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51 results for “Rape”
Data from: The relation between oilseed rape and pollination of later flowering plants varies across plant species and landscape contexts
Increasing cultivation of oilseed rape may have consequences for pollinators and wild plant pollination. By providing pollinating insects with pollen and nectar, oilseed rape benefits short-tongued, generalist insect species. Long-tongued bumble bee species, specialized to other flower types, may instead be negatively affected by increased competition from the generalists (e.g. due to nectar-robbing of long-tubed flowers) after oilseed rape has ceased flowering. We expected that the increased abundance of short-tongued pollinators and reduced abundance of long-tongued bumble bees in landscapes with a high proportion of oilseed rape would impact the pollination of later flowering wild plant species. In addition, we expected contrasting effects on plants pollinated by short-tongued pollinators and those pollinated by long-tongued bumble bees. We predicted that semi-natural grasslands, which provide insects with alternative floral resources, would reduce both negative and positive effects on pollination by mitigating competition between pollinators. In 16 semi-natural grasslands, surrounded by agricultural landscapes, with a variation in both the proportion of oilseed rape and the proportion of semi-natural grassland within 1 km, we studied reproductive output in two species of potted plants with different pollination strategies: the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) and red clover (Trifolium pratense). The first species is mainly pollinated by short-tongued pollinators, e.g. hoverflies and solitary bees, and the latter by long-tongued bumble bees. Both species flowered after oilseed rape. Strawberry weight was higher in landscapes with a high proportion of oilseed rape, but only in landscapes with a low proportion of semi-natural grassland. The proportion of developed achenes was also positively related to the proportion of oilseed rape, but only during the latest flowering period. In contrast, red clover seed set was unrelated to the proportion of oilseed rape. Whereas the discrepancy between the two strawberry measurements calls for further research, this study suggests that oilseed rape can affect later flowering plants and that the impact differs among species.
Data from: Genetic diversity of oilseed rape fields and feral populations in the context of coexistence with GM crops
Despite growing concern about transgenes escaping from fields, few studies have analysed the genetic diversity of crops in an agroecosystem over several years. Accurate information about the dynamics and relationship of the genetic diversity of crops in an agroecosystem is essential for risk assessment and policies concerning the containment of genetically modified crops and their coexistence with crops grown by conventional practices. Here, we analysed the genetic diversity of oilseed rape plants from fields and feral populations over 4 years in an agricultural landscape of 41 km2. We used exact compatibility and maximum likelihood assignment methods to assign these plants to cultivars. Even pure lines and hybrid cultivar seed lots contained several genotypes. The cultivar diversity in fields reflected the conventional view of agroecosystems quite well: that is, there was a succession of cultivars, some grown for longer than others because of their good performance, some used for one year and then abandoned, and others gradually adopted. Three types of field emerged: fields sown with a single cultivar, fields sown with two cultivars, and unassigned fields (too many cultivars or unassigned plants to reliably assign the field). Field plant diversity was higher than expected, indicating the persistence of cultivars that were grown for only one year. The cultivar composition of feral populations was similar to that of field plants, with an increasing number of cultivars each year. By using genetic tools, we found a link between the cultivars of field plants in a particular year and the cultivars of feral population plants in the following year. Feral populations on road verges were more diverse than those on path verges. All of these findings are discussed in terms of their consequences in the context of coexistence with genetically modified crops.
The Rape of Europa
Yuri Efgrafov 1991 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Exploring multitrophic interactions in oilseed rape fields reveals the prevailing role of Carabidae
<p>In cropped fields, birds are often at the highest position in the food chain, feeding on pest arthropods and their intermediate predators in a process known as intraguild predation. The net effects of bird predation on phytophagous insect populations (feeding on plants) are difficult to predict without comprehensively describing prey-predator communities and their complex interplay. We sampled bird and arthropod communities in 30 oilseed rape fields in the spring of 2019 and 2020 in France. To assess the top-down control of arthropods by birds, we used a vertebrate exclusion experiment. Using a taxonomic and functional trait-based approach, we determined the direct and indirect influences of birds on arthropod predators and phytophagous insect populations in arable crops. We observed a negative relationship between the abundance of Carabidae and phytophagous insects but not with the other predator group suggesting the key role of Carabidae on phytophagous insects in agroecosystem. We found no statistical evidence of intraguild predation from birds towards intermediate predators. Despite the lack of overall effect of predator functional diversity on their prey, we highlighted the negative relationship between the functional complementarity (through functional evenness) of Carabidae and the abundance of phytophagous insects. This result suggests that functional complementarity between Carabidae species could help to reduce phytophagous insect populations. We analysed the effect of agricultural practices on these multitrophic interactions, showing that pesticide intensity only had detrimental effects on Carabidae abundance, while the frequency of tillage did not affect the studied communities. Complementary indices used to depict communities are helpful to better understand the mechanisms underlying trophic relationships.</p>
Annotated patches of whole oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plant images created using the MapReader pipeline
<p><strong>Background and Dataset Creation:</strong></p> <p>Patches derived from whole images of oilseed rape (<em>Brassica napus</em>) plants from the <a href="https://research.aber.ac.uk/en/datasets/collection-of-side-view-and-top-view-rgb-images-of-brassica-napus">'Collection of side view and top view RGB images of Brassica napus from a large scale, high throughput experiment'</a> dataset and their associated annotations, which were used to train, validate and test patch classification models as described in the following paper:</p> <p>Corcoran, E., Hosseini, K., Siles, L., Kurup, S., and Ahnert, S. 2024. 'Automated dynamic phenotyping of whole oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants from images collected under controlled conditions', Frontiers in Plant Science (under review). </p> <p>Patches were created and annotated using the <a href="https://github.com/Living-with-machines/MapReader">MapReader</a> pipeline. Please see: </p> <ul> <li>Kasra Hosseini, Daniel C. S. Wilson, Kaspar Beelen, and Katherine McDonough. 2022. MapReader: a computer vision pipeline for the semantic exploration of maps at scale. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Geospatial Humanities (GeoHumanities '22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 8–19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1145/3557919.3565812" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1145/3557919.3565812</a></li> <li>Kasra Hosseini, Rosie Wood, Andy Smith, Katie McDonough, Daniel C.S. Wilson, Christina Last, Kalle Westerling, and Evangeline Mae Corcoran. “Living-with-machines/mapreader: End of Lwm”. Zenodo, July 27, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8189653" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8189653</a>.</li> </ul> <p><strong>File structure:</strong></p> <p><em><strong>Annotations</strong></em></p> <p>The <strong>'annotations_six_label_sv_5.zip'</strong> folder contains annotations for the entire patch dataset in .csv format, these files have two columns <strong>'image_id'</strong>, <strong>'label'</strong> in which:</p> <ul> <li><strong>'image_id'</strong> = the path to each image patch</li> <li><strong>'label'</strong> = the label assigned to each patch by the annotator indicated which part of the plant the patch primarily contained, or if it was part of the background. Labels: <strong>'0'</strong> = non-plant background, <strong>'1'</strong> = open flower, <strong>'2'</strong> = flower bud, <strong>'3'</strong> = leaf, <strong>'4'</strong> = greed pod containing seed, <strong>'5'</strong> = branch. </li> </ul> <p><em><strong>Patches</strong></em></p> <p>The 'b_napus_patch_data.zip' folder contains all patches in csv format. Each file is named in a consistent format e.g. "patch-1580-330-1590-340-#2018-07-06_00_VIS_sv_000-0-0-0.png#.PNG" where '1580-330-1590-340' are the x and y coordinates of the patch boundary and '#2018-07-06_00_VIS_sv_000-0-0-0.png#' indicates the image in the <a href="https://research.aber.ac.uk/en/datasets/collection-of-side-view-and-top-view-rgb-images-of-brassica-napus">'Collection of side view and top view RGB images of Brassica napus from a large scale, high throughput experiment'</a> from which the patch was derived. </p>
Data for: Proximity to oilseed rape fields affects plant pollination and pollinator-mediated selection on a co-flowering plant on the Tibetan Plateau
<p><span>The ecological effects of mass-flowering crops on pollinator abundance and species richness of neighboring habitats are well established, yet the potential evolutionary consequences remain unclear. We studied effects of proximity to a mass-flowering crop on the pollination of local co-flowering plants, and on patterns of natural selection on a pollination-generalized plant on the Tibetan Plateau. We recorded pollinator visitation rates and community composition at different distances (near vs. far) to oilseed rape (Brassica napus) fields in two habitat types, and quantified pollinator-mediated selection on attractive traits of Trollius ranunculoides. The proximity to oilseed rape increased pollinator visitation in neighboring alpine meadows and changed pollinator composition in neighboring shrub meadows. Trollius ranunculoides in the alpine meadow near oilseed rape received three times more pollinator visits (mainly bees), and consequently had a 16.5% increase in seed set, but also received slightly more heterospecific pollen per stigma. In contrast, pollinator visitation to T. ranunculoides in the shrub meadow near oilseed rape was three times lower (mainly flies), leading to 10.7% lower seed despite no effect on pollen deposition. The proximity to the oilseed rape field intensified pollinator-mediated selection on flower size and weakened selection on flower height of T. ranunculoides in the alpine meadow but did not affect phenotypic selection on either trait in the shrub meadow. Our study highlights context-dependent variation in plant-pollinator interactions close to mass-flowering oilseed rape, suggesting potential effects on the evolution of flower traits of native plants through altered pollinator-mediated selection. However, context dependence may make these effects difficult to predict.</span></p>
Comic Intervention for Sexual Violence Prevention and Post-rape Care
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04656522. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 2. Publications: 1.
Early Psychological Intervention After Rape
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05489133. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Marital Rape:Knowledge, Attitudes and Prevalence in Asample of Married Women in Sohag Governorate
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05846048. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Exploring multitrophic interactions in oilseed rape fields reveals the prevailing role of Carabidae
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Data from: Flower fields and pesticide use interactively shape pollen beetle infestation and parasitism in oilseed rape fields.
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Data from: The relation between oilseed rape and pollination of later flowering plants varies across plant species and landscape contexts
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Data for: Proximity to oilseed rape fields affects plant pollination and pollinator-mediated selection on a co-flowering plant on the Tibetan Plateau
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Data from: Migration patterns and changes in population biology associated with the worldwide spread of the oilseed rape pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans
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Data from: Genetic diversity of oilseed rape fields and feral populations in the context of coexistence with GM crops
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Data from: Agri-environmental schemes promote ground-dwelling predators in adjacent oilseed rape fields: diversity, species traits and distance-decay functions
1. Rising demands for agricultural products and high environmental costs of intensive agriculture reinforce the need for ecological replacements in agricultural management. In Europe, agri-environmental schemes (AES) are implemented to enhance species richness and provision of ecosystem services, but the effectiveness of different AES types and the spatial extent of possible beneficial effects are little understood. In this study we assessed the effects of different AES types on diversity, species traits and distance-decay functions of ground- dwelling predators in adjacent crop fields. 2. On 31 study sites with winter oilseed rape (OSR) adjacent to four types of AES differing in management intensity and habitat age we recorded ground-dwelling predators (carabid beetles, staphylinid beetles and spiders) during OSR growth from April to July. Effects of the AES on species richness, activity densities and different traits of these taxa were examined with transects of pitfall traps running along a continuous distance gradient from the AES across the habitat border into the OSR fields. 3. Ground-dwelling predator communities benefitted similarly from the different AES types. In adjacent OSR, activity densities, carabid species richness and the proportion of predatory carabid beetles declined from the field edge while mean body size increased. Adjacent AES increased the proportion of predatory species and simultaneously decreased the proportion of granivorous or frugivorous species in adjacent OSR fields. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate a beneficial effect of adjacent agri-environmental schemes (AES) on ground-dwelling predators in oilseed rape (OSR), mostly irrespective of AES type and therefore management intensity and habitat age. The short-ranged distance decay effects on natural enemies in OSR underpin that a strategic spatial placement of AES in agricultural landscapes is required to maximise biological pest control. This could help replace anthropogenic input in modern agriculture and secure adequate yields.
Direct access to millions of mutations by Whole Genome Sequencing of an oilseed rape mutant population
<p>Induced mutations are an essential source of genetic variation in plant breeding. EMS mutagenesis has been frequently applied, and mutants have been detected by phenotypic or genotypic screening of large populations. In this study, a rapeseed M<sub>2</sub> population was derived from M<sub>1</sub> parent cultivar “Express” treated with EMS. Whole genomes were sequenced from fourfold (4x) pools of 1,988 M<sub>2</sub> plants representing 497 M<sub>2</sub> families. Detected mutations were not evenly distributed and displayed distinct patterns across the 19 chromosomes with lower mutation rates towards the ends. Mutation frequencies ranged from 32/Mb to 48/Mb. On average, 284,442 single nucleotide polymorphisms per M<sub>2</sub> DNA pool were found resulting from EMS mutagenesis. 55% were C→T and G→A transitions, characteristic for EMS induced (‘canonical’) mutations, whereas the remaining SNPs were ‘non-canonical’ transitions (15%) or transversions (30%). Additionally, we detected 88,725 high confidence insertions and deletions (InDels) per pool. On average, each M<sub>2</sub> plant carried 39,120 canonical mutations, corresponding to a frequency of one mutation per 23.6 kb. Roughly 82% of such mutations were located either 5 kb upstream or downstream (~56%) of gene coding regions or within intergenic regions (26%). The remaining 18% were located within regions coding for genes. All mutations detected by whole-genome sequencing could be verified by comparison with known mutations. Furthermore, all sequences are accessible via the online tool “EMS Brassica” (<a href="http://www.emsbrassica.plantbreeding.uni-kiel.de/">http://www.emsbrassica.plantbreeding.uni-kiel.de/</a>), which enables direct identification of mutations in any target sequence. The sequence resource described here will further add value for functional gene studies in rapeseed breeding.</p>
Evaluation of Web-Based CBT for Rape Victims
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02777294. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Data from: Agri-environmental schemes promote ground-dwelling predators in adjacent oilseed rape fields: diversity, species traits and distance-decay functions
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Small RNAs in different tissues and phloem of oilseed rape under nutrient stress conditions
GEO Series GSE20263. Pinus taeda; Glycine max; Medicago truncatula; Selaginella moellendorffii; Populus trichocarpa; Brassica napus; Brassica oleracea; Physcomitrium patens; Arabidopsis thaliana; Brassica rapa; Oryza sativa; Saccharum officinarum; Triticum aestivum; Sorghum bicolor; Zea mays; Vitis vinifera. 10 samples. Type: Non-coding RNA profiling by array.
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