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Fig. 3 in Two Copepods Salmincola edwardsii and Salmincola markewitschi (Lernaeopodidae) Parasitic on Chars (Salvelinus spp.) Reared in a Salmon Museum, Northern Japan
Fig. 3. Salmincola markewitschi, female, NSMT-Cr 28446, from whitespotted char, Salvelinus leucomaenis, reared in the Sapporo Salmon Museum, Hokkaido, Japan. Formalin-fixed and preserved specimen. A, Habitus, ventrolateral view; B, second antenna, distal half, ventral view; C, mandible, lateral view; D, first maxilla, lateral view; E, maxilliped, lateral view; F, palp of maxilliped. Abbreviations: ex, exopod; h1, hook 1; p, palp; pap, papilla; p4, process 4; p5, process 5; s2, spine 2; t3, tubercle 3. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 50 µm; C, 20 µm; D, 30 µm; E, 100 µm; F, 20 µm.
Fig. 2 in Two Copepods Salmincola edwardsii and Salmincola markewitschi (Lernaeopodidae) Parasitic on Chars (Salvelinus spp.) Reared in a Salmon Museum, Northern Japan
Fig. 2. Salmincola edwardsii, female, NSMT-Cr 28445, from southern Asian Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma krascheninnikova, reared in the Sapporo Salmon Museum, Hokkaido, Japan. Formalin-fixed and preserved specimen. A, Habitus, lateral view; B, second antenna, distal half, ventral view; C, mandible, lateral view; D, first maxilla, lateral view; E, maxilliped, lateral view; F, palp of maxilliped. Abbreviations: ex, exopod; h1, hook 1; p, palp; pap, papilla; p4, process 4; p5, process 5; s2, spine 2. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 50 µm; C, 20 µm; D, 50 µm; E, 100 µm; F, 20 µm.
Fig. 1 in Two Copepods Salmincola edwardsii and Salmincola markewitschi (Lernaeopodidae) Parasitic on Chars (Salvelinus spp.) Reared in a Salmon Museum, Northern Japan
Fig. 1. Salmincola edwardsii (A), female, NSMT-Cr 28445, and Salmincola markewitschi (B–D), females, NSMT-Cr 28446–28448, from chars reared in the Sapporo Salmon Museum, Hokkaido, Japan. Formalin-fixed and preserved specimens (A–C) and ethanol-fixed and preserved specimen (D), lateral views. A, From southern Asian Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma krascheninnikova; B, from whitespotted char, Salvelinus leucomaenis; C, from Nikko char, Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius; D, from brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Scale bars: A, D, 1 mm; B, C, 2 mm.
Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Higher temperatures are now observed in several ecosystems and act as new selective agents that shape traits and fitness of individuals. Transgenerational effects may be important in modulating adaptation of future generations and buffering negative impacts of temperature changes. The potential for these effects may be important in freshwater fish species, as temperature is a key abiotic component of their environment. Yet, still, relatively few studies have assessed the presence and importance of transgenerational effects under natural conditions. The purpose of this study was to test how parental thermal conditions influenced offspring growth and survival following stocking in Brook charr (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>). To do so, part of the breeders were exposed to a "cold" treatment while others were exposed to a "warm" treatment during the final steps of gonad maturation (constant 2°C difference between treatments along the seasonal temperature decrease). The impact on offspring of a selection treatment targeting production traits of interest (absence of sexual maturation at 1+, combined with increased growth) in breeders was also evaluated. After 7 to 8 months of growth in captivity, offspring were stocked in natural lakes. Their growth and survival were assessed about a year later. Offspring from "cold" breeders showed lower survival than those from "warm" breeders and the selection treatment had no effect on survival. However, the selection treatment was linked to lower Fulton's condition index, which, in turn, was positively correlated to survival in lakes. This study highlights the importance of working in ecological/industrial context to fully assess the different impacts of transgenerational effects on traits and survival. Our results also have important implications for stocking practices used to support the sport fishing industry.</p>
Further evidence from common garden rearing experiments of heritable traits separating lean and siscowet lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) ecotypes
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Transgenerational effects on body size and survival in brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis)
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Limited genetic parallelism underlies recent, repeated incipient speciation in geographically proximate populations of an Arctic fish (Salvelinus alpinus)
<p>The genetic underpinnings of incipient speciation, including the genomic mechanisms which contribute to morphological and ecological differentiation and reproductive isolation, remain poorly understood. The repeated evolution of consistently, phenotypically distinct morphs of Arctic Charr (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>) within the Quaternary period offer an ideal model to study the repeatability of evolution at the genomic level. Sympatric morphs of Arctic Charr are found across this species' circumpolar distribution. However, the specific genetic mechanisms driving this morph differentiation are largely unknown despite the cultural and economic importance of the anadromous morph. We used a newly designed 87k SNP chip to investigate the character and consistency of the genomic differences among sympatric morphs within three recently deglaciated and geographically proximate lakes in Labrador, Canada. We found genetically distinct small and large morph Arctic Charr in all three lakes consistent with resident and anadromous morphs, respectively. A degree of reproductive isolation among sympatric morphs is likely given genome-wide distributions of outlier SNPs and high genome-wide <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub>s. Across all lakes, outlier SNPs were largely non-overlapping suggesting a lack of genetic parallelism driving morph differentiation. Alternatively, several genes and paralogous copies of the same gene consistently differentiated morphs across multiple lakes suggesting their importance to the manifestation of morphs. Our results confirm the utility of Arctic Charr as a model for investigating the predictability of evolution and support the importance of both genetic parallelism and non-parallelism to the incipient speciation of Arctic Charr morphs.</p>
Data from: Limited hatchery introgression into wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations despite reoccurring stocking
Due to increased anthropogenic pressures on many fish populations, supplementing wild populations with captive-raised individuals has become an increasingly common management practice. Stocking programs can be controversial due to uncertainty about the long-term fitness effects of genetic introgression on wild populations. In particular, introgression between hatchery and wild individuals can cause declines in wild population fitness, resiliency, and adaptive potential, and contribute to local population extirpation. However, low survival and fitness of captive-raised individuals can minimize the long-term genetic consequences of stocking in wild populations, and to date the prevalence of introgression in actively stocked ecosystems has not been rigorously evaluated. We quantified the extent of introgression in 30 populations of wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a Pennsylvania watershed, and examined the correlation between introgression and 11 environmental covariates. Genetic assignment tests were used to determine the origin (wild vs. captive-raised) for 1742 wild-caught and 300 hatchery brook trout. To avoid assignment biases, individuals were assigned to two simulated populations that represented the average allele frequencies in wild and hatchery groups. Fish with intermediate probabilities of wild ancestry were classified as introgressed, with threshold values determined through simulation. Even with reoccurring stocking at most sites, over 93% of wild-caught individuals probabilistically assigned to wild origin, and only 6% of wild-caught fish assigned to introgressed. Models examining environmental drivers of introgression explained less than 3% of the among-population variability, and all estimated effects were highly uncertain. This was not surprising given overall low introgression observed in this study. Our results suggest that introgression of hatchery-derived genotypes can occur at low rates, even in actively stocked ecosystems and across a range of habitats. However, a cautious approach to stocking may still be warranted, as the potential effects of stocking on wild population fitness and the mechanisms limiting introgression are not known.
Data from: Population genomic analysis of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in Pennsylvania's Appalachian region
Informed conservation of stream fishes requires detailed understanding of the effects of both natural processes and anthropogenic activities on genetic diversity. Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis, a salmonid native to eastern North America, typically resides in cold, high-quality stream ecosystems. The species has not only faced historical anthropogenic pressures, but also confronts current and future pressures. In a genetic analysis we used a reduced representation sequencing method (ddRADseq) to characterize 63 individuals from 23 streams where Brook Trout are native in the Appalachian region of Pennsylvania. A total of 2,590 loci passed filtering criteria, and 53% displayed significant association with a major stream drainage basin (Susquehanna or Allegheny; mean FST = 0.085). Mapping of the sequencing reads to the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar genome revealed no clustering of high interdrainage FST values to specific genome regions. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity within each drainage basin was also detected. Stepwise regression of observed heterozygosity against geographic and environmental features revealed that drainage basin and effective area of watersheds were significant predictors of observed heterozygosity of Brook Trout within streams. Natural features such as waterfalls and major drainage basin, as well as the effects of dams and acid-mine drainage have fragmented habitat and shaped genetic diversity within Brook Trout populations in the Appalachian region of Pennsylvania, overall indicating the vulnerability of this species to increased industrialization.
Multiple decades of stocking has resulted in limited hatchery introgression in wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations of Nova Scotia
<p>Many populations of freshwater fishes are threatened with losses, and increasingly, the release of hatchery individuals is one strategy being implemented to support wild populations. However, stocking of hatchery individuals may pose long-term threats to wild populations, particularly if genetic interactions occur between wild and hatchery individuals. One highly prized sport fish that has been heavily stocked throughout its range is the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). In Nova Scotia, Canada, hatchery brook trout have been stocked since the early 1900s, and despite continued stocking efforts, populations have suffered declines in recent decades. Before this study, the genetic structure of brook trout populations in the province was unknown; however, given the potential negative consequences associated with hatchery stocking, it is possible that hatchery programs have adversely affected the genetic integrity of wild populations. To assess the influence of hatchery supplementation on wild populations, we genotyped wild brook trout from 12 river systems and hatchery brook trout from two major hatcheries using 100 microsatellite loci. Genetic analyses of wild trout revealed extensive population genetic structure among and within river systems and significant isolation-by-distance. Hatchery stocks were genetically distinct from wild populations, and most populations showed limited to no evidence of hatchery introgression (<5% hatchery ancestry). Only a single location had a substantial number of hatchery-derived trout and was located in the only river where a local strain is used for supplementation. The amount of hatchery stocking within a watershed did not influence the level of hatchery introgression. Neutral genetic structure of wild populations was influenced by geography with some influence of climate and stocking indices. Overall, our study suggests that long-term stocking has not significantly affected the genetic integrity of wild trout populations, highlighting the variable outcomes of stocking and the need to evaluate the consequences on a case-by-case basis</p>
Investigating the morphological and genetic divergence of arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) populations in lakes of arctic Alaska
<p>Polymorphism facilitates coexistence of divergent morphs (e.g., phenotypes) of the same species by minimizing intraspecific competition, especially when resources are limiting. Arctic char (<i>Salvelinus</i> <i>sp</i>.) are a Holarctic fish often forming morphologically, and sometimes genetically, divergent morphs. In this study, we assessed the morphological and genetic diversity and divergence of 263 individuals from seven populations of arctic char with varying length-frequency distributions across two distinct groups of lakes in northern Alaska. Despite close geographic proximity, each lake group occurs on landscapes with different glacial ages and surface water connectivity, and thus were likely colonized by fishes at different times. Across lakes, a continuum of physical (e.g., lake area, maximum depth) and biological characteristics (e.g., primary productivity, fish density) exists, likely contributing to characteristics of present-day char populations. Although some lakes exhibit bimodal size distributions, using model-based clustering of morphometric traits corrected for allometry, we did not detect morphological differences within and across char populations. Genomic analyses using 15,934 SNPs obtained from genotyping-by-sequencing demonstrated differences among lake groups related to historical biogeography, but within lake groups and within individual lakes, genetic differentiation was not related to total body length. We used PERMANOVA to identify environmental and biological factors related to observed char size structure. Significant predictors included water transparency (i.e., a primary productivity proxy), char density (fish·ha<sup>-1</sup>), and lake group. Larger char occurred in lakes with greater primary production and lower char densities, suggesting less intraspecific competition and resource limitation. Thus, char populations in more productive and connected lakes may prove more stable to environmental changes, relative to food-limited and closed lakes, if lake productivity increases concomitantly. Our findings provide some of the first descriptions of genomic characteristics of char populations in arctic Alaska, and offer important consideration for the persistence of these populations for subsistence and conservation.</p>
Genomic basis of deep‐water adaptation in Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) morphs
<p>Colonization of extreme habitats requires extensive adaptation to novel environmental challenges. Deep-water environments (>50 m) have high hydrostatic pressure, low temperature, and low light, requiring physiological and visual system adaptation, but genomic mechanisms underlying evolution in these environments are rarely known. Post-glacial colonization of Gander Lake in Newfoundland, Canada, by Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) provides the opportunity to study the genomic basis of adaptation to extreme deep-water environments. Here, we compare genomic and morphometric divergence between a phenotypically divergent deep-water, demersal morph adapted to depths of up to 288m and a larger, piscivorous morph occupying shallower depths. Using a SNP array and resequencing of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, we find moderate genetic divergence (FST = 0.15 - 0.11) between morphs, consistent with divergence in body shape and size, despite absence of mitochondrial genome divergence. Outlier analyses identified three key genes with very high divergence against a genome-wide distribution of diverged genomic islands containing genes with functions related to deep-water adaptation such as sensory processes, ligand binding and regulation of transcription. Quantification of SNP array signal intensity variation associated with complex polymorphisms (e.g. copy number variants), similarly uncovered genetic separation of morphs and coincided with several islands of genomic divergence, but also revealed additional genomic regions and molecular mechanisms associated with depth adaptation. Together, these results show that adaptation to an extreme deep-water environment has been facilitated by multiple polymorphism types with roles in cellular and physiological processes, providing insight into the genomic basis of adaptation in extreme environments.</p>
The genomic consistency of the loss of anadromy in an Arctic fish (Salvelinus alpinus)
<p><span>The potentially significant genetic consequences associated with the loss of migratory capacity of </span>diadromous fishes which have become landlocked in freshwater are poorly understood. Consistent selective pressures associated with freshwater residency may drive repeated differentiation both between allopatric landlocked and anadromous populations and within landlocked populations (resulting in sympatric morphs). Alternatively, the strong genetic drift anticipated in isolated landlocked populations could hinder consistent adaptation, limiting genetic parallelism. Understanding the degree of genetic parallelism underlying differentiation has implications for both the predictability of evolution and management practices. We employed an 87k SNP array to examine the genetic characteristics of landlocked and anadromous Arctic Charr (<em>Salvelinus alpinus</em>) populations from five drainages within Labrador, Canada. One gene was detected as an outlier between sympatric, size-differentiated morphs in each of two landlocked lakes. While no single locus differentiated all replicate pairs of landlocked and anadromous populations, several SNPs, genes, and paralogs, were consistently detected as outliers in at least 70% of these pairwise comparisons. A significant C-score suggested the amount of shared outlier SNPs across all paired landlocked and anadromous populations was greater than expected by chance. Our results indicate that despite their isolation, selection due to the loss of diadromy may drive consistent genetic responses in landlocked populations.</p>
Genotypic data from: Lab-based evaluation of the reproductive performance of trojan (MYY) brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Evaluating the efficacy of the use of trojan male brook trout with two Y chromosomes (M<sub>YY</sub>) requires a better understanding of reproductive performance. We measured the reproductive performance of hatchery age-0 and age-1 M<sub>YY</sub> brook trout compared to hatchery XY males using laboratory crosses. Offspring of XY males had higher survival than offspring of age-1 M<sub>YY</sub> one day post-fertilization but not offspring of age-0 M<sub>YY</sub>. We found no detectable differences in survival from eyed-egg to the juvenile-fry stage. However, size-at-age differed, where offspring of age-0 M<sub>YY</sub> were 3.6% smaller in length and 25.2% smaller in weight than those of XY males. For crosses fertilized by both M<sub>YY</sub> and XY males, we found that a significantly higher proportion of offspring within families were sired by M<sub>YY </sub>versus XY males. These results show, under controlled conditions, evidence for possible fitness advantage for M<sub>YY</sub> under sperm competition, but a possible fitness disadvantage associated with early growth of their offspring. Overall, our results hold promise for the use of M<sub>YY</sub> brook trout to serve as an effective eradication tool. </p>
Fig. 13 in Histopathological characterisation of retinal lesions associated to Diplostomum species (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda) infection in polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus
Fig. 13. Diplostomum sp. metacercaria in a choroidal vessel. Scale bar = 200 μm.
Supplementary data for: "Emergence of Potential Anadromous Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Habitats in the Svalbard Archipelago after the End of the Little Ice Age"
<p><strong>Supplementary data for: “Emergence of Potential Anadromous Arctic Charr (<em>Salvelinus alpinus</em>) Habitats in the Svalbard Archipelago after the End of the Little Ice Age” </strong></p> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008367">https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JG008367</a></p> <p> </p> <p>Abstract: Glaciers in the Svalbard Archipelago are retreating rapidly in response to climate change. The retreat of glaciers leads to alteration of the hydrological and thermal regimes of the freshwater ecosystems. In this delicate context, existing anadromous Arctic charr (<em>Salvelinus alpinus</em>) populations are at severe risk and might disappear from the archipelago. However, the retreat of glaciers also promotes the formation of new lake systems that might be suitable for colonization by anadromous Arctic charr. These systems may provide a substantial opportunity for the establishment of new populations of anadromous charr, potentially buffering the decline in existing systems. To date, there is a lack of information on the number of recently deglaciated lake systems that have emerged since the end of the Little Ice Age (ca. 1920) that might be suitable for charr colonization. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide an initial assessment of the number of these lakes. To this end, and in accordance with previously published research, this study assesses whether a recently deglaciated lake system is potentially open to colonization based on gradient, river length, and lake surface area. Depending on the applied threshold (four in total), up to 24 lake systems are classified as potentially open to colonization by anadromous Arctic charr, with Spitsbergen emerging as a colonization hotspot. The findings of this paper might serve as basis for new studies and for implementing proactive management and conservation strategies to protect anadromous charr populations.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description:</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><em>Recently_Deglaciated_Systems</em> [EPGS: 25833] - Shapefile containing the information of 168 lake systems that emerged between 1936/1938 and 2020 in the Svalbard Archipelago</p> <p>ID: Identification number</p> <p>X: Easting</p> <p>Y: Northing</p> <p>Fall?: Presence of the lake system in fall (with dates when the lake was visible in satellite images)</p> <p>Spring?: Presence of the lake system in spring (with dates when the lake was visible in satellite images)</p> <p>Info: information regarding the type of system (i.e., larger lake surrounded by lakes and ponds or system of multiple lakes and ponds). If blank, lake is considered single.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Analysis</em> [EPGS: 25833] - Shapefile containing the analysis of 125 lake systems with connection to the ocean.</p> <p>ID: Identification number</p> <p>X: Easting</p> <p>Y: Northing</p> <p>Surface (km<sup>2</sup>): Surface of the connected recently deglaciated lake system (km<sup>2</sup>)</p> <p>Elevation (m): Elevation of the outlet (m)</p> <p>Length (m): River length (m)</p> <p>Slope (%): Slope of the river (%)</p> <p>SV1: Result of the classification with SV1</p> <p>SV2: Result of the classification with SV2</p> <p>HY: Result of the classification with HY</p> <p>NO: Result of the classification with NO</p>
Relationships between egg size and maternal size, life-history forms, and habitats of Greenlandic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)
<p><span>Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus [L.] </span><span>complex) has been widely used as a model system for studies in evolutionary ecology because of its diversity in feeding ecology, habitat use, life-history forms, and associated morphologies observed in matured individuals. However, we still know relatively little about traits exhibited early in life of the species, although the trait diversity of matured individuals may largely be shaped during development. Egg size is a key determinant ofvarious traits exhibited early in life. Therefore, describing egg size variation within- and between-individuals as well as the link between egg size and adult traits will be a useful step in understanding the early life trait diversity of Arctic charr. Here, using Greenlandic Arctic charr, which includes alternative life-history forms (i.e., anadromous and resident) and spawning habitat use (i.e., lake- and river- spawner), we described egg size variation (i.e., clutch-mean egg diameter and within-clutch variation) and explored the link between egg size variation and female body length, life-history form, and spawning habitats. As in many other fishes, clutch-mean egg diameter increased with female body length. No significant effect of other female traits on clutch mean-egg diameter was detected, suggesting that female body size variation could be a direct cause of early life history trait variation. On the other hand, we found that the degree of within-clutch variation of the anadromous life-history form was higher than that of the resident life-history form. </span><span>T</span><span>he pattern could be interpreted in an adaptive context. For instance, given that the anadromous life-history form tends to be semelparous, anadromous </span><span>females </span><span>could decrease the likelihood of complete reproductive failure by producing variable-sized offspring within a clutch since at least some offspring are expected to be matched to the prevailing environment.</span></p>
Data and code from: Thermal niche and habitat use by co-occurring lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and brook trout (S. fontinalis) in stratified lakes
<p>Realized thermal niche and habitat use are two conceptualizations of fish habitat based on organismal performance or lake-specific ecology, respectively. Both habitat types were compared for lake trout (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>namaycush</em>) and brook trout (<em>S</em>. <em>fontinalis</em>) co-occurring in four large (> 500 ha) oligotrophic lakes. Lakes were partitioned into two morphological categories based on possession of a central or non-central deep basin with corresponding differences in adjoining shelf areas. Lake asymmetry in basin location has been shown to strongly influence food web connections based on isolation of basins from shelf areas.</p> <p>Generally, overlap between both habitat types occurred in several comparisons with lake trout, suggesting that thermal habitat is a reasonable proxy for habitat use boundaries though not a full replacement for insights gained from habitat use models.</p> <p>For brook trout, overlap was not as consistent, especially for lakes with non-central basins. In central basin lakes, there were closer proximity between the two species and overlap in both thermal niche and habitat use models. There was very limited overlap of either habitat type in lakes with non-central basins. Further, there were no shared areas of interspecific overlap between thermal niche and habitat use in non-central basins pointing to additional complexity governing habitat partitioning between lake trout and brook trout in these types of lakes. The shelf area effect on spatial structure of habitat, and likely food web connections, can occur in lakes regardless of basin centrality so long as shelf areas are large. In this lake set, lakes were sufficiently large to observe this phenomenon.</p>
Taurine depletion impairs cardiac function and affects tolerance to hypoxia and high temperatures in brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis)
<p>Physiological and environmental stressors can cause osmotic stress in fish hearts, leading to a reduction in intracellular taurine concentration. Taurine is a beta amino acid known to regulate cardiac function in other animal models but its role in fish has not been fully elucidated. We generated a model of cardiac taurine-deficiency (TD) by feeding brook char (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>fontinalis</em>) a diet enriched in β-alanine, which inhibits cardiomyocyte taurine uptake. Cardiac taurine levels were reduced by 21%, and stress-induced changes in normal taurine handling were observed in TD brook char. Responses to exhaustive exercise and acute thermal and hypoxia tolerance were then assessed using a combination of in vivo, in vitro, and biochemical approaches. Critical thermal maximum was higher in TD brook char despite significant reductions in maximum heart rate. In vivo, TD brook char exhibited a lower resting heart rate, blunted hypoxic bradycardia, and a severe reduction in time to loss of equilibrium under hypoxia. In vitro function was similar between control and TD hearts under oxygenated conditions, but stroke volume and cardiac output were severely compromised in TD hearts under anoxia. Aspects of mitochondrial structure and function were also impacted in TD permeabilized cardiomyocytes, but overall effects were modest. High levels of intracellular taurine are required to achieve maximum cardiac function in brook char and cardiac taurine efflux may be necessary to support heart function under stress. Taurine appears to play a vital, previously unrecognized role in supporting cardiovascular function and stress tolerance in fish.</p>
Sources of coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) revealed by genomic analysis of brook trout populations along Minnesota's shoreline with Lake Superior
<p>Knowledge of population-level relationships and how these relationships pertain to different life history forms is critical to developing effective management plans for native trout, char, and salmon. In the Lake Superior basin, identifying effective restoration strategies for coaster brook trout (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>fontinalis</em>), a lake-inhabiting form of brook trout, is hampered by limited information on genetic connectivity and source-sink dynamics among brook trout populations. Here, we infer these relationships by surveying 8,178 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 234 brook trout from seven rivers along the Minnesota shoreline with Lake Superior, including from reaches above and below natural waterfalls that prevent upstream movement. We identified well-differentiated above-barrier populations that supply brook trout to below-barrier reaches. We also compared within-river brook trout to 26 coaster brook trout from Lake Superior. We identified at least four source populations for these coaster brook trout, three of which were located within rivers. Additionally, we estimated N<sub>E</sub> for within-river populations and detected a decline across recent generations, with the most recent estimates approaching critical thresholds. Finally, comparisons with 94 domestic brook trout representing nine hatchery strains revealed a lack of domestic introgression into wild populations, demonstrating the importance of natural reproduction to population persistence. Our results offer novel insights into sources of coaster brook trout and highlight the role of within-river populations in supporting the coaster life history. Management efforts focused on instream restoration may be more important to rehabilitating coaster brook trout than previously thought, and are urgently needed given the population-level conservation status reported here.</p>
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