (A) black and white (obtained from Biodiversity Heritage Library) and (B) colored versions (obtained from Biblioteca Digital Curt Nimuendajú). (C) Painting of Eckhout's cuguaçûarâna (obtained from Teixeira, 1995), regarded as part of the lectotype, along with the description, of P. c. concolor by Husson (1978). (D) Reproduction of the Felis discolor Schreber, 1777 plate (obtained from Biodiversity Heritage Library), regarded as part the lectopype of P. c. discolor by Husson (1978).
Subspecies and Distribution. P. c. concolor Linnaeus, 1771 — E Venezuela through the Guianas to lower Amazonian Brazil. P. c. acrocodia Goldman, 1943 — C Brazil (Matto Grosso), SE Bolivia, and the Chaco of Paraguay and Argentina. P. c. anthony: Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — S Venezuela and adjacent N Brazil. P. c. araucanus Osgood, 1943 — S Chile and S Argentina. P.c. azteca Merriam, 1901 — SW USA (Arizona and New Mexico); NW Mexico. P. c. bangsi Merriam, 1901 — Andean Colombia. P. c. borbensis Nelson & Goldman, 1933 — Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. P. c. browni Merriam, 1903 — NW Mexico (N Baja California). P. c. cabrerae Pocock, 1940 — NW Argentina. P. c. californica May, 1896 — SW USA (California). P. c. capricornensis Goldman, 1946 — SE Brazil and NE Argentina. P. c. cory: Bangs, 1899 — SE USA (Florida). P. c. costaricensis Merriam, 1901 — Nicaragua through Panama. P. c. cougar Kerr, 1792 — NE USA. P. c. greeni Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — E Brazil. P. c. hippolestes Merriam, 1897 — C USA. P. c. improcera Phillips, 1912 — NW Mexico (S Baja California). P. c. incarum Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Andean Peru. P.c. kaibabensis Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — W USA (Nevada & Utah). P. c. mayensis Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — S Mexico through El Salvador. P. c. missoulensis Goldman, 1943 — NW Canada through NW USA (Idaho & Montana). P. c. oregonensis Rafinesque, 1832 — NW USA (Oregon and Washington). P. c. osgoodi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — C Bolivia. P. c. patagonica Merriam, 1901 — S Argentina (E side of Lago Pueyrredon). P. c. pearsoni Thomas, 1901 — Patagonian Argentina and Chile. P. c. puma Molina, 1782 — C Chile and adjacent Argentina. P. c. schorgeri Jackson, 1955 — Midwestern USA P. c. soderstromi Lonnberg, 1913 — Andean Ecuador. P. c. stanleyana Goldman, 1936 — S USA (Texas) and adjacent Mexico. P. c. vancouverensis Nelson & Goldman, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I). in Felidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. c. concolor Linnaeus, 1771 — E Venezuela through the Guianas to lower Amazonian Brazil. P. c. acrocodia Goldman, 1943 — C Brazil (Matto Grosso), SE Bolivia, and the Chaco of Paraguay and Argentina. P. c. anthony: Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — S Venezuela and adjacent N Brazil. P. c. araucanus Osgood, 1943 — S Chile and S Argentina. P.c. azteca Merriam, 1901 — SW USA (Arizona and New Mexico); NW Mexico. P. c. bangsi Merriam, 1901 — Andean Colombia. P. c. borbensis Nelson & Goldman, 1933 — Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. P. c. browni Merriam, 1903 — NW Mexico (N Baja California). P. c. cabrerae Pocock, 1940 — NW Argentina. P. c. californica May, 1896 — SW USA (California). P. c. capricornensis Goldman, 1946 — SE Brazil and NE Argentina. P. c. cory: Bangs, 1899 — SE USA (Florida). P. c. costaricensis Merriam, 1901 — Nicaragua through Panama. P. c. cougar Kerr, 1792 — NE USA. P. c. greeni Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — E Brazil. P. c. hippolestes Merriam, 1897 — C USA. P. c. improcera Phillips, 1912 — NW Mexico (S Baja California). P. c. incarum Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Andean Peru. P.c. kaibabensis Nelson & Goldman, 1931 — W USA (Nevada & Utah). P. c. mayensis Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — S Mexico through El Salvador. P. c. missoulensis Goldman, 1943 — NW Canada through NW USA (Idaho & Montana). P. c. oregonensis Rafinesque, 1832 — NW USA (Oregon and Washington). P. c. osgoodi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — C Bolivia. P. c. patagonica Merriam, 1901 — S Argentina (E side of Lago Pueyrredon). P. c. pearsoni Thomas, 1901 — Patagonian Argentina and Chile. P. c. puma Molina, 1782 — C Chile and adjacent Argentina. P. c. schorgeri Jackson, 1955 — Midwestern USA P. c. soderstromi Lonnberg, 1913 — Andean Ecuador. P. c. stanleyana Goldman, 1936 — S USA (Texas) and adjacent Mexico. P. c. vancouverensis Nelson & Goldman, 1932 — SW Canada (Vancouver I).
Data from: Multiple anthropogenic interventions drive puma survival following wolf recovery in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Humans are primary drivers of declining abundances and extirpation of large carnivores worldwide. Management interventions to restore biodiversity patterns, however, include carnivore reintroductions, despite the many unresolved ecological consequences associated with such efforts. Using multistate capture-mark-recapture models, we explored age-specific survival and cause-specific mortality rates for 134 pumas (Puma concolor) monitored in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem during gray wolf (Canis lupus) recovery. We identified two top models explaining differences in puma survivorship, and our results suggested three management interventions (unsustainable puma hunting, reduction of a primary prey, reintroduction of a dominant competitor) have unintentionally impacted puma survival. Specifically, puma survival across age classes was lower in the 6-month hunting season than the 6-month non-hunting season; human-caused mortality rates for juveniles and adults, and predation rates on puma kittens, were higher in the hunting season. Predation on puma kittens, and starvation rates for all pumas, also increased as managers reduced elk (Cervus elaphus) abundance in the system, highlighting direct and indirect effects of competition between recovering wolves and pumas over prey. Our results emphasize the importance of understanding the synergistic effects of existing management strategies and the recovery of large, dominant carnivores to effectively conserve subordinate, hunted carnivores in human-dominated landscapes.
Randomized Trial to Optimize Virologic Suppression Rates Using a Point-of-Care Urine Monitoring Assay (ROVING PUMA)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06423612. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 6.
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