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40 results for “Selective constraint”
Data from: Multivariate selection and intersexual genetic constraints in a wild bird population
When traits are genetically correlated between the sexes, the response to selection in one sex can be altered by indirect selection in the other sex, a type of genetic constraint commonly referred to as intralocus sexual conflict (ISC). While potentially common, ISC has rarely been studied in wild populations. In this study, we applied a multivariate framework to quantify the microevolutionary impacts of ISC over a set of morphological traits (wing length, tarsus length, bill depth, and bill length) in a wild population of great tits (Parus major) from Wytham Woods, UK. Specifically, we quantified the impact of cross-sex genetic covariances (the B matrix) on the additive genetic variance for relative fitness expected to be generated by directional selection and additive genetic (co)variance. Together, multivariate sex-specific selection and additive genetic (co)variance were expected to generate additive genetic variance for relative fitness that was uncorrelated between the sexes (cross-sex genetic correlation = -0.003, 95% CI = -0.83, 0.83). Gender load, defined as the expected reduction in additive genetic variance for relative fitness generated by the traits under study due to sex-specific effects, was estimated at 50% (95% CI = 13%, 86%). This study provides novel insights into the evolution of sexual dimorphism in great tits and illustrates how quantitative genetics and selection analyses can be combined in a multivariate framework to quantify the expected microevolutionary impacts of ISC.
Data from: Selection and constraints on offspring size-number trade-offs in sand lizards (Lacerta agilis)
The trade-off between offspring size and number is a central component of life-history theory, postulating that larger investment into offspring size inevitably decreases offspring number. This trade-off is generally discussed in terms of genetic, physiological or morphological constraints; however, as among-individual differences can mask individual trade-offs, the underlying mechanisms may be difficult to reveal. In this study, we use multivariate analyses to investigate whether there is a trade-off between offspring size and number in a population of sand lizards by separating among- and within-individual patterns using a 15-year data set collected in the wild. We also explore the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of this trade-off by investigating how a female's resource (condition)- vs. age-related size (snout-vent length) influences her investment into offspring size vs. number (OSN), whether these traits are heritable and under selection and whether the OSN trade-off has a genetic component. We found a negative correlation between offspring size and number within individual females and physical constraints (size of body cavity) appear to limit the number of eggs that a female can produce. This suggests that the OSN trade-off occurs due to resource constraints as a female continues to grow throughout life and, thus, produces larger clutches. In contrast to the assumptions of classic OSN theory, we did not detect selection on offspring size; however, there was directional selection for larger clutch sizes. The repeatabilities of both offspring size and number were low and we did not detect any additive genetic variance in either trait. This could be due to strong selection (past or current) on these life-history traits, or to insufficient statistical power to detect significant additive genetic effects. Overall, the findings of this study are an important illustration of how analyses of within-individual patterns can reveal trade-offs and their underlying causes, with potential evolutionary and ecological consequences that are otherwise hidden by among-individual variation.
Data from: Sequencing of the needle transcriptome from Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst L.) reveals lower substitution rates, but similar selective constraints in gymnosperms and angiosperms
BACKGROUND: A detailed knowledge about spatial and temporal gene expression is important for understanding both the function of genes and their evolution. For the vast majority of species, transcriptomes are still largely uncharacterized and even in those where substantial information is available it is often in the form of partially sequenced transcriptomes. With the development of next generation sequencing, a single experiment can now simultaneously identify the transcribed part of a species genome and estimate levels of gene expression. RESULTS: mRNA from actively growing needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies) was sequenced using next generation sequencing technology. In total, close to 70 million fragments with a length of 76 bp were sequenced resulting in 5 Gbp of raw data. A de novo assembly of these reads, together with publicly available expressed sequence tag (EST) data from Norway spruce, was used to create a reference transcriptome. Of the 38,419 PUTs (putative unique transcripts) longer than 150 bp in this reference assembly, 83.5% show similarity to ESTs from other spruce species and of the remaining PUTs, 3,704 show similarity to protein sequences from other plant species, leaving 4,167 PUTs with limited similarity to currently available plant proteins. By predicting coding frames and comparing not only the Norway spruce PUTs, but also PUTs from the close relatives Picea glauca and Picea sitchensis to both Pinus taeda and Taxus mairei, we obtained estimates of synonymous and non-synonymous divergence among conifer species. In addition, we detected close to 15,000 SNPs of high quality and estimated gene expression differences between samples collected under dark and light conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Our study yielded a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms as well as estimates of gene expression on transcriptome scale. In agreement with a recent study we find that the synonymous substitution rate per year (0.6 x 10-09 and 1.1 x 10-09) is an order of magnitude smaller than values reported for angiosperm herbs. However, if one takes generation time into account, most of this difference disappears. The estimates of the dN/dS ratio (non-synonymous over synonymous divergence) reported here are in general much lower than 1 and only a few genes showed a ratio larger than 1.
Variability in codon usage in Coronaviruses is mainly driven by mutational bias and selective constraints on CpG dinucleotide
<p>Supplementary Figures and Tables for the article called: " Variability in codon usage in Coronaviruses<em> </em>is mainly driven by mutational bias and selective constraints on CpG dinucleotide<sup>"</sup></p>
Data from: Using branch-and-bound algorithms to optimize selection of a fixed-size breeding population under a relatedness constraint
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Data from: Artificial selection on larval growth curves in Tribolium: correlated responses and constraints
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Data from: How do cuticular hydrocarbons evolve? Physiological constraints and climatic and biotic selection pressures act on a complex functional trait
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Data from: Selection and constraints on offspring size-number trade-offs in sand lizards (Lacerta agilis)
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Data from: Morph-specific artificial selection reveals a constraint on the evolution of polyphenisms
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Data from: Sequencing of the needle transcriptome from Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst L.) reveals lower substitution rates, but similar selective constraints in gymnosperms and angiosperms
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Data from: In search of genetic constraints limiting the evolution of egg size: Direct and correlated responses to artificial selection on a prenatal maternal effector
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Data from: Stronger selective constraint on downstream genes in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway of cetaceans
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Data from: Predicting the response to simultaneous selection: genetic architecture and physiological constraints
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Data from: Multivariate selection and intersexual genetic constraints in a wild bird population
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Data from: Environmental heterogeneity, multivariate sexual selection and genetic constraints on cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila simulans
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Data from: Exploring the selective constraint on the sizes of insertions and deletions in 5’ untranslated regions in mammals
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Evolution of Replication Origins in Vertebrate Genomes: Rapid Turnover Despite Selective Constraints [SNS-seq]
GEO Series GSE119488. Gallus gallus. 1 samples. Type: Other.
Inheritance of gene expression level and selective constraints on trans- and cis-regulatory changes in yeast
GEO Series GSE46838. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Data from: Thermal constraints on microhabitat selection and mating opportunities
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Regulatory constraint and selection during human knee evolution drive modern osteoarthritis risk
GEO Series GSE122877. Homo sapiens; Mus musculus. 20 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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