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FIG. 6 in Historical perspective: 140 years of Mesozoic radiolarian taxonomy

FIG. 6. — Pie diagram showing distribution of Mesozoic species across their authorship for the 1st period of research (1867-1959). Number of species in brackets.

FIG. 8 in Historical perspective: 140 years of Mesozoic radiolarian taxonomy

FIG. 8. — Pie diagram showing the percentage distribution of Mesozoic genera across their current taxonomic status.

FIG. 11 in Historical perspective: 140 years of Mesozoic radiolarian taxonomy

FIG. 11. — Bar diagram showing the distribution of invalid genera (mostly synonyms) for the Triassic period.

FIG. 10 in Historical perspective: 140 years of Mesozoic radiolarian taxonomy

FIG. 10. — Pie diagram showing the distribution of nomina dubia genera for the Mesozoic Era plotted by stages of radiolarian researches.

Fig. 9 in Microzooplankton in a Warming Arctic: A Comparison of Tintinnids and Radiolarians from Summer 2011 and 2012 in the Chukchi Sea

Fig. 9. Fecal pellet containing loricas of Ptychocylis urnula (arrows) found in material from the 2012 Station 40. The pellet is possibly from a large calanoid copepod according to J. T. Turner (University of Massachusetts Dartmouth).

Fig. 6 in Microzooplankton in a Warming Arctic: A Comparison of Tintinnids and Radiolarians from Summer 2011 and 2012 in the Chukchi Sea

Fig. 6. The dominant species of tintinnids and radiolaria of the Chukchi Sea: a – Ptychocylis urnula; b – Salpingella acuminata; c – Acanthostomella norvegica; d – Salpingella faurei; e – Leprotintinnus pelludicus; f – Tintinnopsis acuminata; g – Amphimelissa setosa. The roman numerals denote the rank abundance of the top 4 species in the 2011 samples and the arabic numerals the rank abundance of the top 4 species in the 2012 samples. Note that the difference in the morphologies of the most abundant species in 2011 'I', P. urnula compared to the dominant species in samples from the ice free year of 2012 "1", S. faurei. See Fig. 7 for the relative abundance of all the tintinnid species.

Fig. 5 in Microzooplankton in a Warming Arctic: A Comparison of Tintinnids and Radiolarians from Summer 2011 and 2012 in the Chukchi Sea

Fig. 5. Scatterplot of chlorophyll values (average integrated concentrations 0–100 m depth stratum), total vs. the fraction ≤ 20 µm. While the portion of the chlorophyll crop in 2012, without sea ice, was lower, the absolute concentrations of 'nano-pico-sized' phytoplankton was substantially greater.

Fig. 4 in Microzooplankton in a Warming Arctic: A Comparison of Tintinnids and Radiolarians from Summer 2011 and 2012 in the Chukchi Sea

Fig. 4. Scatterplots of tintinnid and radiolarian abundances as a function of chlorophyll a concentration (values per liter, integrated through the 0–100 m depth segment of the water column) in the samples from 2011 and 2012. The symbols denote different concentrations of sea ice (see Figs. 2 and 3).

Fig. 3 in Microzooplankton in a Warming Arctic: A Comparison of Tintinnids and Radiolarians from Summer 2011 and 2012 in the Chukchi Sea

Fig. 3. Spatial distribution of concentrations of chlorophyll a, tintinnid and radiolarian abundances (values per liter, integrated through the 0–100 m depth segment of the water column) in August 2011 and 2012. Station numbers are shown in Fig. 1 and exact values are given in Table 1.

Fig. 2 in Microzooplankton in a Warming Arctic: A Comparison of Tintinnids and Radiolarians from Summer 2011 and 2012 in the Chukchi Sea

Fig. 2. Station locations and sea ice concentrations (fraction surface covered) in August 2011 and August 2012. For exact locations and sampling dates see Table 1.

Fig. 1 in Microzooplankton in a Warming Arctic: A Comparison of Tintinnids and Radiolarians from Summer 2011 and 2012 in the Chukchi Sea

Fig. 1. Sea ice data for the month of August for 1991 to 2012. Data from the National Ice Data Center (nsdic.org). Note that sea ice was lower in 2012 than the previous record low of 2007.

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Figs 1A–H. Achradina pulchra. A–B in Achradina pulchra, a Unique Dinoflagellate (Amphilothales, Dinophyceae) with a Radiolarian-like Endoskeleton of Celestite (Strontium Sulfate)

Figs 1A–H. Achradina pulchra. A–B – Light micrographs of the isolated cells of Achradina pulchra for PCR analysis from the SW Atlantic (São Sebastião Channel). C–D – Other cells from the same sample. Note that the skeleton is internal. E–G – Scanning electron micrographs of the skeleton from the NE Atlantic (Seine and Sedlo Seamounts). H – X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum of the endoskeleton. Scale bars: 5 µm.

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APPENDIX 1 in Inventory of Cenozoic radiolarian species (Class Polycystinea) - 1834-2020

APPENDIX 1. — Cenozoic part of the International Chronostratigraphic, showing the subseries/subepoch scheme for the Paleogene and for the Neogene. Despite the wide use in the Cenozoic literature, the subseries/subepochs ranks are not yet officially accepted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (with the exception for the Holocene and Pleistocene series). Since the beginning of this revision work, we have preferred to use the rank of "subseries" for the ages of the genera in this genera catalogue, as well as for the species in the appendices. We think that there are many solid reasons to keep using the subseries; even though, they have yet to be formally defined. Modified from Head et al. 2017 (see there a good discussion and proposal) and from the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart, July 2021 (http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2021-07.pdf). Abbreviations:L/E, Lower/Early;M, Middle;U/L, Upper/Late;e, early;l, late. Bold stages/ages are ratified by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSP). Italic fonts indicate informal units and placeholders for unnamed units.

Fig. 11 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 11. Combined radiolarian and ammonite dating of Lower Jurassic deposits on Mount Rettenstein. The upper age limit of the grey marly limestone is constrained with ammonites, determined in the overlying red nodular limestone, numerical age after Gradstein et al. (2012). Revised radiolarian dating of samples from the Dürrnberg Formation is shown for comparison.

Fig. 6 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 6. Radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein, Austria, Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic. A. Empirea sp. 1, sample Rö416. B. Acaeniotylopsis ghostensis (Carter in Carter et al., 1988); sample Rö416. C, D. Liassobetraccium bavaricum (Kozur and Mostler, 1990); sample Rö37. E, F. Liassobetraccium verticispinosum (Kozur and Mostler, 1990); sample Rö37. G–J. Tozerium filzmoosense Cifer sp. nov. G. Holotype, sample Rö416: 170717. H. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170503. I. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170739. J. Paratype, sample Rö37: 171105. K–O. Loupanus pliensbachicus Cifer sp. nov. K. Holotype, sample Rö416: 170562. L. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170559. M. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170757. N. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170704. O. Paratype, sample Rö416: 170560. P, Q. Loupanus sp. 1; sample Rö417. R, S. Thurstonia? timberensis Whalen and Carter in Carter et al., 1998; sample Rö416. T. Thurstonia? minutaglobus Whalen and Carter in Carter et al., 1998; sample Rö416. U–W. Thurstonia? robusta Cifer sp. nov. U. Holotype, sample Rö417: Rö417_093.V. Paratype, sample Rö417: Rö417_090. W. Paratype, sample Rö417: Rö417_098.

Fig. 5 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 5. Microfacies of grey marly limestone with high abundance of radiolarians and sponge spicules in micritic matrix. Bioturbation is indicated by brighter and darker areas. A. Sample Rö416. B. Sample Rö417.

Fig. 3. A in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 3. A. View of the complete Mount Rettenstein complex from the southwest. B. Position of the studied section in the Weitenhaus cirque, the oval indicates the location where the studied samples were collected. C. Schematic sketch of the structural build of Mount Rettenstein with the three main tectonic units (from Auer et al. 2006). Structural Unit I: The primary part of the Tirolic mega-unit which, in contrast to the higher structural units, stayed ( more or less) in place relative to the basis of the Upper Tirolic thrust sheet. In the Mount Rettenstein region, Permian to early Middle Triassic strata make up the succession above the Greywacke Zone basement (Ganss et al. 1954). Structural Unit II: This intermediate, rather thin sheet is mainly made up of a laterally variable mega-slide succession of the Middle Jurassic Hallstatt Mélange. It is thought to have achieved its present position in the hangingwall of a normal fault (Auer et al. 2006). Structural Unit III: The topmost Mount Rettenstein unit corresponds to the Lower to Upper Jurassic Mount Rettenstein succession sensu stricto in the sense of Auer et al. (2009). It is suggested to have been emplaced along a thrust fault (Auer et al. 2006).

Fig. 2 in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic table with lithostratigraphic names and main tectonic events of the Jurassic of the Northern Calcareous Alps with their variations depending on the palaeogeographic position (after Gawlick et al. 2009). The different facies belts and therefore also the formations belong to depositional realms, which roughly correspond to the later formed tectonic units. The outer shelf region can only be reconstructed from blocks in Middle to Upper Jurassic mélanges and is, therefore, not completely understood in all details. The grey limestone succession from Mount Rettenstein shows characteristics of both the Scheibelberg and the Dürrnberg formations (in bold). Estimated palaeogeographic positions of the studied section are indicated. Abbreviations: Cret., Cretaceous; Fm., Formation; Lst., Limestone.

Fig. 1. A in Pliensbachian, Early Jurassic radiolarians from Mount Rettenstein in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria

Fig. 1. A. Structural overview maps of the Alpine orogen, showing the situation of the central Northern Calcareous Alps. B. The middle sector of the central Northern Calcareous Alps with locations mentioned in the text indicated (modified from Frisch and Gawlick 2003). Abbreviations: Re, Mount Rettenstein; BD, Bad Dürrnberg; Te, Teltschengraben.